語法專項(xiàng)—直接引語與間接引語一、直接引語在引用別人的原話時，被引用的句子稱為直接引語(directspeech)。引起引語的詞稱為引用動詞(reportingverbs)。“IrememberIhadseenyou.”Isaid.“Irangthebell,”Jamessaid,“andyourmaidletmein.”“Iknowthat.”repliedMrs.Green.二、間接引語當(dāng)人們用自己的話報(bào)導(dǎo)別人的話時，被報(bào)導(dǎo)的部分稱為間接引語(indirectspeech)，也可稱作引語結(jié)構(gòu)(reportstructure)。Marysaidshehadalreadyseenthefilm.Herepliedthathewasgoingbytrain.這時被引用部分常常是引用動詞的賓語。除了say,reply這類詞外，還有很多動詞可跟這種從句。Hefelthehadtodosomething.Sheguessedthathehadgonetotown.Hethoughtshewasworried.Heexplainedthatthetrainwasn'trunning.在使用間接引語時要注意下面幾點(diǎn)：引語前一般要用連詞that。在個別動詞后(如say,tell等)或在口語中可省略。Hetoldhismotherthattheboywasverynaughty.Hesayshecan'twaitanotherday.要根據(jù)意思改變?nèi)朔Q。“I'vegotyourletter,”shesaid.—Shesaidshehadalreadygotmyletter.Shesaidtohim,“Yourpronunciationisbetterthanmine.”—Shetoldhimthathispronunciationwasbetterthanhers.引語中的謂語要和句子主要謂語在時態(tài)上一致。Kittysaid,“I'llcallagainaftersupper.”—Kittypromisedthatshewouldcallagainaftersupper.Marysaid,“I'mbeginningtosleepbetter.”—Marysaidthatshewasbeginningtosleepbetter.Nancysaid,“We'vegottwofirstplacesinthesportsmeet.”—Nancysaidthatthey'dgottwofirstplacesinthesportsmeet.過去時若有表示具體年份的狀語，則不必改變。“Iwasbornin1980.”Juliasaid.Juliasaidthatshewasbornin1980.指示代詞、地點(diǎn)及時間狀語等，也需作必要的更動。Shesaid,“I'llcomehereagaintonight.”—Shesaid(that)shewouldgothereagainthatnight.Hesaid,“Iarrivedyesterdaymorning.”—Hesaid(that)he'darrivedthemorningbefore.Shesaid,“Mysisterwillbebacktomorrowevening.”—Shesaid(that)hersisterwouldbebackthefollowingevening.一般說來，here常改為there,today改為thatday。這類改變大致可用下表表示:在直接引語中在間接引語中指示this(place)that(place)代詞these(places)those(places)時間狀語nowtoday,tonightthisweek(month,etc)yesterdaylastweek(month)twodays(ayear,etc)agothenthatday,thatnightthatweek(month,etc.)thedaybefore,thepreviousdaytheweek(month,etc.)beforetwodays(ayear,etc.)before(earlier)thenext(following)daythenext(following)week(month,etc.)tomorrownextweek(month.etc.)表地點(diǎn)的詞herethere動詞come,bringgo,take一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時動詞現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時時態(tài)一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時不變一般將來時過去將來時三、幾種句子的間接引語陳述句和感嘆句的間接引語一般都要變成以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，口語中that可省略，引述動詞用say,tell等。感嘆號變成句號。Hesaid:“I'veleftmybookinmyroom.”—Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.Shesaid:“Hewillbeverybusy.”—Shesaidthathewouldbeverybusy.Heoftensays,“WhatagreatcountryChinais!”—Heoftenremarkswithadmiration(that)Chinaissuchagreatcountry.疑問句的間接引語一般疑問句后連接代詞用if或whether，而引述選擇疑問句時用whether,引述動詞用ask，沒有間接賓語的可以加一個間接賓語me,him等。ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”—SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.Sheasked,“Isthisbookyoursorhis?”—Sheaskedmewhetherthatbookwasmimeorhis.引述特殊疑問句用原句中的疑問詞做連接詞，疑問語序改為陳述語序。Theteacherasked,“Howdidyourepairit?”—TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.3?祈使句的間接引語采用“動詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，即ask/tell/ordersb.(not)todosth.asksb.(not)todosth.(表示客氣)tellsb.(not)todosth.(命令性強(qiáng)于上面)ordersb.(not)todosth.(命令性最強(qiáng))注意：引語中的呼語可改成賓語。引語中的please去掉，動詞改為ask/tell/order等。Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don'twasteyourtime.”—Theteachertoldthestudentsnottowastetheirtime.Mothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”—MotheraskedTomtogetupearly.4.直接引語變間接引語的特殊情況直接引語如果是客觀真理，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”—Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在仍然如此時(如改變可能引起誤會)，可以保持原時態(tài)。Shesaid,“I'llbebacktonight.”—Shesaidthatshewillbebacktonight.她說她今晚回來。（這可能是午后的話）直接引語中凡有when,since引導(dǎo)的從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，從句的過去時態(tài)不變。Hesaid,“IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasattheageoffive.”—HesaidhehadstudiedEnglishsincehewasattheageoffive當(dāng)直接引語是虛擬語氣時，保持原時態(tài)不變。“It'stimewebeganplanningourholidays.”hesaid.—Hesaidthatitwastimetheybeganplanningtheirholidays