閱讀理解之主旨大意題概述閱讀理解在高考英語(yǔ)中所占分值最大，可以說(shuō)“得閱讀者得高考”。因此，在考前復(fù)習(xí)中，閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練依然是重中之重。本部分從高考閱讀理解命題入手，剖析高考閱讀理解的命題特點(diǎn)，并結(jié)合高考真題對(duì)高考常考題型進(jìn)行解題指導(dǎo)，從而有效地提高解題的速度和準(zhǔn)度。命題規(guī)律探究文章題材豐富從近幾年的高考來(lái)看，高考語(yǔ)篇注重立德樹人，突出文化品格，英語(yǔ)試卷中所有語(yǔ)篇圍繞人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然三大主題，題材涉及故事、科普、人文、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、文化活動(dòng)等。短文體裁廣泛短文體裁包括記敘文（主要是人物或故事）、說(shuō)明文（主要是最新研究成果或調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)等科普類文章）、議論文（特別是社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題）、應(yīng)用文（信息類或廣告類文章）等。題型分布不均從整體來(lái)看，高考閱讀理解的細(xì)節(jié)理解題占多數(shù)，推理判斷題其次，然后是主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題，突出考查考生理解和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言解決問(wèn)題的基本能力。語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)鮮明原汁原味：高考語(yǔ)篇一般選自各大主流英文報(bào)刊和媒體網(wǎng)站，新材料盡量原汁原味。詞匯量大：高考語(yǔ)篇詞匯量豐富，含有大量的派生詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換詞、熟詞生義詞以及英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)和習(xí)語(yǔ)。長(zhǎng)難句多：高考語(yǔ)篇含有大量的長(zhǎng)句和難句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。結(jié)構(gòu)典型：高考語(yǔ)篇的文章多為總分或分總結(jié)構(gòu)。出題形式主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中常考的題型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題以及判斷作者寫作目的等形式出現(xiàn)。一、文章大意題——突破文章主旨3法1.主題句法解答主旨大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。（1）根據(jù)不同文體的寫作方法來(lái)定位主題句議論文主要是論述作者的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，往往采用'總一分”或“總一分一總”的模式，所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。說(shuō)明文則是說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物的用途或制作過(guò)程，主題句一般在首段。記敘文一般沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來(lái)概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說(shuō)理性的句子，則這個(gè)句子為主題句。根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來(lái)定位主題句在文中尤其是在首段出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞，如but,however，infact，actually等時(shí)，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。在文中出現(xiàn)表示總結(jié)的詞，如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。若首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答可能是文章的主題。[示例1]anguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter—gatherers，small，tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10，000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12，000languagesbetweenthem.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Newlanguageswillbecreated.People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.分析：選C。本文為議論文，文章為“總一分”結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)第一段第一句中的“butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing"和后文可知，隨著人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展，使得語(yǔ)言的種類越來(lái)越少。故C項(xiàng)最符合原文主旨。高頻詞法全文中無(wú)明顯主題句時(shí)，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。逆向思維法在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確無(wú)法選擇時(shí)，試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來(lái)寫文章會(huì)有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)。二、標(biāo)題歸納題——3大特點(diǎn)與3大技巧1.文章標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)概括性準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短針對(duì)性標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符醒目性能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望2.解題的3大技巧(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開(kāi)原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去嘗試用它們寫出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對(duì)照，一一排除荒謬者。研究備選項(xiàng)：研究備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、新奇性、概括力等。文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該新穎奇特，易激發(fā)讀者的好奇心，吸引讀者注意力。[示例2]Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？'Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影響)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?NASA：TheHomeofAstronautsSpace：TheFinalHomeworkFrontierNature：AnOutdoorClassroomHUNCH：ACollegeAdmissionReform分析：選D。本題為標(biāo)題歸納題。本文為說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目：把高中的教室教學(xué)與太空的研究聯(lián)系起來(lái)，使學(xué)生們得到NASA工程師們的指導(dǎo)。因此在選標(biāo)題時(shí)既要有太空，還要有學(xué)生，選項(xiàng)B將其完美地結(jié)合了起來(lái)，故答案為B。三、段落大意題——根據(jù)段落結(jié)構(gòu)精準(zhǔn)定位主題句段落大意題跟文章大意題一樣，要先找出主題句，對(duì)于沒(méi)有明確主題句的段落，要結(jié)合全段的意思?xì)w納大意。段落的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和主題句的位置主要有以下幾種：類型位置總—分主題句在段首分—總主題句在段尾分—總—分主題句在段中平鋪型無(wú)明確主題句[示例2]Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikablesplays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.分析：選A。本題為段落大意題。本段為億一分”結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容以及第二句的句式特點(diǎn)（句中有冒號(hào)），可斷定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分別用Thelikables'...和Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence...引出后文內(nèi)容，恰恰就是介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡型和追求地位型。同時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本段第二句中的關(guān)鍵詞o...（把分成）與A項(xiàng)中的classification相呼應(yīng)，所以A項(xiàng)可以概括本段大意。四、寫作意圖題——體裁不同寫作目的不同一般來(lái)說(shuō)，寫作意圖題也是主旨大意題的一種（也有人把它歸為推理判斷題），寫作目的可以是段落的寫作目的，也可以是文章的寫作目的，對(duì)于文章寫作目的而言，主要有以下幾種：廣告推銷某種產(chǎn)品或某種服務(wù)，或是通過(guò)影片、圖書、電視節(jié)目、旅游景點(diǎn)等的介紹以吸引更多的觀眾、讀者或游客等說(shuō)明文向人們展示某物的用途或制作過(guò)程議論文論述一個(gè)道理或表達(dá)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

記敘文向人們分享經(jīng)歷、敘述一件事情或表達(dá)情感等[示例3]In1812，theyearCharlesDickenswasborn，therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury—mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719—butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam-poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracy（識(shí)字）rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors，oftenwithsomethinglike“Byalady”.Novels，forthemostpart，werelookeduponassilly，immoralorjustplainbad.HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories，literatureisanumbersgame，andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60，000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage，from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.It'spartlytruethatDickens'styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It'spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial，politicalandscientificprogress.Butit'salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent，ambition，energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches，itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.23.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?Torememberagreatwriter.TointroduceanEnglishnovel.Toencouragestudiesonculture.TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.分析：選A。本題為寫作意圖題。本文為夾敘夾議文，根據(jù)文中對(duì)查爾斯狄更斯及其作品在英國(guó)小說(shuō)史上重要性的介紹，和文章最后一句可知，本文寫于查爾斯?狄更斯誕辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者寫本文是為了紀(jì)念查爾斯?狄更斯這位偉大的作家。課后練習(xí)課后練習(xí)Today,weareconstantlybombardedwithmediareportsaboutresearchontherightdiettofollowtohelpuskeepahealthylifestyleorloseweight—butit'shardtoknowwhichonetopickand,oncechosen,it'sharderstilltosticktoit.Andnowthere'sanotherchoicetogetourteethinto.Aflexitarian（彈性素食者）dietinvolveseatingplant-basedfoodsandonlyoccasionallyeatingmeatandfish.Thiseatingstyleallowsyoutoprovidesomeingredientsthatyouwouldn'tgetinastrictervegan（素食主義者）diet—anothertrendgrowinginpopularity.Andlikeveganism,flexitarianismisn'tabouteatingcarefullytohelpyouloseafewpounds—it'ssomethingpeoplechooseformoralreasons,tohelptheplanet.Andastudyintotheglobalfoodsystemandhowitaffectstheclimate,hasfoundthateatingmainlyplant-basedfoodsisoneofthreekeystepstowardsasustainablefutureforallby2050.Thisresearchfoundthatfoodwastewillneedtobehalvedandfarmingpracticeswillalsohavetoimprovetoachievethis.Butwithoutasinglesolution,acombinedapproachisneeded.Dr.MarcoSpringmannfromtheUniversityofOxfordwasoneoftheleadauthorsofthereport.HetoldtheBBC,“Wereallyfoundthatacombinationofmeasureswouldbeneededtostaywithinenvironmentallimitsandthoseincludedchangestowardsmoreplant-baseddiets.”Butalthoughvegansthinkit'swrongforanimalstobekilledforfood,flexitariansbelieveeatingmeatonceinawhileisacceptable.AndDr.Springmannagrees—aslongaswe“treatitasaluxury,it'sprobablyOKbutyoushouldn'thavemorethanoneservingofredmeat,whichincludesbeefandpork,perweek.”Andhere'sanotherfacttodigest:Ifwemovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfoundthatgreenhousegasemissionsfromagriculturewouldbecutbymorethanhalf.Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?Toleadtothetopic.B.Toentertainthereaders.C.Toaskforinformation.D.Topresentanidea.Fromthetext,wecanknowthataflexitariandiet.A.isthemostpopulareatingstyleB.involveseatingnomeatC.benefitstheenvironmentD.onlybalancesthenutritionWhatdoesDr.MarcoSpringmannagreewith?It'swrongtokillanimalsforfood.Improvingfarmingpracticesmakesnosense.Aplant-baseddiethasnothingtodowithclimatechange.Combinedmeasuresareneededforenvironmentalprotection.Whatcanbethesuitabletitleforthetext?MethodsofKeepingFitChooseaFlexitarianDietMeasurestoProtecttheEnvironmentKeepaStrictVeganDiet參考答案：acdb課后練習(xí)（二）IdecidedtoskitotheNorthPole.ItwasafterImetwithanadvertisementinanewspaperlookingforpeopletojoinateamtoski350milestotheNorthPole.Backin1996,therehadneverbeenawomanfromtheUKwhohadaccomplishedthischallenge.Iwonderedwhatitwouldbeliketosurviveintemperaturescoldenoughtofreezeyourfleshinseconds,soIsentofftheapplicationform.Theapplicationformfullofpicturesofmaleexplorersarrived.Thewords“Areyoumanenoughfortheultimate（極限的）challenge?”mademeangryandevenmoredeterminedtojointheteam.Over500individualsappliedforaplaceintheteam,andtheselectionprocessincludedphysicalandpsychologicaltestsdesignedtopickthebestgroup.Inonetest,therewasahugeropeladderwehadtoclimb,andIfrozeatthetopbecauseIhaveafearofheights.Ithoughtmyhopeswerefadingasmostotherapplicantssailedpast,leavingmebehind.Buttwoothershelpedmeover,andlaterIfoundoutthattheorganizerswerenotlookingforamazingindividuals,butgreatteamplayer