U.S.ForeignTradeandGlobalEconomicPoliciesMarianneChen1.Intheearlydaysofthenation’shistory,governmentandbusinessmostlyconcentratedondevelopingthedomesticeconomyirrespectiveofwhatwentonabroad.在美國(guó)歷史早期，政府和公司主要集中發(fā)展國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)，不顧國(guó)外的狀況。Paraphrasedas:IntheearlydaysoftheU.S.history,governmentandbusinessplacedmainemphasisonthedevelopmentofthedomesticeconomy,andignoredwhateverhappenedinothercountries.irrespectiveofirrespectiveof=withoutconsiderationof;regardlessof不論…(如何），不管…，不顧…;*Bytheopenpolicywemeanopeningtoallothercountries,irrespectiveoftheirsocialsystems.*Weshallhavetheworkdone,irrespectiveofthecost.2.TheUnitedStatesalsofrequentlyurgesforeigncountriestoderegulatetheirindustriesandtotakestepstoensurethatremainingregulationsaretransparent,donotdiscriminateagainstforeigncompanies,andareconsistentwithinternationalpractices.美國(guó)也頻頻促使外國(guó)放松對(duì)本國(guó)工業(yè)的規(guī)管，采取措施以取保其余規(guī)定是透明的，不歧視外國(guó)公司，并符合國(guó)際慣例。Paraphrasedas:TheU.S.alsofrequentlymakesforeigncountriestotakeloosecontroloftheirindustries,andtotakemeasurestomakesurethatotherregulationsaretransparent,donothaveaprejudiceagainstforeigncompanies,andareagreeablewithinternationalpractices.deregulateDeregulate:tomovegovernmentrulesandcontrolsfromsometypesofbusinessactivity.撤銷(xiāo)對(duì)（貿(mào)易、商業(yè)活動(dòng)等）的管制；解除控制deregulatedfinancialmarkets放寬了管制的金融市場(chǎng)syn:decontrolderegulationderegulatoryderegulatoryreforms撤銷(xiāo)管制的改革“deregulatory”onlyusedbeforenountransparenttransparent:thatyoucanseethrough*TheChinesegovernmentwillworkhardtoprovideforeigninvestorswithastableandtransparentpolicyenvironment.*InthepasttwoyearsafteritsWTOaccession,ChinaisearnestlyimplementingitsWTOcommitment,dedicatingtoamoreopen,fairerandmoretransparentinvestmentenvironmentinordertoattractmoreFDIdiscriminatediscriminate:treatunequallyonthebasisofsexorraceetc.*practicesthatdiscriminateagainstwomenandinfavorofmen*Itisillegaltodiscriminateongroundsofrace,sexorreligion.3.Americaninterestinderegulationarisesinpartoutofconcernthatsomecountriesmayuseregulationsasanindirecttooltokeepexportsfromenteringtheirmarkets.美國(guó)之所以關(guān)注放寬規(guī)管，部分是考慮到有些國(guó)家可能會(huì)把規(guī)則作為阻止出口商品進(jìn)入他們國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的間接手段。Paraphrasedas:Americansareconcernedaboutderegulationpartlybecausetheyfearthatsomecountriesmaycreatetraderegulationswhichwillindirectlypreventgoodsenteringtheirmarkets.outofconcernoutofconcern=considering,takesomethingintoaccount*Tradeislikeasport,inwhichallparticipantsplaybytherulesoutofconcernfortheirowninterests.*Theyhavedonethatoutofconcernforbothparties.out-of-work=unemployedout-of-townA.=locatedawayfromthecentreofatownorcity城外的；郊野的B.=comingfromorhappeninginadifferentplace(anout-of-townguest)外來(lái)客；anout-of-townperformanceoutofdateA.old-fashionedorwithoutthemostrecentinformationandthereforenolongeruseful過(guò)期的；缺乏新信息的；陳腐的*Suddenlyshefeltoldandoutofdate她猛然覺(jué)得自己老了，跟不上時(shí)代了。out-of-datetechnology落伍的技術(shù)anout-of-datemap已過(guò)時(shí)的地圖B.nolongervalidanout-of-datedrivinglicense過(guò)期的駕駛護(hù)照4.Despiteitscommitmenttomultilateralism,theUnitedStatesinrecentyearsalsohaspursuedregionalandbilateraltradeagreements,partlybecausenarrowerpactsareeasiertonegotiateandoftencanlaythegroundworkforlargeraccords.盡管承諾多邊主義，美國(guó)近幾年也有實(shí)行區(qū)域和雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議，在一定程度上是因?yàn)樾》秶拿思s很容易協(xié)商，而且通常會(huì)為更大的協(xié)議奠定基礎(chǔ)。Paraphrasedas：ThoughtheU.S.admitsmultilateralism,itstillhasinrecentyearssoughtregionalandbilateraltradeagreements.Thisisinpartbecausesmalleragreementsareeasiertoachieve,whicharethebasesofbiggeragreementslaythegroundworkforlaythegroundworkfor:bethebasefor*Theinitialtalksaregoingtolaygroundworkformorespecifictalks.*Toachievethisgoal,thegovernmentmustnotbedirectlyinvolvedineconomicactivities,butrather,laythegroundworkforamoralandfairmarket.基礎(chǔ)（工作）accord（n.）一致、符合accord:agreementbetweentwopartiesorcountriesetc.*Hiswordsareinaccordwithhisideas.*Therearefewissuesonwhichthetwoareinperfectaccord.V.*Irewrotethearticlebecauseitdidn’taccordwithourpolicy.5.AmericansinrecentyearshavegrownincreasinglyconcernedaboutpiracyandcounterfeitingofU.S.productsrangingfromcomputersoftwareandmotionpicturestopharmaceuticalandchemicalproducts.美國(guó)人最近幾年已越來(lái)越關(guān)心美國(guó)產(chǎn)品的盜版和假冒，從計(jì)算機(jī)軟件、電影到制藥和化學(xué)產(chǎn)品。Paraphrasedas:Inrecentyears,AmericansaremoreandmoreinterestedinillegalcopyingandfakingU.S.products,includingcomputersoftware,movies,medicineandchemicalproducts.counterfeit盜版counterfeit:notgenuinebutmadetolookexactlylikethegenuineoneSyn:forged*Mostbrandsthatarebeingcounterfeitedarewellknownandpopular.*Manufacturingandsellingcounterfeitproductsisadangerousprofession.6.Americanagriculturalexportersareincreasinglyfrustrated,forinstance,byEuropeanrulesagainstuseofgeneticallyalteredorganisms,whicharegrowingincreasinglyprevalentintheUnitedStates.例如，美國(guó)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口商不斷受挫，因?yàn)闅W洲反對(duì)使用者美國(guó)越來(lái)越盛行的轉(zhuǎn)基因生物。Paraphrasedas:Forexample,Americanagriculturalexportersaregettingmoreandmoreupset,becauseEuropemakesrulestoprohibitusingorganismswithchangedgenes,andthesegeneticallyalteredorganismsaremoreandmoreacceptableintheU.S.prevalent盛行的、流行的、普遍的prevalent:widespread;ofwideextentoroccurrence;ingeneraluseoracceptance*Asthecomputerbecomesmoreprevalent,sodoestheamountofinformationanddatapeopletransmit.(傳送）*Coldsareprevalentinthewinter.*Smogismoreprevalentinurbancentres.7.Attheendofthe20thcentury,agrowingtradedeficitcontributedto(導(dǎo)致）Americanambivalenceabouttradeliberalization.二十世紀(jì)末，越來(lái)越多的貿(mào)易逆差導(dǎo)致了美國(guó)對(duì)貿(mào)易自由化的矛盾心理。Paraphrasedas：Attheendof20thcentury,thetradedeficitisgrowing,anditmakesAmericanshavesomeambivalentfeelingsaboutfreetrade.Backgroundinformation's:

Economictheorydictatesthatatradedeficitisnotnecessarilyabadsituationbecauseitoftencorrectsitselfovertime.However,adeficithasbeenreportedandgrowingintheUnitedStatesforthepastfewdecades,whichworriedsomeeconomists.ThismeansthatlargeamountsoftheU.S.currencyarebeingheldbyforeignnations,whichmaydecidetosellthematanytime.Alargeincreaseindollarsalescandrivethevalueofthecurrencydown,makingitmorecostlytopurchaseimports.tradedeficittradedeficit:anexcessofimportsoverexports.*TheSouthKoreagovernmenthadinstitutedacrackdown(制裁、嚴(yán)懲）against“l(fā)uxury”itemsinanefforttonarrowKorea’stradedeficitwiththeUnitedStatesandothercountries.*Thecurrenttradedeficitindicatesaseriousimbalancebetweenourimportandexporttrade.ambivalenceambivalence：notsurewhetheryouwantorlikesomethingornot(搖擺不定、猶豫不決）*Shewasinastateofambivalenceabouthavingchildren.Ifthereisambivalenceinadocument,report,etc.,itcontainsattitudesorideaswhichseemtobeoppositetoeachotherandwhichdonotfitwelltogether.矛盾態(tài)度（或思想）反義：ambiguity*theambivalenceofitselectionprogrammers…其競(jìng)選綱領(lǐng)的主張相互矛盾…*Theonlypossibleexplanationforthisisambivalenceatthehighestlevel.這種情形唯一可能的解釋是最高層次上的矛盾思維。8.Americanworkersalsochargedthatforeigncountrieswereunfairlyhelpingtheirexporterswinmarketsinthirdcountriesbysubsidizingselectindustriessuchassteelandbydesigningtradepoliciesthatundulypromotedexportsoverimports.美國(guó)工人還指責(zé)外國(guó)不公平地通過(guò)補(bǔ)貼鋼鐵等這樣精選的工業(yè)和制定過(guò)分促進(jìn)超過(guò)進(jìn)口的貿(mào)易政策來(lái)幫助出口商贏取第三世界市場(chǎng)。Paraphraseas：Americanworkersalsoblamedthatforeigncountrieswerehelpingtheirexportersgainmarketsinthedevelopingcountriesinanunfairwaybygivingfinancialsupporttosuchindustriesassteelandbymakingtradepoliciesthatmadeexportsexceedimportstoomuch.charge指責(zé)charge:(formal)tosaypubliclythatyouthinksomeonehasdonesomethingwrong.*Therepresentativeofthecompanychargedthedelayofthedelivery*TheCEOchargedthatthesalesmanageractedimproperly.chargeA.Ifyouchargesomeoneanamountofmoney,youaskthemtopaythatamountforsomethingthattheyhaveboughtorreceived.要（價(jià)）；索（費(fèi)）；向…收取(費(fèi)用）*TheychargedfiftyYuanadmission.(入場(chǎng)費(fèi)）B.Ifsomethingischargedtoyouraccount,theamountofmoneythatyouhavetopayforitisrecordedonyouraccountataparticularshop.Atsometimeinthefutureyouwillbesentabilltellingyouhowmuchyouowe.記在…賬上；賒購(gòu)inflects*Pleasechargethebilltomyaccount.C.Achargeisthepricethatyouhavetopayforaserviceorforsomethingyoubuy.收費(fèi)；應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用；應(yīng)付的價(jià)款*…increasesinpostalandtelephonecharges…郵資及電話(huà)費(fèi)的提高…D.Ifsomethingisfreeofcharge,itdoesnotcostanything.免費(fèi)*They’rehappytogivetheirservicesfreeofcharge.chargen.E.Achargeisalsoaformalaccusation,madebyanauthoritysuchasthepolice,thatsomeoneisguiltyofacrimeandhastostandtrialinacountoflaw.指控；控告*Thepolicearrestedheronachargeofconspiracytomurder.警察局以陰謀殺人罪將他逮捕。*Mostofthechargesweredropped.大多數(shù)的指控皆被撤銷(xiāo)。chargev.*Hewararrestedandchargedwithavarietyofoffences.他被逮捕并被指控犯有多種違法行為.F.Ifyouhavechargeofsomethingorsomeone,youarethepersonincontrolandhaveresponsibilityforthem.責(zé)任；照管*Sheintendedtotakechargeofthebyherself…G.inchargeof負(fù)責(zé)*Who’sinchargehere?H.Ifsomeoneisyourcharge,theyhavebeengiventoyoutolookafterandyouareresponsibleforthem;aformaluse（正式）被照管者；被扶養(yǎng)者*HewantedtoensurethatMichelledidnotbecomeapubliccharge.他要確保米歇爾不致成為靠政府救濟(jì)為生的人。I.Whenyouchargesomethingsuchasabatteryorchargeitup,youpassanelectricalcurrentthroughitinordertomakeitstoretheelectricity.給…充電*Itrequiredelectricitytochareupitba