U.S.ForeignTradeandGlobalEconomicPoliciesMarianneChen1.Intheearlydaysofthenation’shistory,governmentandbusinessmostlyconcentratedondevelopingthedomesticeconomyirrespectiveofwhatwentonabroad.在美國歷史早期，政府和公司主要集中發展國內經濟，不顧國外的狀況。Paraphrasedas:IntheearlydaysoftheU.S.history,governmentandbusinessplacedmainemphasisonthedevelopmentofthedomesticeconomy,andignoredwhateverhappenedinothercountries.irrespectiveofirrespectiveof=withoutconsiderationof;regardlessof不論…(如何），不管…，不顧…;*Bytheopenpolicywemeanopeningtoallothercountries,irrespectiveoftheirsocialsystems.*Weshallhavetheworkdone,irrespectiveofthecost.2.TheUnitedStatesalsofrequentlyurgesforeigncountriestoderegulatetheirindustriesandtotakestepstoensurethatremainingregulationsaretransparent,donotdiscriminateagainstforeigncompanies,andareconsistentwithinternationalpractices.美國也頻頻促使外國放松對本國工業的規管，采取措施以取保其余規定是透明的，不歧視外國公司，并符合國際慣例。Paraphrasedas:TheU.S.alsofrequentlymakesforeigncountriestotakeloosecontroloftheirindustries,andtotakemeasurestomakesurethatotherregulationsaretransparent,donothaveaprejudiceagainstforeigncompanies,andareagreeablewithinternationalpractices.deregulateDeregulate:tomovegovernmentrulesandcontrolsfromsometypesofbusinessactivity.撤銷對（貿易、商業活動等）的管制；解除控制deregulatedfinancialmarkets放寬了管制的金融市場syn:decontrolderegulationderegulatoryderegulatoryreforms撤銷管制的改革“deregulatory”onlyusedbeforenountransparenttransparent:thatyoucanseethrough*TheChinesegovernmentwillworkhardtoprovideforeigninvestorswithastableandtransparentpolicyenvironment.*InthepasttwoyearsafteritsWTOaccession,ChinaisearnestlyimplementingitsWTOcommitment,dedicatingtoamoreopen,fairerandmoretransparentinvestmentenvironmentinordertoattractmoreFDIdiscriminatediscriminate:treatunequallyonthebasisofsexorraceetc.*practicesthatdiscriminateagainstwomenandinfavorofmen*Itisillegaltodiscriminateongroundsofrace,sexorreligion.3.Americaninterestinderegulationarisesinpartoutofconcernthatsomecountriesmayuseregulationsasanindirecttooltokeepexportsfromenteringtheirmarkets.美國之所以關注放寬規管，部分是考慮到有些國家可能會把規則作為阻止出口商品進入他們國內市場的間接手段。Paraphrasedas:Americansareconcernedaboutderegulationpartlybecausetheyfearthatsomecountriesmaycreatetraderegulationswhichwillindirectlypreventgoodsenteringtheirmarkets.outofconcernoutofconcern=considering,takesomethingintoaccount*Tradeislikeasport,inwhichallparticipantsplaybytherulesoutofconcernfortheirowninterests.*Theyhavedonethatoutofconcernforbothparties.out-of-work=unemployedout-of-townA.=locatedawayfromthecentreofatownorcity城外的；郊野的B.=comingfromorhappeninginadifferentplace(anout-of-townguest)外來客；anout-of-townperformanceoutofdateA.old-fashionedorwithoutthemostrecentinformationandthereforenolongeruseful過期的；缺乏新信息的；陳腐的*Suddenlyshefeltoldandoutofdate她猛然覺得自己老了，跟不上時代了。out-of-datetechnology落伍的技術anout-of-datemap已過時的地圖B.nolongervalidanout-of-datedrivinglicense過期的駕駛護照4.Despiteitscommitmenttomultilateralism,theUnitedStatesinrecentyearsalsohaspursuedregionalandbilateraltradeagreements,partlybecausenarrowerpactsareeasiertonegotiateandoftencanlaythegroundworkforlargeraccords.盡管承諾多邊主義，美國近幾年也有實行區域和雙邊貿易協議，在一定程度上是因為小范圍的盟約很容易協商，而且通常會為更大的協議奠定基礎。Paraphrasedas：ThoughtheU.S.admitsmultilateralism,itstillhasinrecentyearssoughtregionalandbilateraltradeagreements.Thisisinpartbecausesmalleragreementsareeasiertoachieve,whicharethebasesofbiggeragreementslaythegroundworkforlaythegroundworkfor:bethebasefor*Theinitialtalksaregoingtolaygroundworkformorespecifictalks.*Toachievethisgoal,thegovernmentmustnotbedirectlyinvolvedineconomicactivities,butrather,laythegroundworkforamoralandfairmarket.基礎（工作）accord（n.）一致、符合accord:agreementbetweentwopartiesorcountriesetc.*Hiswordsareinaccordwithhisideas.*Therearefewissuesonwhichthetwoareinperfectaccord.V.*Irewrotethearticlebecauseitdidn’taccordwithourpolicy.5.AmericansinrecentyearshavegrownincreasinglyconcernedaboutpiracyandcounterfeitingofU.S.productsrangingfromcomputersoftwareandmotionpicturestopharmaceuticalandchemicalproducts.美國人最近幾年已越來越關心美國產品的盜版和假冒，從計算機軟件、電影到制藥和化學產品。Paraphrasedas:Inrecentyears,AmericansaremoreandmoreinterestedinillegalcopyingandfakingU.S.products,includingcomputersoftware,movies,medicineandchemicalproducts.counterfeit盜版counterfeit:notgenuinebutmadetolookexactlylikethegenuineoneSyn:forged*Mostbrandsthatarebeingcounterfeitedarewellknownandpopular.*Manufacturingandsellingcounterfeitproductsisadangerousprofession.6.Americanagriculturalexportersareincreasinglyfrustrated,forinstance,byEuropeanrulesagainstuseofgeneticallyalteredorganisms,whicharegrowingincreasinglyprevalentintheUnitedStates.例如，美國的農產品出口商不斷受挫，因為歐洲反對使用者美國越來越盛行的轉基因生物。Paraphrasedas:Forexample,Americanagriculturalexportersaregettingmoreandmoreupset,becauseEuropemakesrulestoprohibitusingorganismswithchangedgenes,andthesegeneticallyalteredorganismsaremoreandmoreacceptableintheU.S.prevalent盛行的、流行的、普遍的prevalent:widespread;ofwideextentoroccurrence;ingeneraluseoracceptance*Asthecomputerbecomesmoreprevalent,sodoestheamountofinformationanddatapeopletransmit.(傳送）*Coldsareprevalentinthewinter.*Smogismoreprevalentinurbancentres.7.Attheendofthe20thcentury,agrowingtradedeficitcontributedto(導致）Americanambivalenceabouttradeliberalization.二十世紀末，越來越多的貿易逆差導致了美國對貿易自由化的矛盾心理。Paraphrasedas：Attheendof20thcentury,thetradedeficitisgrowing,anditmakesAmericanshavesomeambivalentfeelingsaboutfreetrade.Backgroundinformation's:

Economictheorydictatesthatatradedeficitisnotnecessarilyabadsituationbecauseitoftencorrectsitselfovertime.However,adeficithasbeenreportedandgrowingintheUnitedStatesforthepastfewdecades,whichworriedsomeeconomists.ThismeansthatlargeamountsoftheU.S.currencyarebeingheldbyforeignnations,whichmaydecidetosellthematanytime.Alargeincreaseindollarsalescandrivethevalueofthecurrencydown,makingitmorecostlytopurchaseimports.tradedeficittradedeficit:anexcessofimportsoverexports.*TheSouthKoreagovernmenthadinstitutedacrackdown(制裁、嚴懲）against“luxury”itemsinanefforttonarrowKorea’stradedeficitwiththeUnitedStatesandothercountries.*Thecurrenttradedeficitindicatesaseriousimbalancebetweenourimportandexporttrade.ambivalenceambivalence：notsurewhetheryouwantorlikesomethingornot(搖擺不定、猶豫不決）*Shewasinastateofambivalenceabouthavingchildren.Ifthereisambivalenceinadocument,report,etc.,itcontainsattitudesorideaswhichseemtobeoppositetoeachotherandwhichdonotfitwelltogether.矛盾態度（或思想）反義：ambiguity*theambivalenceofitselectionprogrammers…其競選綱領的主張相互矛盾…*Theonlypossibleexplanationforthisisambivalenceatthehighestlevel.這種情形唯一可能的解釋是最高層次上的矛盾思維。8.Americanworkersalsochargedthatforeigncountrieswereunfairlyhelpingtheirexporterswinmarketsinthirdcountriesbysubsidizingselectindustriessuchassteelandbydesigningtradepoliciesthatundulypromotedexportsoverimports.美國工人還指責外國不公平地通過補貼鋼鐵等這樣精選的工業和制定過分促進超過進口的貿易政策來幫助出口商贏取第三世界市場。Paraphraseas：Americanworkersalsoblamedthatforeigncountrieswerehelpingtheirexportersgainmarketsinthedevelopingcountriesinanunfairwaybygivingfinancialsupporttosuchindustriesassteelandbymakingtradepoliciesthatmadeexportsexceedimportstoomuch.charge指責charge:(formal)tosaypubliclythatyouthinksomeonehasdonesomethingwrong.*Therepresentativeofthecompanychargedthedelayofthedelivery*TheCEOchargedthatthesalesmanageractedimproperly.chargeA.Ifyouchargesomeoneanamountofmoney,youaskthemtopaythatamountforsomethingthattheyhaveboughtorreceived.要（價）；索（費）；向…收取(費用）*TheychargedfiftyYuanadmission.(入場費）B.Ifsomethingischargedtoyouraccount,theamountofmoneythatyouhavetopayforitisrecordedonyouraccountataparticularshop.Atsometimeinthefutureyouwillbesentabilltellingyouhowmuchyouowe.記在…賬上；賒購inflects*Pleasechargethebilltomyaccount.C.Achargeisthepricethatyouhavetopayforaserviceorforsomethingyoubuy.收費；應付的費用；應付的價款*…increasesinpostalandtelephonecharges…郵資及電話費的提高…D.Ifsomethingisfreeofcharge,itdoesnotcostanything.免費*They’rehappytogivetheirservicesfreeofcharge.chargen.E.Achargeisalsoaformalaccusation,madebyanauthoritysuchasthepolice,thatsomeoneisguiltyofacrimeandhastostandtrialinacountoflaw.指控；控告*Thepolicearrestedheronachargeofconspiracytomurder.警察局以陰謀殺人罪將他逮捕。*Mostofthechargesweredropped.大多數的指控皆被撤銷。chargev.*Hewararrestedandchargedwithavarietyofoffences.他被逮捕并被指控犯有多種違法行為.F.Ifyouhavechargeofsomethingorsomeone,youarethepersonincontrolandhaveresponsibilityforthem.責任；照管*Sheintendedtotakechargeofthebyherself…G.inchargeof負責*Who’sinchargehere?H.Ifsomeoneisyourcharge,theyhavebeengiventoyoutolookafterandyouareresponsibleforthem;aformaluse（正式）被照管者；被扶養者*HewantedtoensurethatMichelledidnotbecomeapubliccharge.他要確保米歇爾不致成為靠政府救濟為生的人。I.Whenyouchargesomethingsuchasabatteryorchargeitup,youpassanelectricalcurrentthroughitinordertomakeitstoretheelectricity.給…充電*Itrequiredelectricitytochareupitba