TheSouthofAmericaTeammembers:VioletOliviaAngelaVivianFaithSourceofinformation:mainlyfromWikipediaandthetextbook1.

GeographyGeographytheSouth—commonlyreferredtoastheSouthernUnitedStates,theAmericanSouth,Dixie.TheSouthdoesnotexactlymatchthegeographicsouth,butispredominantlylocatedinthesoutheasterncorner.Asof2010,anestimated114,555,744people,or37%ofallU.S.residents,livedintheSouth,thenation'smostpopulousregion.Climate:theSouthisadiversemeteorologicalregionwithnumerousclimaticzones,includingtemperate,sub-tropical,tropical,andarid.-----contributetoitsagriculture.TheSouthinHistory紅色：代表曾加入聯盟國（confederate）的州分，并且長期以來在習慣上和傳統上也一直被視為是“南部”，有時候這些州分又被統一稱為“迪克西”。加上斜線條紋：是那些屬于“邊緣”的州分，這些州分并不一定會被所有人視為屬于南部，尤其因為她們在內戰期間并沒有加入聯盟國。這張圖表描繪歷史上最初的南部，也因此并不包括后來獨立建州的西弗吉尼亞州TheModernSouth深紅色：表示這些州分在現代的標準中都會被劃為南部的州。紅色：表示大多會被包含在內的州。加上斜線條紋：代表這些州分在有時候或偶爾會被視為南部。SubregionsAsdefinedbytheUnitedStatesCensusBureau,theSouthernregionoftheUnitedStatesincludes16states.TheCensusBureaudefinedtheminto3smallerdivisions:1.TheSouthAtlanticStates:Florida（佛羅里達州）,Georgia（喬治亞州）,Maryland,NorthCarolina（北卡萊羅納州）,SouthCarolina（南卡萊羅納州）,Virginia,WestVirginia,andDelaware(特拉華州)2.TheEastSouthCentralStates:Alabama（阿拉巴馬州）,Kentucky,Mississippi（密西西比州）andTennessee（田納西州）3.TheWestSouthCentralStates:Arkansas（阿肯色州）,Louisiana（路易斯安那州）,Oklahoma（俄克拉荷馬州）,andTexas（德克薩斯州）.Subregions1.theDeepSouth:Georgia,Alabama,Mississippi,SouthCarolina,Louisiana,Florida(1).Agicultureisimportant.(2).Blacksarenumerous.2.theUpperSouth:Virginias,NorthCarolina,Kentucky,Tennessee3.theSouthwest:Texas,Oklahoma,Arkanasas2.

HistoryHistory1.NativeAmericanculture2.Europeancolonization(Spanish,French,British)3.AmericanRevolution4.Antebellumyears(南北戰爭前)5.CivilWar6.ReconstructionandJimCrow（美國黑人）7.Late19thand20thcentury—industrializationandGreatMigration8.Presidentialhistory9.GrowthandpovertyEuropeancolonization1.ThepredominantcultureoftheSouthwasrootedinthesettlementoftheregionbyBritishcolonists.2.TheSpanishandFrenchestablishedcoloniesinFlorida,TexasandLouisiana.slavery殖民地初期，當歐洲人初到美洲大陸之時，白種人占據統治地位。1619年，一艘荷蘭船把20名非洲黑人載至詹姆士敦。同年,弗吉尼亞成立自由民議院，實現了白人政治自由的愿望。由于南部大面積的種植園需要大量的黑人勞動力，17世紀和18世紀初，黑人奴隸人口迅速增長，促進了殖民地時期的經濟繁榮，同時也使白人統治階級感覺到黑人人口的威脅，于是，奴隸制便作為南方特有的經濟體制和種族壓迫的手段而出現。CivilWar到了1855年，由于北方人口的優勢，南方逐漸失去對聯邦政府權力的控制，并且在有關州權和奴隸狀態的議題上與北方爭論不休。民主黨的總統JamesKnoxPolk在1846年推行了降低關稅的法案，結果激怒了賓夕法尼亞州的產業界，使北方政客們以封殺聯邦政府用以道路建設和港口改善的預算作為報復。等到1861年北方的共和黨人掌權之后，許多南方人決定他們應該從聯邦分離。在林肯于1860年美國總統選舉勝利后，七個以種植棉花為主的州分決定脫離聯邦，組成了美利堅聯盟國(ConfederateStatesofAmerica)。在1861年，他們又吸引了另外四個州加入。美國政府拒絕承認脫離州分成立的國家，并且繼續駐守聯邦軍隊在南方殘存的幾個堡壘，直到南方邦聯在1861年4月于桑特堡戰役中攻下了最后一個堡壘。這場戰役也引燃了內戰。CivilWar在接下來的四年戰爭中，大多數的戰役都是在南方的土地上進行的，全部總共只有兩場戰役是發生在南方以外的地區。南方政府一直采取對歐洲進口產品的低關稅政策，但對于所有來自北方的產品收取額外的一些關稅。然而合眾國海軍實行的海上封鎖有效阻止了大多數進出南方的商貿活動，因此南方的低關稅政策也沒有發揮作用。南方的運輸網絡大多依賴于河川以及沿岸的船只運輸，然而這兩種管道都被聯邦海軍所阻撓，少數的鐵路運輸則也完全無法負荷。因此到了1864年南方內部的運輸已經幾乎癱瘓，使得南方的經濟活動幾近停擺。在整場內戰中北方聯邦最后擊敗了南方邦聯。南方承受了遠比北方要來的多的損失，因為幾乎所有主要戰斗都是在南方土地上進行的。ReconstructionAftertheCivilWar,theSouthwasdevastatedintermsofpopulation,infrastructureandeconomy.Rebuildingwasdifficultaspeoplegrappledwiththeeffectsofanewlaboreconomyofafreemarketinthemidstofawidespreadagriculturaldepression.Therewerethousandsofpeopleonthemove,asAfricanAmericanstriedtoreunitefamiliesseparatedbyslavessales,andsometimesmigratedforbetteropportunitiesintownsorotherstates.Otherfreedpeoplemovedfromplantationareastocitiesortownsforachancetogetdifferentjobsandoutofwhitecontrol.Atthesametime,whitesreturnedfromrefugestoreclaimplantationsortowndwellings.

Withpassageofthe13th,14th,15thAmendmentstotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,

theslaverywasabolished.

AfricanAmericansintheSouthweremadefreecitizensandweregiventherighttovote.Northernerscamesouthtoparticipateinpoliticsandbusiness.

KuKluxKlantheGreatMigrationand

theAmericanCivilRightsMovementTheSouthwitnessedtwomajoreventsinthelivesof20thcenturyAfricanAmericans:

theGreatMigrationandtheAmericanCivilRightsMovement.1.TheGreatMigrationbeganduringWorldWarI,hittingitshighpointduringWorldWarII.Duringthismigration,blackslefttheSouthtofindworkinNorthernfactoriesandothersectorsoftheeconomy.2.ThemigrationalsoempoweredthegrowingCivilRightsMovement.

MostofthemajorcivilrightsmovementeventsoccurredintheSouth.PresidentialhistoryTheSouthproduced9

ofthefirst12U.S.PresidentsbeforetheCivilWar.(GeorgeWashington,ThomasJeffersonetc.)FormorethanacenturyaftertheCivilWar,noSouthernerbecamePresidentunlessheeithermovedNorthorwasvicepresidentwhenthepresidentdiedinoffice.In1976,JimmyCarterdefiedthistrendandbecamethefirstSouthernertobreakthepatternsinceZacharyTaylorin1848.TheSouthproduced5ofthelast9AmericanPresidents:LyndonB.Johnson,JimmyCarter,GeorgeH.W.Bush,BillClintonandGeorgeW.Bush

.presidentialhistory民主共和黨：弗吉尼亞州的托馬斯·杰斐遜，1800年。民主黨：南卡羅來納州/田納西州的安德魯·杰克遜，1828年。輝格黨：弗吉尼亞州的威廉·亨利·哈里森，1840年。共和黨：原先來自肯塔基州，后移居伊利諾伊州的亞伯拉罕·林肯，1860年。（值得注意的是，美國第一名總統—喬治·華盛頓是來自弗吉尼亞州，雖然他不隸屬于任何政黨。）3.

Politics從重建時期開始后的整整一個世紀里，南部的白人都一面倒的堅定支持民主黨，這種強烈的政治傾向還使南部被人稱為民主黨的“南方基地”（SolidSouth）.當民主黨的總統LyndonB.Johnson簽下了1964年的民權法案后，南部民主黨人對于民權法案的不滿終于暴發。同時，共和黨開始了他們所謂的“南方策略”（Southernstrategy），以拉攏保守派的南部白人選民支持為目標。在接下來的數十年里美國南部開始戲劇性的轉向共和黨。4.

EconomyEconomyAgriculture,plantationsystemInthelate20thcentury,theSouthchangeddramatically.Itsawaboominitsserviceeconomy,manufacturingbase,hightechnologyindustries,andthefinancialsector.Eg.inautomobileindustry:1.Mercedes-BenzinTuscaloosa,Alabama;2.HyundaiinMontgomery,Alabama;3.theBMWproductionplantinSpartanburg,SouthCarolina;4.ToyotaplantsinGeorgetown,Kentucky,BlueSprings,MississippiandSanAntonioThiseconomicexpansionhasenabledpartsoftheSouthtoreportsomeofthelowestunemploymentratesintheUnitedStates.ButintheU.S.top10ofpoorestbigcities,theSouthisrepresentedintherankingsby2cities:Miami,FloridaandMemphis,Tennessee.In2011,9outof10pooreststateswereintheSouth.5.

EducationEducationInthepast,Southernpublicschoolsrankedinthelowerhalfofsomenationalsurveys.However,newerdatasuggeststhateducationinthesouthisonparwith(與...同等水平)thenation,with72%ofhighschoolersgraduatingcomparedto73%nationwide.杜克大學DukeUniversity：2013~2014年《美國新聞與世界報道》將杜克大學列為全美第7，與麻省理工學院和賓夕法尼亞大學并列，在美國南部居于首位。威廉瑪麗學院CollegeofWilliamandMary：南部最早的一所大學，在1693年于維吉尼亞州成立，這所大學以政治經濟學方面的教學聞名，并且培養出了未來的數名美國總統杰佛遜、門羅以及泰勒。Overall,theSouthhashadlowerpercentagesofhighschoolgraduates,lowerhousingvalues,lowerhouseholdincomes,andlowercostoflivingthantherestoftheUnitedStates.弗吉尼亞州首府里士滿6.

CulturetheSouthiseconomicallybackwardbutisculturallyrich.Becauseofitsuniquehistoricalbackground,theSouthgenerateditsuniqueculture,whichdiffersfromtherestpartoftheUnitedStates.

1.culturediversitiesTakenasawhole,theSouthernculturalregionmaybeunderstoodasoneconsistingofavarietyofelementsarrivingalongseveralpathswithoutanytruelycoherentstructure.Eg.(P128,para.1)Reasons:1.colonization2.slavery/Blacks3.migrationetc2.About"past"MostofthecharacteristictraitsoftheSouthernmindareaheritagefromthepast.TheSouthistheonlyregioninAmericathatistiedtogetherbyitspastandbyitcherishesandfears.1.TheoldaristocracydreamedoftheSouthasanautonomousnation---aGreekrepublicrisingfromthecottonfields,builtfirmlyonthe

economicbaseoftheplantationsystemandthesocialbaseofslavery.2.The"newSouth"thatHenryGradyevokedinthe1880swasinfactturnedtowardthepast."Newsouth"NewSouth,NewSouthDemocracyorNewSouthCreedisasloganinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouth,after1877.Reformersuseittocallforamodernizationofsocietyandattitudes,tointegratemorefullywiththeUnitedStates,andrejecttheeconomyandtraditionsoftheOldSouthandtheslavery-basedplantationsystemoftheantebellumperiod.ThetermwascoinedbyitsleadingspokesmanandAtlantaeditorHenryW.Grady."OldSouth"Geographically,theOldSouthisasubregionoftheAmericanSouth,differentiatedfromotherstatesbybeinglimitedtothoseSouthernstatesrepresentedamongtheoriginal13Britishcolonieswhichbecamethefirst13U.S.states.Culturally,"OldSouth"isusedtodescribetherural,agriculturally-based,pre-CivilWareconomyandsocietyintheSouthernUnitedStates."NoSouth"?3.LiteratureIntheprocessofreconciliationwiththepastinarapidlychangingsociety,SouthernersdemonstratedtheircreativenessinwritingthatplaceditwiththebestAmericanwritingofmoderntimes.Eg.WilliamFaulkner-----NobelPrize1949MargaretMitchell-----Gonewiththewind《飄》（20世紀最知名的南方小說）4.PeoplePartlybecauseofitsemphasisonliterarytradition,partlybecauseofitslegacyofagriculturalsociety,andpartlybecauseofitsstressonfamilyandcommunity,thesouth,amongAmericanregions,hasbeennoted1.foritshospitalityandfriendliness,2.andalsoforitsrelativelyrelaxedandunhurriedwayoflife.3.empahasisonpersonalhonorandvalorthatisnotcharacteristicallyAmerican.---militarytraditionalandofliteraryeleganceandgracealandofsocialviolenceandsadism（虐狂）+5.ReligionTheSouthhasbeenseenlargelyasastrongholdofProtestantChristianity.So,theregionisalsocalledtheBibleBelt