高中英語語法全詞法第1主一致一念:主謂一致是指1）語法形式上一致，即單復數形與謂語要一致。2）意義上要一，即主語意義上的復數要與謂語的復數形一致。3）就近原則，謂語動詞的單復形取決于最靠近它詞語，一般來說，不數名詞動詞單數，可數名詞復數動詞復。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但當不可數名前有表數量的復數名詞時，謂動詞用數形式。例如：Tenthousandtonscoalwereproducedlastyear.二關知識點精講1.并列結構主語時謂語用復數例如：1

Readingandwritingareveryimportant.讀寫很重要。注意：當主語and結時如果它表示一個單一的念，即指同一人同一物時，謂語動用單數and此時連接的兩個詞前只一個冠。例如：Theironsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.鋼工業對我的生活有重要義。典型例題TheLeaguesecretarymonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.答案B.注先從時態上考慮這是過去發生的情應用去時，先排除A.，C本題易誤選D因為TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是兩人，但細辨別monitor前沒有the在英中，當人兼數職時只在第個職務加定冠詞后面的職務用and相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應選B2

2.主一致中的靠近原則1)當therebe句型的主語一系列事物時謂語與最鄰近的主語保一致。例如：Thereisapen,knifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支筆、把小刀和幾本書Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentstheclass.班上有二十個孩，二三個女孩。2）當either…or與neithernor連接兩個主語謂語動詞與最鄰的主語保持一致如果句子是由here,there引導而主語又不止個時謂語常也和最鄰近的主語一致。如：Eitheryouorsheisgo.是你去，就是她去。Hereisaafewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.給你、信封和。3.謂語動詞前面的主語一致當with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,wellas詞組成的短語謂語動詞與前面主語部3

分一致。例如Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教師和一些學生在觀工廠HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去劃。4.謂需用單數的情況1代each及every,some,no,等構成的復合詞作主時或主語中含有each,every時謂語需用單數例如：Eachhasatape-recorder.我們每人都有錄機。Thereissomethingwrongmywatch.我的表壞了2主語是本書或條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數例如：TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.天方夜譚》英語愛好者熟悉一本書3）表金錢，間，價格或度量衡復合名詞作主語通常把這些名詞作一個整體，謂語一用單數例如：4

Threeweekswasallowedmakingthenecessarypreparations.用三個星期來做準備。Tenyuanenough.十元夠了。5.指代意義定謂語的單復數1）詞what,which,who,none,some,any,most,all詞的單數由其指代的詞的單復決定。如：Allisright.一切順利。Allarepresent.人都到了。2體名詞作主語時，謂語的數要根主語的意思來決。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee后，謂語動詞復數形時強調這個集中的各成員用單時強調該集體的體。例：Hisfamilyisn'tvery他成員不多。Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他家個個都是音愛好者但集合名詞people,cattle,poultry在任何情況都用復數形式。例5

如：Arethereanyaround?近有警察嗎？3）名詞variety,number,population,majority等有時看作單數，時看作數。例如：Anumberof+詞復數+復數動。Thenumberof名詞復數單數動。Anumberofbookslentout.ThemajorityofthestudentsEnglish.6.與后接名或代詞保持一致的況1）用halfmostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsplenty等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常與of后面的名代詞保持一致。如：Mostofhismoneyisspentbooks.他大部分的錢在書上。Mostofthestudentstakinganactivepartsports.大分學生極參與體育運動2）用aportionaseriesof,apile6

of,panel等起主語，謂語詞通常用單數。例：seriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒體報道了一串的事故。Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.爐邊有一堆木柴3）如manya或morethan所修飾的短語作主語時謂語動多用單數形式。但由than…of作主語時，動詞應與其后名詞或詞保持一致。例如：Manypersonhasreadthenovel.許多人讀過這書。Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.分之六十多的學生來自個城市三固練習（）Theof______fifty,butanumberofthem_______absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,7

C.was,wereD.were,were（）E-mail,astelephones,________animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play（）______ofthelandinthatdistrict______coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are（）4.Tenminutes______alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.

seemB.seemsC.

seemedD.areseemed8

（）Ericistheonlyonetheboyswho_____adrivinglicense.A.

hasB.haveC.ishavingD.are（）6.JoyandSorrow_____next-doorA.isC.wereD.be

B.are（7.Inmyopinion,someofthe_____unbelievable.A.are

B.C.hasbeenD.havebeen（）8.When______theUnitedNationsfounded?A.isC.wasD.were

B.are（）9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastried9

B.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried（）10.shesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.A.wasB.wereC.hashave（）11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.C.havebeenD.is（）Nobody______seenthefilm.It’aA.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhave（）13.Noteachernostudent______A.areadmittedB.isadmittedC.areadmitting10

D.isadmitting（butone______herenow.A.is

B.wasC.hasbeenD.were（）15.Whenbuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havedecided（）16.Thewriterandsinger______here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do（）17.AsIhaveameetingfour,tenminutes_____allthatcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.D.were（）18.InthoseJohnwithclassmates_____keptbusypreparing11

fortheexam.A.isB.areC.wasD.were（）19.—____yourclothes?—mine_____hangingoverthere.A.Isit,isB.Arethese,areC.Isit,areD.Arethese,is（）20.TheSmithswhich____ratheralargeone,____veryfondoftheiroldhouses.A.were,wereB.was,C.were,wasD.was,were（）21.Whattheteacherandthestudentswant_____that12

ofthecountries____beautiful.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are（）22.istheonlyofstudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.

isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen（）23._____ofmybrothersarereporters.Coveringevents,meetings,orsportsmeetings______theirduty.A.Each,areB.Both,isC.Neither,areD.None,is（）——Whatdoyouof______ofthecoat?13

——Itsratherhigh.Youcanbuycheaperoneinthatshop.A.valueB.costC.priceD.use（）25.—Arethetwoanswerscorrect?——______correct.A.nooneisB.bothnotC.neitherisD.eitherisnot（）26.Thewind,togetherwithrainandfog,_____makingsailingdifficult.A.havebeenB.wasC.

/D/are四案1.CA3.4.B5.6.B7.8.C9.10.C11.D12.C13.14.D15.A16.A17.14

C18.C19.20.D21.22.D23.24.C25.C26.第2動的時態一念:時態是英語謂動詞的種形式,表動作發生的時間所處的態.語中時態是通過動詞式本身變化來實現的.英語有種時態,但中學階段較常用有十種般現在時,過去時,般將來時去將時在進行時進行時將來進行時,去成時,在完成時和現在完成進行.二關知識點精講1.一般現在時的法1）經常性或習性的動作，常與表頻腮度的時間狀連用時間狀：every…,sometimes,at…onSunday。例如：Ileavehomeforschool7morning.每天早我七點開家。2）客觀真理客觀存在，科學事。例如：15

Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球繞太陽轉動ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中國部。3）示格言或警句例如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.者必敗。注意此用法果出現賓語從中，即使主句是過時，從句謂語也用一般在時。例Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥倫布證了地球圓的。4）現在時的狀態能力性格個性。例如：Idon'twantsomuch.我不要么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishdoesnotspeakwell.英語得不錯，講的可不行。比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.16

我正在做功課第一句用一般在時用于作演示或指導說明的示性動作，表示言行的間動作第二句中的now是行時的標志，表示正在行的動的客觀狀況，所以后句用一現在時2.一過去時的用法1確定的去時間所發生的動作或存在的狀態例如時間語有yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherin1982等例如：Wheredidyougojustnow?剛才你上哪兒去了？2示在過一段時內，經常性或習慣性的動作例如：Whenwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.是個孩子的時候，常在馬路踢足球WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawelcome.那時，布朗一無論什么時候去，受到熱烈歡迎。17

3）型Itforsb.tosth"到…時間了"……了"例如istimeforyoutogotobed.該睡了。Itistimethatdidsth."時已遲了"早該……例如Itistimewenttobed.你該睡覺了。would（hadrathersb.didsth.表示寧愿某人某事'例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.還是天來吧。4）wonder,think,hope等用過去時，作試探性詢問、求、建議等，而一般過去時表示動作或態都已成為過去，現已不復存在例如：Ithoughtmighthavesome.我以為你想要一些比較：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含義她已不人間）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallher（含義：她現還活著）Mrs.DarbylivedKentucky18

forsevenyears.（義：達太太已再住在肯塔基）Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義現在還住在肯塔基，有可指剛離去）注意：用過去表示現，表示委婉語氣。1）詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?您還要些什么嗎Iwonderedyoucouldhelpme.能不能幫我一。2）態詞could,。例如：Couldyoulendyourbike?的自行車，能用一些？3.一般將來1）shall用于第一人稱常被will所代替。will在述句用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用第二人。例如：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst我先讀一段呢19

Willyoubeathomeatthisevening?今晚七回家好？2）begoing+定式，表示將來。a.語的意圖，即將做事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么？b.計劃，安要發生事。例如：Theplaygoingtobeproducedmonth這出戲月開播c.跡象要發生的事例如Lookatthedarkclouds,theregoingtobeastorm.看那烏云，要下雨。3be+定式表將來，按計劃或正安排將發生的。例如WearediscussthereportnextSaturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。4beabout+定式，意為馬上做某事。例如HeisabouttoBeijing.他馬上要去北。注意：betodo不能與tomorrow,next表示明確將來時的時間狀連20

用。4.一般現在表將來1）下列動詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return一般現時可以表示將來主要用來表示在時上已確定或安排好事情。如：Thetrainleavessixtomorrowmorning.火車明上午六開。Whendoesbusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽車什么時候開？十分鐘后。2）here,there開始的倒裝，表示動作正在進。例如Herecomesthebus.=busiscoming.車來了。Theregoesbell.Thebellisringing.鈴了。3）時或條件句中。例如WhenBillcomes不是willcomeaskhimtowaitme.爾后，讓等我。I'llwritetoyouasasI21

arrivethere.我到那里，就信給你。4）動hope,takecarethat,makesurethat的賓語從句中例如：Ihopehaveanicetimenextweek.我希望們下星玩得開心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.離開房間前，務必窗戶關。5.用現在進行時表將來下列動詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等現在進行可以表示將來。例如I'mleaving明天我要走了。Areyouheretillnextweek?你會在這兒呆下周嗎6.現完成時現在完成時用表示之已發生或完成的動作或狀其結果的影響現還存在也可表持續到在的動或狀態。其構成have（has）+過分詞。7.比一般過去時與現在成時1般過去時表示過去某時發生的動或22

單純敘述過去事情，調動作；現在完成時為過去發生強調過去的事情現在的影響，強調的影響。2般過去常與具的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與糊的時狀語連用，或無時間語。一般過去時的間狀語：yesterday,last，…in1980,October,justnow，皆為具體的時間狀語現在完成時的間狀語for,since,soever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,pastyears,always等，皆不確定的時間狀。共同的時間語thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3在完成可表示續到現在的動作或狀態，動一般是續性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.一般過去時常的非持性動詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例：23

Isawthisfilmyesterday.（調看的動作發過了）Ihaveseenthisfilm.強對現在的影響，影的內已經知道了）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（強調起床的動作發生過）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?（強調有卷子交，疑不公平競爭）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在團內的狀態可延續）HehasbeenLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是團員的狀態可持續）句子中如有過時的時副詞（如yesterday,last,week,1960）時，不能使用現在完時，要過去時。（錯）Tomwrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（對）Tomwrotelettertohisparentslastnight.8.用現在完成時的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…結構中的從部分，用現在完成。24

例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.這是我第次訪問城市。Thisisthefirsttime（）heardhimsing.這是我第次聽他唱歌。注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisis形容詞高級+that結構，that從句要用現在完成時。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI've（ever）seen.這是我過的最的電影。9.過去完成1）念：表示過去過去----|----------|--------|---->其構成是had過去分詞構成。那時以前那時現在2）法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等詞后的語從句。例如：Shesaidthat）shehadbeentoParis.她告訴我她曾去過巴。25

b.語從句在過去不同時發生的兩個動作中，發生在先用過去成時；發生在后，用一般過去時例如：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrun警到時，小們早就跑了。c.示意向的動詞如hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過去完時表示"原本，未能"。例如：Wehadhopedthatwouldcome,butyoudidn't.時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。3）過去完成的時間語before,by,untilwhen,after,once,assoonas。例如：HesaidhadlearnedEnglishbefore.他說過以前學一些英語。Bythetimewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingby26

himself.到了十二那年，迪生開始自己謀生。Tomwasdisappointedmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.湯姆失望了，為他到晚會時，大部分客人已走了。10.用一般去時代過去完成時1兩動作如按序發生，又不強調先后，或用andbut等連詞時，用一般過去時例如：Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起。MyauntgavemehatandIlostit.姑媽給我一頂子，我把它丟了。2）兩個作相繼發生，可用般過去時；如第一個作需要干時間完成，用過去完成時。例：Whenheardthenews,wasveryexcited.3）敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成，而只用一般過時。例：27

OurteachertoldusColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.將來成時1）構成havedone2）概念a.狀態完成：表示事繼續將來某一時為止一直的狀態例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那時們結婚有二十年了。b.動完成：表示將來某時或另個將來的動作前，已經完成的作或獲的經驗。例如YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此時，已經到達上海了12現進行時現在進行時的本用法a.表示現在（指說人說話時）正在發生的事情。如：Wearewaitingforyou.我們正在等你。28

b.習慣進行：表示期的或重復性的動作，說話時作未必在進行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在寫另一部小說（說話時并未在寫，只處于作的狀）c.表示漸變這樣的動詞grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。如：Theleavesareturningred.子在變紅。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越來越熱了d.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存的狀態往往帶有說話人的主觀色例如：Youarealwayschanging你老是改變主。13.過去進時1念：表過去某正在進行的狀態或動作。2去進行的主要法是描述一件事發生的背景；個長動延續的時候，另一個短動作發生29

3）常用的時間狀語有thismorning,wholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我弟騎車時摔了下，受了。Itwasrainingwhentheythestation.他們離車站時正下著雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunshining.我到山頂時，陽光爛。14.將來進時1）概念：表示來某時進行的狀態動作，或按預測來會發的事情。例如：She'llbecoming她會很快來的。I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.將來我一去見他注意：將來進時不用表示"志"不能說behavingatalkher.2常用時間狀有soon,tomorrow,this30

evening，onSunday,bythis，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等例：thistimetomorrow,lyingonthebeach.明天此時，我躺在海上呢。15.一般現時代替般將來時When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,longas,bythetime,if,incase（that）unless,evenif,whether,moment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引導的時間狀語從句條件中用一般在時代將來時例如：HeisgoingtovisitauntthehearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。16.一般現時代替般過去時1）"書上"，報紙上說等。例如：Thenewspapersaysthatit'sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.紙上說明天會很冷的。2）敘述往事，使其動。例：31

Napoleon'sarmynowadvancesthegreatbattlebegins.拿侖的軍正在向前挺進，大戰始了17.一般現時代替在完成時1）些動詞用一般在時代完成時如hear,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如：Ihearhaveheard）hewillgotoLondon.我聽了他將去敦。Iforget=haveforgotten）howoldheis.我忘他多大。2）用句"is……"代替"Ithasbeen…since…。例：Itis=hasbeen）yearssincewelastmet.從我上次見以來，五年過去了。18.一般現時代替在進行時。在Here/Theregoes…等型里，用一般現時代替在進行時。例如：Theregoesbell.鈴響了。19.現在進時代替來時32

1）表示即將發的或預中計劃好的活動。例如：Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我們起度周好嗎Weareleavingsoon.我馬上就走。2）變動詞如get,grow,become,begin及瞬間動die等。例如：Heisdying.他要死了。20.時態致1）如從句所敘述的為真或相對變的事實，則現在時例如：Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.時人們不知道地球是動的。Hetoldlastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告訴我他十八了。2）賓語從句中助動詞ought,need,must,dare的態是不的。例如：HethoughtthatIneedtellyouthetruth.他為我不必訴你真。三固練習:33

1、I’givethebooktohimassoonashe________back.2、thebaby________cryingyet?(stop)3、IdontknowwhetherMother__________metoBeijingnextmonth.(take)4、She_______hercoatand(put)5、“Whataretheydoing?“They__________readyforthesports(get)6、Theboyaskedhismother________himgoandplay7、I’mtokeep____________forlongtime.(wait)8It________(take)himhalfanhour_______(finish)hishomeworkyesterday.9、If________interestingfilm,we’llittomorrow.(be)10Theyusually________(do)their34

homeworkaftersupper.11、Who_____________(sing)inthenextroomnow?12__________(be)yourparentsinShanghailastyear?13Mr.Yu_____________(teach)mathssince1982.14、TheyhaveatriptotheGreatWallifit(notrain)tomorrow.15、Lioften_________(listen)totheradiointhemorning.16、A:“Father,mayIoutandplayfootball?”B:“_____you____(do)yourhomework?”17、Allthepeopleinthetownare______(hear)thatafamousmusician___aconcertthisSaturdayevening.(give)18、Ourteachertold_____(notsnow)wewouldvisittheScienceMuseumthenextday.19、Theyoften_______(play)35

footballintheafternoon.20、reyoudoingDad?B:I_______(mend)theradio.21、Lets_______(carry)thetothehouse.22Yesterday______(want)verymuchtoseethefilm,butshecouldn’t__(get)aticket.23、_________(write)toassoonIgettoShanghai.24、Mike___________(visit)severalplacessincehecametoBeijing.25、He___________fourletterstohiswifeeverymonth.26Don’tmakeanynoise,Grandma___________(sleep).27Hisaunt___________(do)somecookingwhencamein.28、Whenthey___________(reach)thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.29、There___________(be)ameetingnextMonday.36

30___________(know)eachothersinceourboyhood..31Sometimesmyfather___________(come)backhomelate.32、They___________(have)Englisheveningnextweek.33Imglad___________(hear)that.34WeiFangtShe___________(go)tothereading-room.35、Thestory___________(happen)longago.36They___________(visit)theHistoryMuseumlastweek.37、ZhangHong___________(make)manyfriendssinceshecametoParis.38、She___________(go)tothecinemawithherclassmatestomorrowevening.39、here,bag.Dontgoout.It___________(rain)now.40LiPing___________(write)acompositioneveryweek.41、Thescientist(give)us37

atalkyesterday.42parents___________(live)inBeijingsince1949.43Look!Theyoungworker___________(show)thestudentsaroundfactorynow.44They___________(build)anewbridgeoverriveryear.45、Thestudents___________(clean)theirclassroomtomorrow.46、Thewindowsoflab___________(clean)onceweek.47、Ourteacher___________(join)thepartytwentyyearsago.48Theboys___________(have)abasketballmatchnow.Let’___(go)and_____(watch).49、She___________(work)inthisfactoryfortenyears.50“Whatmakesyou___________(think)I’mafarmer?”theFrenchmanasked.四案38

1.comes2.stopped3.willtake4.put

done29.willbe17.to30.havehear…es18.’t32.will5.aregetting6.tolet7.waiting8.took…tofinish9.is10.do11.issinging12.Was13.hastaught14.doesntrain15.16.Have…

snow19.play20.ammending21.carry22.,get23.willwrite24.hasvisited25.26.issleeping27.wasdoing28.reached39

have33.tohear34.hasgone35.happened36.visited37.hasmade38.will39.israining40.writes41.gave42.havelived43.is

showing44.willbuild45.willclean46.iscleaned47.joined48.arehaving,go…watch49.hasworkedthink40

第三章動詞的態一念:動詞的語態是詞的一形式,表示主語和謂語之間法或語的關系.英語的語態有兩種主動語態和動語態主語態用于主動句,表示主是動作執行者被動語態用于被句表示主語是動的承受者.動語態的成方式動詞時相同,而被動語態由助動詞be+過去分詞構成,有人稱,數,時態變化二關識點精1.let的用1）當后只有一個單音節詞，變被動語態時，可不帶的不定式。例如Theyletthestrangego.他們放生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo.2）當let后賓較長時，let通常不用被動語態，而allowpermit替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那護讓我41

去探望住院的學。---->wasallowed/permittedseemyclassmateinhospital.2.短語動詞被動語態短語動詞是一整體不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。如：MysisterwilltakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹奶奶照。Suchahasneverbeenheardofbefore.這樣的事聞所未。3.表"據說"或"相信的詞組，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand組成例如：Itissaidthat…據說Itisreported…據報Itisbelieved…大家相信Itishoped…大家望Itiswellknownthat…眾周Itisthoughtthat大家認為Itissuggested…據建議Itistakengrantedthat…被視42

為當然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大決定Itmustremember務記住的是4.不被動語態的情況1）不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語，appear,diedisappear,end（vi.結束fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,take沒有無被動語態。例如：Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火過后，家燒得所剩無幾。比較：rise,fall,happen是不及物動詞；raise,seat是及物動詞要想正確地使被動語就須注意哪些動詞是及物，哪些不及物的。特別是一詞多義動詞往有兩種用法。解決這一問題有在學過程中多留43

意積累。2）不用于被動語態的及動詞或詞短語如fit,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belong等。例如：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.這把鑰匙只配這鎖。Yourstoryagreeswhathadalreadybeenheard.你說的與我們聽的一致。3）動詞無被動語態，如appear,become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,taste,等例如：Itsoundsgood.聽上不錯。4）同源賓語的及物動詞如die/death,dream/dream，live/life，以反身代詞，相互代詞不能用被動語態。例如：Shedreamedadreamlastnight.44

她昨晚做了個夢。5）當語是不定式時，很用于被語態。例如：（對）Shelikestoswim.（錯）swimislikedbyher.5.主動形式示被動義1）clean,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.這本書銷路好。Thisknifecuts這刀子很好用。2）blame,（出租）,remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：Itoblamefortheaccident.故發生了，我受指責Muchworkremains.還有許多活干。3）require,worth（形容詞）,deserve的動名必須用主動形式。例如：45

Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.門該修了。Thisbookworthreading.這本書值得一讀。4特殊構makesb.heardunderstood（使別人能聽/理解自己）。例如Explainitclearlyandmakeyourself解清楚些，讓別人理解你的話6.被動形式表示主意義，bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（forbeoccupied）,married等例如：Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他畢業于一所有名的大學。注意：表示同人結婚用marrysb.或getmarried均可。例如：Hemarriedrichgirl.他與一個富妞結婚了。Hegotmarriedarichgirl.7.need/want/require/worth46

當need,want,require,beworth后面接doing表的是被意義例如：Yourhairwantscutting.你的頭發該理了。Thefloorrequires板需要沖洗。三固練習1.I___________(teach)herefortenyearssinceIfinishedschool.2.Wouldyoumindme__________(use)yourbike?3.ThestudentsofClassTwo___________(sweep)theirclassroomnow.4.TheWhites____________(notlisten)totheradioatthattime.5.It'sbettertogivethan__________(receive).6.Howlong(live)thistown?7.You_______(come)lastyear,______you?8.______you______(see)47

----I______(see)himlastSunday.9.Shesaidthatthecar___________(use)thenextweek.10.didn'twhat__________(happen)toChinaacentury.11.WhenIthestation,train____already______(leave).12.Thestonebridge______________(build)inourhometowntenyears.13.Thedeskmust______(clean)onceday.14.The_________(lie)onthefloorwhencamein..15.It_________(rain)heavilywhenIgothome.16.Hermother____________(cook)thistimeyesterday.17.Thestudents_____________(do)theirhomework.__________make)anynoise!48

18.----______ever_______toBeijing?----Yes.I________therelastweek.19.He'lltelephoneusassoonashe_________(arrive)there.20.Jiefangtrucks____________(make)inChangchun.21.penisfor__________(write).22.Allthatmust________(do).23friendcan'tdecidewhichpairoftrousers____________(choose).sheaskedmetogoshoppingwithher.24.Theyfindituseful__________(learn)English.25.Theoldmanoften_________(tell)thechildrenastoryintheevening.Thiseveninghe________(tell)twostories.26.Theradio__________(use)onceinaweekinourclass.It____________(notuse)yesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.49

27.Wouldpleasehow___________(make)thewatch________(work)?28.Shedoesn'tknow(do)andwhere__________(go).四案1.havetaught2.using3.aresweeping4.weren’tlistening

5.toreceive6.have…lived7.came…didn’8.did…see,

saw9.wouldbeused10.wouldhappen11.had…left12.havebeenbuil

t13.becleaned14.waslying15.wasraining16.wascooking

17.aredoing,Don’tmake18.have…beeen,went19.arrives50

20.aremade21.writing22.bedone23.tochoose24.tolearn25.tells,willtell51

第四章動詞的語一念語氣有三種:語氣,使語氣和擬語氣.語氣表示說話人勸詞所示示的動作或所處的狀持有的度或看法.二關知識點精講1.辨別引真實條句和if引的虛擬條件句區別Iftime,willwithus.=Probablyhehaswillgous.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthasnotime.2.虛擬條件句中句和從的謂與動詞構成形式如表if條句中的謂與動詞

主句的謂與動詞should1.行動would與現在的事詞用did形could+實相反式

動詞原形2.be動詞might用were52

與過去的事實相反

shouldhaddonewouldcould+havedonemight1.行動should詞用didwould與將來的事2.shouldcould+實相反+詞原形動詞原形3.weremight+動詞原形3.混合時間的虛語氣如果條件句中動作和句的動作不是同時發生主句和從句的謂語動詞的式應分別根據各所表示時間加以調整。1)0Ifhadreceivedpassportyesterday,wouldstarttoday.2)Ifhehadtelephonedmenight,Iwouldseehimnow.3)Ifhehadfolloweddoctoradvice,hewouldallrightnow.4)IfChinahadnotliberated,53

workingpeoplewouldstillleadingamiserablelife.4.should/could/might/oughtto+done表示“過去應該/可做而實上卻沒做”needn’thavedone示“過沒必要作而實際上做了5.虛擬語氣的倒裝句如果虛擬語氣條件從謂語動詞中含有were,had,could,should，時可將if省，而將件從句主語置于were,had,should,could之后。Hadyouinvitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.WereIyou,Iwouldmorepracticeafterclass.Couldshelendahelpinghand,woulddoso.6.wish后面的賓語句的謂動詞應用虛擬語氣，表示“可惜…….就好了；不該…；但愿…”主句謂語從句謂54

時態現在時表示與wish同時發生

謂語動詞的形式動詞用過去時be動詞用werewish

過去時動用表示在wishdone之前發生的be用had動作been動詞用would將來時do;should表示在wishdo之后發生的be用would動作beshouldbe1)IwishIkeytotheanswer.2)Iwishweretenyearsyounger.3)IwishthatIhadgonetothefootballmatchlastweek.4)Iwishthatyouhadbeenhereyesterday.55

5)Hewishesthatwewouldvisittheoldschool.7.表示命令建議動詞suggest,insist,propose,desire,demand,request,order,command后的賓語從句中使用虛擬should詞原形；should不可would來替代;句所用的動時態不限。8.suggest為“建議去…命令…”從用should+do為“說明；暗示,句用過去時或過去完成時。1)ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesday.2)Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.9.insist“持要去做…堅持應該去做從句用shoulddo“持表明堅持說/解釋從句過去時或過去完成。虛擬語氣也用于表語從句和主語句中，表示間接命令、求、請求、建議、決定等，主句主語通是suggestion,proposal,request,order,等。表56

語從句中的謂動詞是should動詞原，should可以省略。11.在主語從句中，當句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜，從句謂語動詞用需擬語氣形式其謂語動詞should詞原型，或should省略。三固練習1.Iftherenosubjunctivemood,English_________easier.A.willB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe2.I_____jointhearmy.A.amB.wasC.wereD.wouldbe3.Ifhe_______tomorrow,hewouldfindMrWangtheoffice.A.comesB.willcomeC.shouldcomeD.4.it_______next,thecropswouldbesaved.A.rainsB.willrainsC.57

wouldrainD.shouldrain5.IfI_______it,IwoulddoitadifferentA.weredoB.doC.haddoneD.wastodo6.Supposingweather________bad,wherewouldyougo?A.isB.willbeC.wereD.be7.Ifhehadworkedharder,he_________.A.wouldsucceedB.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceedD.wouldhavesucceeded8.Ifhe________,he_________thatfood.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnot58

taken9.Ifmylawyer_________herelastSaturday,he_______mefromgoing.A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented10.Ifhe______it,he_______it.A.hadseen;couldhavebelievedB.saw;’tbelieveC.saw;’havebelievedD.hasseen;hadbelieved11.—youthinktheenteredthroughthewindow?—No,hehad,donbelieve,_______brokentheliving-roomswindow.A.hewouldhaveB.musthaveC.hehadD.shouldhehave12.—DidyougoswimmingSunday?59

—No.Wewouldhavegone______nicer.A.iftheweatherwasB.wouldtheweatherbeenC.hadtheweatherbeenD.shouldtheweatherbe13.______it______forhelp,couldnhavemadeanyprogress.A.Had;beenB.Should;notbeenC.Did;beenD.been14._______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldhaveleftB.WasheleavingC.WeretoleaveD.Ifheleaves15.Itisorderedthatnewbridge______overwideriver.A.shouldbebuiltB.wouldbuiltC.willbuiltD.built60

四案1.D2.C3.C4.D5.A6.C7.D8.B9.A10.A11.D12.C13.A14.C15.A第5助詞一念:助動詞是幫助要動詞成各種時態,語態,語氣以否定或問結構的動詞.動詞分為時態動詞和構助動詞兩種.二關知識點精講:1.助動詞be用法1）be分詞構成進行時例如：Theyarehavingameeting.他們正在開會。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英語現在越來越重要。2）be+過去分詞構成被動語態。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..窗戶是湯姆打的。Englishistaught