InternationalStrategyMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter81StrategyImplementationChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipStrategicOutcomesChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter8InternationalStrategyChapter4Business-LevelStrategyChapter7AcquisitionandRestructuringStrategies2ExportingLicensingStrategicalliancesAcquisitionsEstablishmentofanewsubsidiaryInternationalbusiness-levelstrategyMultidomesticstrategyGlobalstrategyTransnationalstrategyOpportunitiesandOutcomesofInternationalStrategyIncreasedmarketsizeReturnoninvestmentEconomiesofscaleandlearningAdvantageinlocationIdentifyInternationalOpportunitiesExploreResourcesandCapabilitiesUseCoreCompetenceInternationalStrategiesModesofEntry3BetterperformanceInnovationOpportunitiesandOutcomesofInternationalStrategy:ContinuedExportingLicensingStrategicalliancesAcquisitionsEstablishmentofanewsubsidiaryUseCoreCompetenceModesofEntryManagementproblemsandriskManagementproblemsandriskStrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes4InternationalStrategyLifeCycleProductionBecomesStandardizedandisRelocatedtoLowCostCountriesProductDemandDevelopsandFirmExportsProductsFirmIntroducesInnovationinDomesticMarketForeignCompetitionBeginsProductionFirmBeginsProductionAbroadSellingProductsorServicesOutsideaFirm’sDomesticMarket5MotivationsforInternationalExpansionIncreaseMarketSharedomesticmarketmaylackthesizetosupportefficientscalemanufacturingfacilitiesReturnonInvestmentlargeinvestmentprojectsmayrequireglobalmarketstojustifythecapitaloutlaysweakpatentprotectioninsomecountriesimpliesthatfirmsshouldexpandoverseasrapidlyinordertopreemptimitators6MotivationsforInternationalExpansionEconomiesofScaleorLearningexpandingsizeorscopeofmarketshelpstoachieveeconomiesofscaleinmanufacturingaswellasmarketing,R&Dordistributioncanspreadcostsoveralargersales’baseincreaseprofitperunitLocationAdvantageslowcostmarketsmayaidindevelopingcompetitiveadvantagemayachievebetteraccessto:RawmaterialsLowercostlaborKeycustomersEnergy7InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFactorsofproductionRelatedandsupportingindustriesDemandconditionsFirmstrategy,structure,andrivalry8生產要素基本要素土地、勞工進階要素數位通訊系統高等教育勞動力一般性要素高速公路系統、資本供應專門性要素特殊產業技術人才-母國的營運環境是競爭優勢最重要的根基Porter國家優勢的決定因素需求狀態母國市場的購買者對特定產業的產品或服務需求的性質與規模相關與支援性產業-日本：照相機與影印機-義大利：皮革與鞋業企業的策略、

結構與對手因國而異鑽石模式9InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFactorsofproduction:theinputsnecessarytocompeteinanyindustrylaborlandnaturalresourcescapitalinfrastructurebasicfactorsincludenaturalandlaborresourcesadvancedfactorsincludedigitalcommunicationsystemsandeducatedworkforce10InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageDemandconditions:characterizedbythenatureandsizeofbuyers’needsinthehomemarketfortheindustry’sgoodsorservicessizeofmarketsegmentcanleadtoscale-efficientfacilitiesefficiencycanleadtodominationoftheindustryinothercountriesspecializeddemandmaycreateopportunitiesbeyondnationalboundaries11InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageRelatedandsupportingindustries:supportingservices,facilities,suppliersandsoonsupportindesignsupportindistributionrelatedindustriesassuppliersandbuyers12InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFirmstrategy,structure,andrivalry:thepatternofstrategy,structure,andrivalryamongfirmscommontechnicaltrainingmethodologicalproductandprocessimprovementcooperativeandcompetitivesystems13InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategyNeedforLocalResponsivenessNeedforGlobalIntegrationLowHighLowHighGlobalstrategyTransnationalstrategyMultidomesticstrategy14InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategyTypeofcorporatestrategyselectedwillhaveanimpactontheselectionandimplementationofthebusiness-levelstrategiesSomecorporatestrategiesprovideindividualcountryunitswithflexibilitytochoosetheirownstrategiesOthersdictatebusiness-levelstrategiesfromthehomeofficeandcoordinateresourcesharingacrossunits15MultidomesticstrategyInternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:MultidomesticStrategyStrategyandoperatingdecisionsaredecentralizedtostrategicbusinessunits(SBU)ineachcountryProductsandservicesaretailoredtolocalmarketsBusinessunitsinonecountryareindependentofeachotherAssumesmarketsdifferbycountryorregionsFocusoncompetitionineachmarketProminentstrategyamongEuropeanfirmsduetobroadvarietyofculturesandmarketsinEurope16InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:GlobalStrategyGlobalstrategyProductsarestandardizedacrossnationalmarketsDecisionsregardingbusiness-levelstrategiesarecentralizedinthehomeofficeStrategicbusinessunits(SBU)areassumedtobeinterdependentEmphasizeseconomiesofscaleOftenlacksresponsivenesstolocalmarketsRequiresresourcesharingandcoordinationacrossborders(whichalsomakesitdifficulttomanage)17TransnationalstrategyInternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:TransnationalStrategySeekstoachievebothglobalefficiencyandlocalresponsivenessDifficulttoachievebecauseofsimultaneousrequirementsstrongcentralcontrolandcoordinationtoachieveefficiencydecentralizationtoachievelocalmarketresponsivenessMustpursueorganizationallearningtoachievecompetitiveadvantage18TypeofEntryCharacteristicsExportingHighcost,lowcontrolLicensingLowcost,lowrisk,littlecontrol,lowreturnsStrategicalliancesSharedcosts,sharedresources,sharedrisks,problemsofintegrationAcquisitionQuickaccesstonewmarket,highcost,complexnegotiations,problemsofmergingwithdomesticoperationsNewwhollyownedsubsidiaryComplex,oftencostly,timeconsuming,highrisk,maximumcontrol,potentialabove-averagereturnsGlobalMarketEntry:ChoiceofEntryMode19國際性差異化化策略一個擁有先進進與特殊生產產要素的國家家，有可能發發展此種策略略

＊日本、、德國、美國國國際化低成本本策略企業通常將營營運活動集中中於母國產品出口至國國外市場將低附加價值值的作業外包包至其他國家家保留高附加價價值的作業在在母國事業層國際化化策略20StrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes:ReturnsInternationaldiversificationandreturns:firmexpandsthesalesofitsgoodsorservicesacrossthebordersofglobalregionsandcountriesintodifferentgeographiclocationsormarketsmayincreaseafirm’sreturnssuchfirmsusuallyachievethemostpositivestockreturnsfirmmayachieveeconomiesofscaleandexperience,locationadvantages,increasedmarketsizeandopportunitytostabilizereturns21國際化整合低低成本／差異異化策略因為市場與競競爭者的多元元性，所以整整合策略是全全球市場上最最有效的策略略整合策略的執執行依賴彈性製造造系統企業內與企業業間的資訊網網路全面品質管理理來國際化集中策策略許多企業在進進軍國際時仍仍繼續以小規規模的市場利利基為焦點＊義大利的磁磁磚業事業層國際化化策略22StrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes:InnovationInternationaldiversificationandinnovation:firmexpandsthesalesofitsgoodsorservicesacrossthebordersofglobalregionsandcountriesintodifferentgeographiclocationsormarketspotentiallygreaterreturnsoninnovations(largermarkets)generateadditionalresourcesforinvestmentininnovationexposedtonewproductsandprocessesininternationalmarkets,generatesadditionalknowledgeleadingtoinnovations23RisksinanInternationalEnvironmentPoliticalRisksEconomicRisksPoliticalrisksincludeinstabilityinnationalgovernmentswar,bothcivilandinternationalpotentialnationalizationofafirm’sresourcesPoliticalRisks24RisksinanInternationalEnvironmentEconomicRisksEconomicrisksareinterdependentwithpoliticalrisksandincludedifferencesandfluctuationsinthevalueofdifferentcurrenciesdifferencesinprevailingwageratesdifficultiesinenforcingpropertyrightsunemploymentPoliticalRisks25LimitstoInternationalExpansion:ManagementProblemsCostofcoordinationacrossdiversegeographicalbusinessunitsInstitutionalandculturalbarriersUnderstandingstrategicintentofcompetitorsTheoverallcomplexityofcompetition269、靜靜夜夜四四無無鄰鄰，，荒荒居居舊舊業業貧貧。。。。1月月-231月月-23Sunday,January1,202310、雨中黃葉樹樹，燈下白頭頭人。。21:06:3321:06:3321:061/1/20239:06:33PM11、以我獨獨沈久，，愧君相相見頻。。。1月-2321:06:3321:06Jan-2301-Jan-2312、故人江海別別，幾度隔山山川。。21:06:3321:06:3321:06Sunday,January1,202313、乍乍見見翻翻疑疑夢夢，，相相悲悲各各問問年年。。。。1月月-231月月-2321:06:3421:06:34January1,202314、他鄉生白發發，舊國見青青山。。01一月20239:06:34下午21:06:341月-2315、比比不不了了得得就就不不比比，，得得不不到到的的就就不不要要。。。。。。一月月239:06下下午午1月月-2321:06January1,202316、行動出成成果，工作作出財富。。。2023/1/121:06:3421:06:3401January202317、做前，能夠夠環視四周；；做時，你只只能或者最好好沿著以腳為為起點的射線線向前。。9:06:34下下午9:06下下午午21:06:341月-239、沒有失敗敗，只有暫暫時停止成成功！。1月-231月-23Sunday,January1,202310、很多事情努努力了未必有有結果，但是是不努力卻什什么改變也沒沒有。。21:06:3421:06:3421:061/1/20239:06:34PM11、成功就是是日復一日日那一點點點小小努力力的積累。。。1月-2321:06:3421:06Jan-2301-Jan-2312、世間成事，，不求其絕對對圓滿，留一一份不足，可可得無限完美美。。21:06:3421:06:3421:06Sunday,January1,202313、不知香積寺寺，數里入云云峰。。1月-231月-2321:06:3421:06:34January1,202314、意志志堅強強的人人能把把世界界放在在手中中像泥泥塊一一樣任任意揉揉捏。。01一一月月20239:06:34下下午21:06:341月-2315、楚塞三湘接接，荊門九派派通。。。一月239:06下下午1月-2321:06January1,202316、少年年十五五二十十時，，步行行奪得得胡