語法復(fù)習(xí)----

句子成分1a詞類名詞代詞形容詞副詞動(dòng)詞數(shù)詞連詞介詞冠詞感慨詞China;pencil;salt;power…they;itself;that;who;any…beautiful;round;exciting…quite;luckily;almost;very…buy;die;have;will;must;be…one;first;ten;tenth…and;but;while;because;after…at;in;with;by;on;for;of…an;a;theOh;ouch;aha…2a詞類短語句子成分主語謂語賓語表語補(bǔ)語定語狀語同位語獨(dú)立成分修飾成分句子按結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句并列句復(fù)合句按功能陳述句疑問句祈使句感慨句根本句型(getup;sothat;lookfor)3a一、句子成分〔一〕句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)局部叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。4a句子成分詳解表句子成分意義充當(dāng)詞類例句主語表示句子說的是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或句子WestudyinZhuchengNo.1MiddleSchool.謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組Sheisdancingunderthetree.賓語表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象同主語BothofuslikeEnglish.表語與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征同主語Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名,副，介詞短語或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.狀語修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.賓語補(bǔ)足語邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無！5a〔二〕主語：主語(Subject)是一個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句〔當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)〕和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：6a1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.〔名詞〕〔代詞〕〔數(shù)詞〕〔不定式〕〔動(dòng)名詞〕〔名詞化的形容詞〕7a7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.〔主語從句〕〔it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式〕8a〔三〕謂語謂語(Predicate)說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、復(fù)合謂語：〔1〕由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.〔2〕由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：Wearestudents.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。9a〔四〕表語表語(Predicative)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它位于系動(dòng)詞〔如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等〕之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：10a1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.〔名詞〕2.Isityours?〔代詞〕3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.〔形容詞〕4.Thespeechisexciting.〔分詞〕5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?〔數(shù)詞〕11a6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.〔不定式〕7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.〔動(dòng)名詞〕8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.〔介詞短語〕9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.〔副詞〕10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.〔表語從句〕12a注意：系動(dòng)詞〔Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1〕狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：Heisateacher.2〕持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：

Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.

3〕表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像〞這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：

Heseems(tobe)verysad.

13a注意：系動(dòng)詞〔Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。

4〕感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：

Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5〕變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：

Hebecamemadafterthat.

6〕終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove,turnout,表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如：

Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.

14a〔五〕賓語賓語〔Object〕表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.〔名詞〕〔代詞、動(dòng)名詞〕〔名詞、數(shù)詞〕15a4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink〔that〕heisfitforhisoffice.〔名詞化形容詞，名詞〕〔不定式短語〕〔動(dòng)名詞短語〕〔賓語從句〕16a賓語種類：〔1〕雙賓語【間接賓語〔人〕+直接賓語〔物〕】，例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.〔2〕復(fù)合賓語〔賓語+賓補(bǔ)〕，例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.17a以下動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.以下動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.以下動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。18a〔六〕賓語補(bǔ)足語英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語〔ObjectComplement〕，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞〔如make等)+賓語+賓補(bǔ)〕。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：19a1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.〔名詞〕〔形容詞〕〔副詞〕〔不定式短語〕〔現(xiàn)在分詞〕〔介詞短語〕〔從句〕20a〔七〕定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.〔形容詞〕2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.〔分詞〕3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.〔名詞〕4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.〔代詞〕21a5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.〔不定式短語〕6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.〔動(dòng)名詞〕7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.〔介詞短語〕8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定語從句)22a〔八〕狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語〔Adverbial〕?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.〔副詞及副詞性詞組〕〔介詞短語〕〔不定式短語〕23a4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.〔分詞短語〕〔名詞〕〔狀語從句〕24a9種狀語種類如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.〔時(shí)間狀語〕〔原因狀語〕〔條件狀語〕〔地點(diǎn)狀語〕〔方式狀語〕25aShecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.〔伴隨狀語〕〔目的狀語〕〔結(jié)果狀語〕〔讓步狀語〕〔比較狀語〕26a(9)同位語：(appositive)

一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)可跟一個(gè)名詞〔或起類似作用的其他東西〕，對(duì)前者作進(jìn)一步的解釋,說明它指的是什么等，叫做同位語?？沙洚?dāng)同位語的由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、從句等。1.ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.2.Yougirlsmaytakethoseseatsoverthere.3.Wordcamethatourteamwon.27a1.Sheherselfsaidso.2.Theybothlookbeautiful.3.Areyoutwoready.4.Hissuggestion,togohome,hasmetwithsomeopposition.idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt等詞后常接同位語從句。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.28a(10)插入語：

它是指插在句子中的詞語，通常是對(duì)一句話作出一些附加的解釋。

1.Whendoyousupposethey’llbeback.2.Wheredidtheysuggestweshouldgoduringhesummerholiday?常做插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

Ithink,Ihope,I’mafraid,Ibelieve,Isuppose,Iwonder,yousee,youknow,don’tyouthink,don’tyouknow,Itellyou,itseems,itseemstome,itissaid,itissuggested等。29a(3)做插入語的還可以是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或從句。

1.Tobefrank,Idon’tagreewithyou.2.Strictlyspeaking,youarewrong.3.This,inmyopinion,isonlyasimplequestion.4.Bytheway,whereisXiaoLi.5.Sureenough,enemyplanescameagainthenextday.6.Honestly,Idon’tneeditatthemoment.7.Youarenotquitefitforthiskindofwork,ifImaysayso.30a練習(xí)〔一〕.指出以下句子劃線局部是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.主定語賓語謂語狀語定語狀語31a6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalaces

inBeijing.8.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.9.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.10.Hemanaged

tofinishtheworkintime.11.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.12.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.定語表語賓語主語謂語目的狀語賓語形式賓語真正賓語表語賓語32a(二)。劃分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.33a9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.April’Dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.34a17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorner