Introductionto

Americanliterature1.TheColonialPeriod2.TheRomanticPeriod(the

firsthalfof19thcentury)3.TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism4.ThePeriodaroundWWI5.TheModernPeriodIntroductionto

Americanlite1I.TheColonialPeriod(the

early17thand18thcentury)1.Puritanism:idealismandopportunism2.BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富蘭克林:

→“TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin”自傳→PoorRichard’sAlmanac窮查理歷書(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift)3.PhilipFreneau(poem)菲利普·弗倫諾TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲I.TheColonialPeriod(the

e2AmericanPuritanismPuritans→Theearlysettlers☆foundingfathersoftheAmericanation☆Topurifytheritualsandlessentheauthorityofbishops→escapedtothenewworld,createanewparadise→advocatehighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.→AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.AmericanPuritanism3ChapterTwo

AmericanRomanticismandNewEnglandLiteratureChapterTwo

AmericanRomanti4LogicThreadAmericanRomanticismPre-romanticism1770s-1830sPost-romanticism

(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)FloweringtimebeforeAmericanCivilWar1830-1860DecliningtimeafterAmericanCivilWar1865-1875LogicThreadAmericanRomantici5Representativefiguresofthetime:

Pre-romanticism:WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper庫珀

Post-romanticism:Novelists:NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelvillePoets:HenryWadesworthLongfellow,EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonEssayists:RalphWaldoEmerson,--NatureHenryDavidThoreauRepresentativefiguresofthe6AmericanRomanticism

TheromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1790-1865).

1.Background

(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment

TerritorialExpansion

IndustrialGrowth

TheCivilWarThe“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.→optimismandhopeamongthepeopleThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.(2)foreigninfluence–RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries

AmericanRomanticismThe7AmericanRomanticismRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature;Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.AmericanRomanticismRomanticis8WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)

華盛頓·歐文早期浪漫主義小說家AHistoryofNewYork紐約的歷史-----美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學杰作；

TheSketchBook見聞札記→①TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說-----使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家→②RipVanWinkle

WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)

9JamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851

詹姆斯?費尼莫爾?庫珀 早期浪漫主義小說家 “LeatherstockingTales”皮裹腿故事集→aseriesoffivenovels,thatis☆thePioneers拓荒者(I823)☆theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆ThePrairie(1827)大草原☆ThePathfinder(1840)探路者☆TheDeerslayer(1841)殺鹿者

→adventureintothewildernessoftheWest/JamesFenimoreCooper1789-185102.ThesummitofRomanticism---NewEnglandTranscendentalism/1.Emerson/“Nature”2.HenryDavidThoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“LeavesofGrass”4.Hawthorn/“TheScarletLetter”5.HermanMeville\“MobyDick”2.ThesummitofRomanticism---11Post-romanticism

(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)WhatisTranscendentalism?1.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)愛默生→TheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist→“Nature”論自然-----新英格蘭超驗主義者的宣言書;TheAmericanScholar論美國學者2.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)

→Transcendentalist\Emerson’sfriend→WaldenPost-romanticism

(NewEngland12ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism1.TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2.TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.ThemajorfeaturesofTranscen13TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism☆Nature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmersonNature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.TranscendentalistClub☆TranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligiousidealismoftheirPuritanpast.Transcendentalists’emphasisontheindividualwasdirectlytraceabletothePuritanprincipleofself-cultureandself-improvement.ThusthereisgoodreasontostatethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil.☆NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson.

TheDevelopmentofTranscende14NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)☆Novels:

ScarletLetter《紅字》HesterPrynne;TheHouseofSevenGables《七個尖角閣的房子》;TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷傳奇》;TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》

☆Shortstorycollections:Twice-ToldTales《故事新編》MosesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)15HermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾1819-1891

MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·迪克/白鯨HermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾1819-1816EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·愛倫·坡1809-1849→ThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmericaThefirstwriterofdetectivestoryintheworld-----歌特風格；首開近代偵探小說先河，又是法國象征主義運動的源頭TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);→TheRaven烏鴉(poem)

TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木兒和其他詩;ToHellen致海倫

（以詩為詩；永為世人共賞的偉大抒情詩人-----葉芝）

EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·愛倫·坡1809-1817WaltWhitman(1819-1892)

沃爾特·惠特曼OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetryFreeverseGrowingupinaworking-classbackground,havinglittleeducationLeavesofGrass草葉集→SongofMyself”自我之歌revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.WaltWhitman(1819-1892)

沃爾特·惠特18poets①EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson埃米莉·迪金森詩集(love,death,nature,friendship,andimmortality)②HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃茲沃思·朗費羅1807-1882

→APsalmofLife生命禮贊（shortpoem）→TheSongofHiawatha海華沙之歌----美國人寫的第一部印第安人史詩③;WilliamCullenBryant1794-1878柯倫·布萊恩特

→ToaWaterfowl致水鳥-----英語中最完美的短詩poets①EmilyDickinson(1830-18819HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗特·比徹·斯托1811-1896

UncleTom’sCabin湯姆叔叔的小屋HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗特·比徹·斯托20Chapter3TheAgeofRealismandNaturalismChapter3TheAgeofRealisman21Thethreestrongadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealismWilliamDeanHowells(critic)豪威爾斯HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯MarkTwain馬克·吐溫Thethreestrongadvocatesof22HenryJames

1842-1910

→James’novel’s“internationalsituation”aresetagainstabackgroundbetweenAmericaandEurope→James’contributiontoliterarycriticismisimmense.Tohim,“artwithoutlifeisapooraffair”.“theaimofthenovelistorepresentlife”.→HisrealismwascalledasPsychologicalrealism.Hewasesp.anobserverofthemindratherthanarecorderofthetimes.TheAmerican,DaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady貴婦人畫像TheWingsoftheDove鴿翼TheAmbassadors大使HenryJames

1842-1910

→James’23MarkTwain馬克·吐溫1.“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”湯姆·索耶歷險記2.“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”----hismasterpiece/哈克貝利·費恩歷險記TheGildedAge鍍金時代3.Famousforhislocalism,colloquialstyle,humorandbitterattacksMarkTwain馬克·吐溫24AmericanNaturalism:

pessimisticrealism1.NaturalismcamefromFrance.2.Reasons:civilwar,socialupheavals☆Darwin’stheoryofevolution:thesurvivalofthefittest”

→Menwereconditioned\dominatedbysocialandeconomicforces,byheredityandenvironment.3.Featuresofnaturalistwriting:A.naturalistwritersturnedliterarycreationintoamechanicalrecordofsociety,inawayofattemptingtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness.Theynevermadecommentsonthecharactersandtheirbehaviors.B.ThecharacterswereoftenfiguresoflowsocialandeconomicclassesC.Theystressedmenhadnofreewill,theirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment.AmericanNaturalism:

pessimi25AmericanNaturalism4.AmericanNaturalistwriters:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondon,HenryAdams,TheodoreDreiser.AmericanNaturalism4.American26StephenCrane(1871-1900)

斯蒂芬·克萊恩Maggie:

AGirloftheStreets街頭女郎梅姬（美國文學史上首次站在同情立場上描寫受辱婦女的悲慘命運）TheRedBadgeofCourage紅色英勇勛章TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookofpoems)StephenCrane(1871-1900)

斯蒂芬·克27TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Dreiser’sworksSisterCarrie1900(Afeatherinwind,sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehendandcontrol.Shedoesnotseemtopossesswhatmaybecalledamoralfibreinher.)JennieGerhardt1911TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家1912,TheTitan巨人1914,TheStoic斯多葛1915)AnAmericanTragedy美國的悲劇1925（被稱為美國最偉大的小說）TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Dre28FrankNorris(1870-1902)

弗蘭克·諾里斯TheOctopus1901章魚FrankNorris(1870-1902)

弗蘭克·諾29JackLondon(1876-1916)

杰克·倫敦MartinEden—masterwork馬丁·伊登TheCalloftheWild野性的呼喚TheSea-Wolf海狼WhiteFang白獠牙JackLondon(1876-1916)

杰克·倫敦30OHenry(1862---1910)歐·享利1.“TheGiftofMagi”2.“TheCopandtheAnthem”3.Famousforhisfascinatingplot,humoroustouch,interestingpuns,localism,andunexpectedendings.OHenry(1862---1910)歐·享利1.31Americanliteratureinthe1920sand1930s1.Poets:T.S.Eliot/“theWasteLand”RobertFrost2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“theGreatGatsby”Hemingway/“FarewelltoArms”Faulkner/wroteabouttheSouthAmericanliteratureinthe19232Americanliteratureinthe1920sPoetry:T.S.EliotTheWasteland.

Novel:SinclairLewisMainStreet

1920TheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy

1925,sistercarrieF.S.Fitzgerald

TheGreatGatsby1926,ErnestHemingway,

TheSunAlsoRises

1926,A

FarewelltoArms,1929,WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury,1929,Drama:EurgeneO’Neill,TheEmperorJones,1920,

AnnaChristie,1921,TheHairyApe1922,

HarlemRenaissance.Americanliteratureinthe19233JazzAgeHistoricalBackground:WWI,peace-makingperiod/boomtime.AfterWWI,peoplefoundthatthewarwhichcostmillionsoflivesfailedtoprovideanabidingsolutionstotheworld’sproblems,thatthewarwasjustthetrapsofpoliticalleaders.Suchadisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar,accompaniedbytheboomingofAmericaneconomydrovepeopletocynicalhedonism.Peopleexperimentwithnewamusements.Theyrestlesslypursuedstimulusandpleasures,wallowinheavydrinking,fastdrivingandcasualsex.Bythese,theyhopedtoseekrelieffromseriousproblems.JazzAgeHistoricalBackground:34TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代→adisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar→disgustedbythenewfrivolous,greedywayoflifeinAmericaWhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout,manyidealisticyoungAmericansvolunteeredtotakepartinthewarandtesttheirownbravery.Theydiscoveredthatmodernwarfarewasnotgloriousorheroic.Disillusionedbyslogansofpatriotismandglory,disgustedbythenewfrivolous,greedywayoflifeinAmerica,manyoftheseyoungAmericasbegantowrite.SomewritersleftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis.Theystoodaside,asonlookers,andwroteabouttheysaw.Theywrotefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar,andtheirownobservations.他們不再相信虛偽的道德說教，而以玩世不恭的生活態度來表示自己的消極抗議。“迷惘的一代”的代表作是海明威的《太陽照樣升起》（1926）。

TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代→adi35TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代AnAmericanwomanwriternamedGertrudeStein(1874-1946),whohadlivedinParissince1903,welcomedtheyoungAmericanwriterstoherapartmentwhichwasalreadyfamousasaliterarysalon.GertrudeSteinwastheadvisor,friendofsomeoftheAmericanartistsandwritersofthetime.EzraPoundjoinedhergroupforafewyearsintheearly1920’s.Together,theyencouragedandhelpedsuchyoungwritersasthenovelistErnestHemingwayandE.E.Cummings,andF.ScottFitzgerald.ManyotherwritersweredrawntoGertrudeStein’shome.Shecalledthem“TheLostGeneration”,anamewhichstucktothem,becausetheyhadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastinAmericainordertocreatenewtypesofwritingwhichhadneverbeentriedbefore.TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代AnAm36ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)hisstoriesofcourageinthefaceoftragedyIcebergTheoryTheSunAlsoRises1926AFarewelltoArms1929《永別了，武器》

ForWhomtheBellTolls1940以西班牙內戰為背景的反法西斯主義的長篇小說《喪鐘為誰而鳴》

TheOldManandtheSea1952《老人與海》塑造了以桑提亞哥為代表的“可以把他消滅，但就是打不敗他”的“硬漢形象”一個人并不是生來要被打敗的，你盡可以把他消滅掉，可就是打不敗他。ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)his37HemingwayheroHeissensitive,intelligent.Heisamanofactionandoffewwords.Heisaloneevenwhenwithotherpeople.Heissomewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhenonecannotgethappiness.Inaworldwhichisessentiallychaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair,butHemingwayheropossessesakindofdespairingcourage.Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity.ThisistheessenceofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway’sheroesbelieve.HemingwayheroHeissensitive,38F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)→TheliteraryspokesmanofJazzAge→ThisSideofParadise1920人間天堂→TheBeautifulandDamned1921漂亮冤家→TheGreatGatsby1925了不起的蓋茨比(TheAmericanDreamisdead)→TenderIsTheNight1934夜色溫柔→TheLastTycoon1941最后的巨頭F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)39WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)getNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930stream-of-consciousnessandmultiplepointofview.約克納帕塔法世系小說（YoknapatawphaCounty）TheSoundandtheFury《喧囂與騷動》

AsILayDying《我彌留之際》Sanctuary《圣堂》

LightinAugust《八月之光》

Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龍，押沙龍》

GoDown,Moses《去吧，摩西》

WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)get40SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)舍伍德·安德森Winesburg,Ohio1919《俄亥俄州的溫斯堡》PoorWhite1920窮白人

DeathintheWoods1933最后一本重要短篇集《林中之死及其它》（海明威和菲茨杰拉德都受過他很大影響，海明威曾說：“他是我們所有人的老師”。

SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)舍41SinclairLewis辛·劉易斯

(1885-1951)MainStreet1920Babbitt1922ThefirstAmericanwritertogetNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930(美國第一個獲諾貝爾獎)Babbitt:presentsadocumentarypictureofthenarrowandlimitedmiddle-classmind辛·劉易斯的《大街》（1920）粉碎了“村鎮是美好的世外桃源”的神話。他后來的作品對商業、科技、宗教界的問題都作了揭露，他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗、浮夸、講求實利的中產階級的典型人物

SinclairLewis辛·劉易斯

(1885-195142Imagism意像派Background：☆ImagismcameasareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetics☆tomeettheneedofexpressingthetemperoftheage.(therapidchangeofsociety)☆theleader:EzraPound(1)"Directtreatment"Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective(2)"EconomyofExpression"Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation:(3)"Rhythm"Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.Imagism意像派Background：43EzraPound(1885-1972)

艾茲拉·龐德Cantos詩章InaStationoftheMetro在巴黎地鐵站EzraPound(1885-1972)

艾茲拉·龐德44RobertFrost(1874-1963)ThemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe20thcenturyTheRoadNotTaken沒有走過的道路雪夜林畔小駐MendingWall修墻RobertFrost(1874-1963)Themos4520thcentury☆LittleTheatremovementandGeorgePierceBaker(47WorkshopatHarvard)→experimentalplaysbysuchstudentsasEugeneO’NeillandSidneyHoward☆theTheatreoftheAbsurd(荒誕派戲劇)20thcentury46EugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)

尤金·奧尼爾

TheAmerica’sgreatestplaywright,andtheonlyonetoreceivetheNobelPrizeTheEmperorJones瓊斯皇TheHairyApe1922毛猿BeyondtheHorizon天邊外Desireundertheelms(1923)Theicemancometh(1946)LongDay’sJourneyintonight(1955);送冰的人來了;EugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)

尤金·奧47ArthurMiller(1915-)PlaywrightDeathOfASalesman1949ArthurMiller(1915-)Playwrigh48Americanliteratureinthe1930sBackground:adarkdecade→TheGreatDepression→Left-wingwritingbecomethemainstreamof1930’sAmericanliterature☆JohnDosPassos☆JohnSteibeckAmericanliteratureinthe19349JohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)AwardedNobelPrizein1962TheGrapeofWrath1939OfMiceandMen(1937)TortillaFlat煎餅坪1935InDubiousBattle1936勝負未決JohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)Award50JohnDosPassos1896-1970→ManhattanTransfer(1925).→HisUSAtrilogy:The42ndParallel(1930),1919(1932)TheBigMoney(1936).（TheUSAtrilogyalsoincludedwhatbecameknownasnewsreels）ThebigTime最好的歲月TheGrandDesign偉大的設想JohnDosPassos1896-1970→Manha51VI.Moderntimes1.Agreatvarietyofliterarytrends2.Blackliterature/AlexHaley/“Roots”3.Jewishwriter/SaulBellowVI.Moderntimes1.Agreatva52AmericanliteratureafterWorldWarIITheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inthemiddleofthe1950’s,agroupofwritersinSanFranciscoputonaconcertedandwell-publicizedrebellionagainst“official”Americanlifeandculture.TheleaderswerepoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistJackKerouac.Kerouac杰克·凱魯亞克namedthegroupBeat.TheBeatMovementwasarevoltagainstthefrightened,conservativepoliticalmoodcreatedbySenatorMcCarthy,againstthegreedy,money-seeking“respectable”lifeofthedominantmiddleclassbutparticularlyagainsttheliteraryformalismofAmericanwritingaftertheSecondWorldWar.AmericanliteratureafterWorl53TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inliterature,theytookWaltWhitmanastheirmodel,whohadbrokenalltheliteraryrulesofhistimeandlivedanexuberant,freelife.Inrejectingthecarefullywrittenworksoftheircontemporarywriters,theBeatsinsteadwantedtowritewithcompletespontaneityandhonesty.Theywantedtoexpressemotion“raw”,exactlyasitwasfelt,ratherthan“cooked”throughmemoryandtranslationintoart.JackKerouac杰克·凱魯亞克《在路上》(OntheRoad,1957)，；艾倫·金斯堡TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inlit54Theyear1960“blackhumor”Theliberationfromofficialstandardsofcorrectnessgaverisetoaburstofsatirical,bizarre,ribaldnovelsbynewAmericanwriterswhospecializedinasawaytocriticizetheArmy,thebureaucracyandotherinflexible,repressiveaspectsofAmericansociety.約瑟夫·海勒、克特·小伏尼格、托馬斯·平欽約瑟夫·海勒(JosephHeller)的《第二十二條軍規》(Catch-22)TheNakedandTheDead”writtenbyNormanMailerKurtVonnegut\SlaughterhouseFive五號屠場ThomasPynchon品欽\GravityRainbow萬有引力之虹杰羅姆·塞林杰《麥田捕手》(TheCatcherintheRye,1951)Theyear1960“blackhumor”Th55二戰后小說

杰羅姆·塞林杰J.D.Salinger(1919--)《麥田捕手》(TheCatcherintheRye,1951)約翰．厄普代克(JohnUpdike)《兔子，跑吧》(Rabbit,Run,1960,二戰后小說

杰羅姆·塞林杰J.D.Salinger56伯納德?馬拉默德、索爾?貝婁和諾曼·梅勒，都是猶太人伏拉狄米·納伯科夫(VladimirNabokov)《羅麗泰》(Lolita,1955)伯納德?馬拉默德、索爾?貝婁和諾曼·梅勒，都是猶太人57SaulBellow(1915--)DanglingMan1945TheVictim1947TheAdventuresofAugieMarch1953HendersonTheRainKing1959Herzog1964Mr.Sammler’sPlanet1970Humboldt’sGift1975SaulBellow(1915--)DanglingM58NormanMailer(1923--)TheNakedAndTheDead1948NormanMailer(1923--)TheNake59African-AmericanLiterature→BeforetheCivilWar(---1861)(1840-1860)Slavenarratives—AutobiographicalrecordsofslaverybyescapedslavesFrederickDouglass:Blackleader(abolitionist）TheHarlemRenaissance→(ThefirstfloweringofAfrican-AmericanLiterature)Time:1920---theearly1930s\Place:theHarlemdistrictofNewYork\Writers:LangstonHughesRichardWrightRalphEllisonInvisibleMan看不見的人（19520ToniMorrisonAfrican-AmericanLiterature→Be60LangstonHughes(1920—1967）ThepoetLaureateofHarlem"TheNegroSpeaksofRivers",Thewearyblues“explaintheNegroconditioninAmericaLangstonHughes(1920—1967）The61黑人作家首部黑人小說即為萊特(RichardWright)于1940年發表的《土生子》(NativeSon)；埃利森(RalphEllison)《隱形人》(InvisibleMan)；包德溫(JamesBaldwin)《向蒼天呼吁》(GoTellItontheMountain)1953；黑人作家首部黑人小說即為萊特(RichardWright)62ToniMorrison(1931--TheonlyAfrican-AmericanwriterwhowontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993TheBluestEyeSulaSongofSolomonTarBabyBelovedToniMorrison(1931--TheonlyA63HistoryofAsianAmericanLiterature

AmyTanandHerWorkJoyLuckClub

HistoryofAsianAmericanLite64Introductionto

Americanliterature1.TheColonialPeriod2.TheRomanticPeriod(the

firsthalfof19thcentury)3.TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism4.ThePeriodaroundWWI5.TheModernPeriodIntroductionto

Americanlite65I.TheColonialPeriod(the

early17thand18thcentury)1.Puritanism:idealismandopportunism2.BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富蘭克林:

→“TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin”自傳→PoorRichard’sAlmanac窮查理歷書(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift)3.PhilipFreneau(poem)菲利普·弗倫諾TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲I.TheColonialPeriod(the

e66AmericanPuritanismPuritans→Theearlysettlers☆foundingfathersoftheAmericanation☆Topurifytheritualsandlessentheauthorityofbishops→escapedtothenewworld,createanewparadise→advocatehighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.→AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.AmericanPuritanism67ChapterTwo

AmericanRomanticismandNewEnglandLiteratureChapterTwo

AmericanRomanti68LogicThreadAmericanRomanticismPre-romanticism1770s-1830sPost-romanticism

(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)FloweringtimebeforeAmericanCivilWar1830-1860DecliningtimeafterAmericanCivilWar1865-1875LogicThreadAmericanRomantici69Representativefiguresofthetime:

Pre-romanticism:WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper庫珀

Post-romanticism:Novelists:NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelvillePoets:HenryWadesworthLongfellow,EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonEssayists:RalphWaldoEmerson,--NatureHenryDavidThoreauRepresentativefiguresofthe70AmericanRomanticism

TheromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1790-1865).

1.Background

(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment

TerritorialExpansion

IndustrialGrowth

TheCivilWarThe“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.→optimismandhopeamongthepeopleThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.(2)foreigninfluence–RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries

AmericanRomanticismThe71AmericanRomanticismRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature;Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.AmericanRomanticismRomanticis72WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)

華盛頓·歐文早期浪漫主義小說家AHistoryofNewYork紐約的歷史-----美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學杰作；

TheSketchBook見聞札記→①TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說-----使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家→②RipVanWinkle

WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)

73JamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851

詹姆斯?費尼莫爾?庫珀 早期浪漫主義小說家 “LeatherstockingTales”皮裹腿故事集→aseriesoffivenovels,thatis☆thePioneers拓荒者(I823)☆theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆ThePrairie(1827)大草原☆ThePathfinder(1840)探路者☆TheDeerslayer(1841)殺鹿者

→adventureintothewildernessoftheWest/JamesFenimoreCooper1789-185742.ThesummitofRomanticism---NewEnglandTranscendentalism/1.Emerson/“Nature”2.HenryDavidThoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“LeavesofGrass”4.Hawthorn/“TheScarletLetter”5.HermanMeville\“MobyDick”2.ThesummitofRomanticism---75Post-romanticism

(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)WhatisTranscendentalism?1.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)愛默生→TheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist→“Nature”論自然-----新英格蘭超驗主義者的宣言書;TheAmericanScholar論美國學者2.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)

→Transcendentalist\Emerson’sfriend→WaldenPost-romanticism

(NewEngland76ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism1.TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2.TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.ThemajorfeaturesofTranscen77TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism☆Nature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmersonNature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.TranscendentalistClub☆TranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligiousidealismoftheirPuritanpast.Transcendentalists’emphasisontheindividualwasdirectlytraceabletothePuritanprincipleofself-cultureandself-improvement.ThusthereisgoodreasontostatethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil.☆NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson.

TheDevelopmentofTranscende78NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)☆Novels:

ScarletLetter《紅字》HesterPrynne;TheHouseofSevenGables《七個尖角閣的房子》;TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷傳奇》;TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》

☆Shortstorycollections:Twice-ToldTales《故事新編》MosesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)79HermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾1819-1891

MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·迪克/白鯨HermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾1819-1880EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·愛倫·坡1809-1849→Thefirstprofession