NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnologyintheviewoftheProcessofTechnology從技術過程看專利制度對技術發展的負面效應AliceZhangInstitutefortheHistoryofNaturalSciencesChineseAcademyofSciences張改珍中國科學院自然科學史研究所NegativeEffectsofthePatent1

MainPoints:ProcessofTechnology:ToolofTheory（技術過程：理論工具）ToolofExample:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS（例子工具:艾滋病的治療及控制）Conclusion:NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnology（結論：專利制度對技術發展消極影響的表現）

MainPoints:ProcessofTechn2Preface

Since1474,thebirthoftheVenicePatentLaw（威尼斯專利法）,and1623,theproclamationofthe“monopolyLaw”（壟斷法）intheUnitedKingdom,thepatenthadgraduallychangedfromafirstprivilege（特權）grantedbymonarchtoakindofprivateright（私權）setdownasasystem,whichhasbeenvaluedforitsprotectionofindividuallycreativeabilitiesandforitseconomicfunctionofpromotingtechnologicaldissemination（促進技術傳播）.

PrefaceS3

Thoughpatentlawistosomeextentaneffectivebalancebetweenindividualandcollectivebenefits(detailsofpatentedtechnologyistobeknownpubliclyinacertainyear技術公開和專利年限),obtainingthemonopolyoverpatentedtechnology（專利技術壟斷）forpatentholders（專利權人）withinacertaintimehasneverthelesscausednegativeeffectsinthedevelopmentoftechnology.Thoughpatentlawisto4ProcessofTechnologyFourStagesoftheProcessofModernTechnology

InterestExpected（利益預期）

TechnologicalIdeas（技術構想）

Technology

Realized（技術實現）,

Technology

Used(interestrealized)（技術應用，利益實現）

Withthedevelopmentofmarketeconomyandtechnologybecominganimportanttoolforeconomicdevelopment,interestexpectedhasincreasinglyplayedanimportantroleintheprocessoftechnologicaldevelopment..ProcessofTechnologyFourStag5TheDefinitionofTechnologicalDevelopment

AprocessoftechnologyfromonestagetoanotherstageoftransformationAtechnologicaldiffusionfromonetechnologicalsystemtoanother,inthesameordifferentindustrialenterprises,aswellasonaninternationalscaleTheDefinitionofTechnologica6Example:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS

AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)isoneoftheinfectiousdiseaseswhichcausethehighestrateofdeathintheworld.

Roughly6,000peoplebecomeinfectedwithHIVeachday,withatotalofapproximately2.7millionnewinfectionsperyear.Worldwide,anestimated33millionpeoplearelivingwithHIV/AIDS,with22millionofthoseindividualslivinginsub-SaharanAfrica.EveniftheincidenceofHIVinfectionscontinuestodeclineatcurrent

rates—forwhichthereisnoguarantee—therewillstill

bemorethan22millionnewinfectionsby2015.Example:theTreatmentandCo7

Thoughvaccineshaveprovedtobeoneofthe

mostpowerfulandcost-effectiveofallpublichealthtools,uptonow,humanbeingshaven’tfoundeffectivevaccinetocontrolAIDS,andveryfewpeople,companyororganizationinvesttothiskindofvaccine.Thepooroutcomesof

oneHIVvaccine

trialin2007promptedreductions

incommercialinvestmentandredirectionofgovernment

fundingtowardmorebasicresearch.Bill&MelindaGatesfoundationdonated287millionUSDtofoundCAVD（TheCollaborationforAIDSVaccineDiscovery）inJuly2006.

Thoughvaccineshavep8

Onereasonofthenon-investmentistechnologicaldifficultyindiscovering,whiletheotherimportantreasonbeingfailuresofinterestexpectedwhichareascertainedbypatentsystem.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefirststage.HumanbeingsfindwaystotreatAIDS.

However,only

afewrichpeoplecanaffordit.

Tomostpatientlivinginsubsaharacountries,theycanonlysufferfromAIDSuntildead.Patentsoftechnologycausehighpricesandholdbackoftechnologicaldissemination.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefourthstage:

technologyused.Onerea9CaseProcessTheControlofAIDSTheTreatmentofAIDSInterestExpectedno(GatesFoundation)yesTechnologicalIdeasnoyesTechnologicalRealizednoyesTechnologicalUsednosomerichpeopleCaseTheControlo10Conclusions:Interest-orientedofpatenttopatentholdersmakeinterest,notsocialneeds,becomethedirectdrivingforcefortechnologicalinnovation,andthetechnologyfailedininterest-expectedusuallyhasnotbeendeveloped.Monopolyoverpatentedtechnologybestowedbypatentlawmakesthepricesoftechnologicalproductsunreasonablyhigherthantheirvalue,whichhaslimiteditspopularization.Monopolymakestechnologicaldiffusion,inthesame,orindifferent,andinternationalcountriesaswell,becomedifficult,andmakesaseriousresultinthedevelopmentoftechnologyasawhole,andinthesmallbusinessesinsimilarorheterogeneousindustries,underdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandothervulnerablegroup.Conclusions:Interest-oriented11MANYTHANKS!!!從技術過程看專利制度對技術發展的負面效應課件12演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！13NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnologyintheviewoftheProcessofTechnology從技術過程看專利制度對技術發展的負面效應AliceZhangInstitutefortheHistoryofNaturalSciencesChineseAcademyofSciences張改珍中國科學院自然科學史研究所NegativeEffectsofthePatent14

MainPoints:ProcessofTechnology:ToolofTheory（技術過程：理論工具）ToolofExample:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS（例子工具:艾滋病的治療及控制）Conclusion:NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnology（結論：專利制度對技術發展消極影響的表現）

MainPoints:ProcessofTechn15Preface

Since1474,thebirthoftheVenicePatentLaw（威尼斯專利法）,and1623,theproclamationofthe“monopolyLaw”（壟斷法）intheUnitedKingdom,thepatenthadgraduallychangedfromafirstprivilege（特權）grantedbymonarchtoakindofprivateright（私權）setdownasasystem,whichhasbeenvaluedforitsprotectionofindividuallycreativeabilitiesandforitseconomicfunctionofpromotingtechnologicaldissemination（促進技術傳播）.

PrefaceS16

Thoughpatentlawistosomeextentaneffectivebalancebetweenindividualandcollectivebenefits(detailsofpatentedtechnologyistobeknownpubliclyinacertainyear技術公開和專利年限),obtainingthemonopolyoverpatentedtechnology（專利技術壟斷）forpatentholders（專利權人）withinacertaintimehasneverthelesscausednegativeeffectsinthedevelopmentoftechnology.Thoughpatentlawisto17ProcessofTechnologyFourStagesoftheProcessofModernTechnology

InterestExpected（利益預期）

TechnologicalIdeas（技術構想）

Technology

Realized（技術實現）,

Technology

Used(interestrealized)（技術應用，利益實現）

Withthedevelopmentofmarketeconomyandtechnologybecominganimportanttoolforeconomicdevelopment,interestexpectedhasincreasinglyplayedanimportantroleintheprocessoftechnologicaldevelopment..ProcessofTechnologyFourStag18TheDefinitionofTechnologicalDevelopment

AprocessoftechnologyfromonestagetoanotherstageoftransformationAtechnologicaldiffusionfromonetechnologicalsystemtoanother,inthesameordifferentindustrialenterprises,aswellasonaninternationalscaleTheDefinitionofTechnologica19Example:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS

AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)isoneoftheinfectiousdiseaseswhichcausethehighestrateofdeathintheworld.

Roughly6,000peoplebecomeinfectedwithHIVeachday,withatotalofapproximately2.7millionnewinfectionsperyear.Worldwide,anestimated33millionpeoplearelivingwithHIV/AIDS,with22millionofthoseindividualslivinginsub-SaharanAfrica.EveniftheincidenceofHIVinfectionscontinuestodeclineatcurrent

rates—forwhichthereisnoguarantee—therewillstill

bemorethan22millionnewinfectionsby2015.Example:theTreatmentandCo20

Thoughvaccineshaveprovedtobeoneofthe

mostpowerfulandcost-effectiveofallpublichealthtools,uptonow,humanbeingshaven’tfoundeffectivevaccinetocontrolAIDS,andveryfewpeople,companyororganizationinvesttothiskindofvaccine.Thepooroutcomesof

oneHIVvaccine

trialin2007promptedreductions

incommercialinvestmentandredirectionofgovernment

fundingtowardmorebasicresearch.Bill&MelindaGatesfoundationdonated287millionUSDtofoundCAVD（TheCollaborationforAIDSVaccineDiscovery）inJuly2006.

Thoughvaccineshavep21

Onereasonofthenon-investmentistechnologicaldifficultyindiscovering,whiletheotherimportantreasonbeingfailuresofinterestexpectedwhichareascertainedbypatentsystem.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefirststage.HumanbeingsfindwaystotreatAIDS.

However,only

afewrichpeoplecanaffordit.

Tomostpatientlivinginsubsaharacountries,theycanonlysufferfromAIDSuntildead.Patentsoftechnologycausehighpricesandholdbackoftechnologicaldissemination.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefourthstage:

technologyused.Onerea22CaseProce