ScoresGRE?revisedGeneralTest(teststakenonorScoresGRE?revisedGeneralTest(teststakenonorafterAugust1,2011)MeasureScoresReportedVerbalReasoning130–170,in1pointincrementsQuantitativeReasoning130–170,in1pointincrementsAnalyticalWriting0–6,inhalfpointincrementsScoring(ttp://)ScoresontheVerbalReasoningandQuantitativeReasoningsectionsofthecomputer-basedGREScoring(ttp://)ScoresontheVerbalReasoningandQuantitativeReasoningsectionsofthecomputer-basedGREGeneralTestdependonperformanceonthequestionsgivenandonthenumberofquestionsansweredinthetimeallotted.Thesesectionsarecomputer-adaptive,whichmeansthequestionspresentedareselectedtoreflecttheperformanceonprecedingquestionsandmeettherequirementsofthetestdesign.Testdesignfactorsthatinfluencewhichquestionsarepresentedinclude:thestatisticalcharacteristics(includingdifficultylevel)ofthequestionsalreadyansweredtherequiredvarietyofquestiontypestheappropriatecoverageofcontentForthecomputer-basedAnalyticalWritingsection,eachessayreceivesascorefromatleastonetrainedreader,usingasix-pointholisticscale.Inholisticscoring,readersaretrainedtoassignscoresonthebasisoftheoverallqualityofanessayinresponsetotheassignedtask.Theessayscoreisthenreviewedbye-rater?,acomputerizedprogramdevelopedbyETS,whichisbeingusedtomonitorthehumanreader.Ifthee-raterevaluationandthehumanscoreagree,thehumanscoreisusedasthefinalscore.Iftheydisagreebyacertainamount,asecondhumanscoreisobtained,andthefinalscoreistheaverageofthetwohumanscores.Thefinalscoresonthetwoessaysarethenaveragedandroundeduptothenearesthalf-pointinterval.AsinglescoreisreportedfortheAnalyticalWritingsection.TheprimaryemphasisinscoringtheAnalyticalWritingsectionisoncriticalthinkingandanalyticalwritingskillsratherthanongrammarandmechanics.Duringthescoringprocess,essayresponsesontheAnalyticalWritingsectionarereviewedbyETSessay-similarity-detectionsoftwareandbyexperiencedessayreaders.SoftwareandHardwareGREPOWERPREPSoftwareandHardwareGREPOWERPREPII( )903/6 v.s. 424/4903/6 v.s. 424/4CauseandEffect(causal≠CauseandEffect(causal≠casual)AcausesB.AisthecauseofB.ThecauseofAisB.[A],because[B].[A].Because[B].BecauseofA,[B].AmayresultinB.AmightresultfromB.TheresultofAisB.AistheresultofB.AisthereasonforB.ThereasonforAisB.Thereasonwhy[A]isthat[B].AisattributedtoB.ThearguerattributesAtoB.AisattributabletoB.Sb.imputesAtoB.Sb.creditsAtoB.AcontributestoB.Ahassignificantlycontributed,andthusiscausaltoB.AcanaccountforB.AaffectsB.AmaybringaboutB.AaboutbringsB.AgeneratesB.AdevisesB.AisduetoB.AhasimpactonB.AinfluencesB.AwillleadtoB.AmakesB.AisowingtoB.AisresponsibleforB.AendsinB.AushersAendsinB.AushersinB.[A].Accordingly,[B].[A],accordingly,[B].[A],andasaresult,[B].[A].Consequently,[B].[A].Correspondingly,[B].[A].Itfollowsthat[B].[A].Therefore/Then/Hence/Thus/So,[B].[A],forthat[B].[A]forthat[B].[A]for[B].[A],inthat[B].[A]inthat[B].[A]in[B].Sentence1.“Lifeexpectancy”istheaverageageatdeathofSentence1.“Lifeexpectancy”istheaverageageatdeathoftheentirelive-bornpopulation.Inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,lifeexpectancyinNorthAmericawas40years,whereasnowitisnearly80years.Thus,inthosedays,peoplemusthavebeenconsideredoldatanagethatwenowconsidertheprimeoflife.ArgumentEvaluationWhatpointweakensthisargument?Theargumentisdiscussinglifeexpectancyovertheentirepopulationofthosebornalive.Theargumentreliesontheideathatif40yearswastheaveragelifeexpectancy,thentheusuallengthoflifemusthavebeenaround40.Butaveragescanbemisleading.Whatif,inthenineteenthcentury,thenumberofinfantsbornalivebutnotsurvivingtheirfirstyearwasfarhigherthanitistoday?Ifthiswereso,itwouldsignificantlyreducetheaverageageattimeofdeathofthepopulationasawhole—butofcoursethatpopulationcouldhavecontainedmanywholivedwellintotheirseventiesoreighties.Thus,ifweaddtheinformationthatfirst-yearinfantmortalitywasquitehigh150yearsago,thethat40yearswasconsideredoldthenwouldbemuchlesswellsupported.2.ScientistsproposeplacingseismicstationsonthefloorofthePacificOceantowarnthreatenedcoastalcommunitiesonthenorthwesterncoastoftheUnitedStatesofapproachingtidalwavescausedbyearthquakes.Sinceforewarnedcommunitiescouldtakestepstoevacuate,manyoftheinjuriesanddeathsthatwouldotherwiseoccurcouldbeavoidedifthegovernmentwouldimplementthisproposal.EvaluationofaPlanWhatwoulditbemostimportanttoknowindeterminingwhetherimplementingtheplanwillachieveitsdesiredresult,preventinginjuriesanddeaths?Communitiesmustactuallyevacuatefortheplantoachievethedesiredresult,andthatevacuationmustbethistohappen,theproposedseismicstations’warnincommunitiestoperformasafeevacuation.plishedwithoutitselfcausinginjuriesordeaths.Forustcomeearlyenoughtoenablethe3.Homeownersaged40to50aremorelikelytopurchaseicecreamandaremorelikelytopurchaseitinlargeramountsthanaremembersofanyotherdemographicgroup.Thepopularbeliefthatteenagerseatmoreicecreamthanadultsmust,therefore,befalse.ArgumentEvaluationAflawedassumptionunderliesthereasoning:theassumptionthatthebuyersoftheicecreamarealsotheeatersoftheicecream.Althoughthedemographicgrouphomeownersaged40to50purchasesmoreicecreamthandoesanyotherdemographicgroup,itisquitelikelythatmuchoftheicecreampurchasedbythosehomeownersisforconsumptionbyfamilymembersratherthanforexclusiveconsumptionbythepurchaser.Thisleavesopenthepossibilitythatteenagersmaycream.bethelargestconsumersofice4.Outsourcingisthepracticeofobtainingfrom4.Outsourcingisthepracticeofobtainingfromanindependentsupplieraproductorservicethatacompanyhaspreviouslyprovidedforitself.Sinceacompany’schiefobjectiveistorealizethehighestpossibleyear-endprofits,anyproductorservicethatcanbeobtainedfromanindependentsupplierforlessthanitwouldcostthecompanytoprovidetheproductorserviceonitsownshouldbeoutsourced.ArgumentEvaluationWhatweakensthisargument?Whencouldoutsourcingaserviceorproductresultinabusinessdisadvantageorlowerprofits?Itisclearthatthecompanymustgiveindependentsuppliersenoughinformationtoenablethemtoprovidethecontractedproductsandservices,butthismeansthatthecompanycanlosecontroloverwhohaspossessionofsuchcriticalinformation.Iftheinformationknowntothecompany’scompetitorsandgivesthemabusinessadvantage,thecompany’sprofitabilitymaybeharmedratherthanhelpedbyoutsourcing.Thispossibilityweakenstheargumentes5.Thechangingworldisincreasinglychangingallofusoncehavingchangedthisworldnotchangedbefore.6.Themoneythussavedcouldbebetterusedtoreplacetheexistingplantmachinerywithmoretechnologicallysophisticatedequipment,oreventobuildanadditionalplant.7.Weshould,therefore,considertransferringourinvestmentsfromColaLocatoEarlyBirdCoffee.8.Whichpointweakenstheargument?First,identifyacrucialunderlyingassumption.Theargumentassumes….Whatifthereisanotherreasonforthesimilarity?Whatifaculturethatcomestoanalreadyinhabitedsitetendstoadaptitsimplementstothestyleoftheresidentculture’simplements?Inthatcase,theMayanscouldhavecometo….9."Nooneisperfect."Therearefewamonguswhowoulddisagreewiththisfamiliarstatement.Certainthatperfectionisanimpossiblegoal,manypeoplewillinglyacceptflawsandingsinthemselvesandothers.Yetsuchbehaviorleadstofailure.Peoplecanonlysucceediftheytrytoachieveperfectionineverythingtheydo.10.Life,libertyandthepursuitofhappinessarerightsthatbelongtousasindividuals.Butourlives,ourfreedom,ourhappinessarebestenjoyed,bestprotected,andbestadvancedwhenwedoworktogether.11.Peopleareoftentoldtoobeytherules.Inreality,theserulesarenotpermanent:whatisrightatagivenpointintimemaybedeclaredwrongatanothertimeandviceversa.Theworldchangessorapidlythatrulesareout-of-datealmostassoonastheyarecreated.Peoplecannotrelyonestablishedguidelinestodeterminewhattheyshouldandshouldnotdo.——GregoryD.Foster12.SVO,SVO.SVO;SVO.12.SVO,SVO.SVO;SVO.SVO,andSVO.SVO:SVO.SVO–SVO.SVO,butSVO.13.SVO,becauseSVO.SVO.BecauseSVO.SVO.ButSVO.SVO.AndSVO.SVO,accordingly,SVO.14.However,SVO.SVO,however.SVO,however,SVO.SVO,andhowever,SVO.SVO,however,andSVO.SVO,andSVO,however.However,SVO.SVO.SVO;however,SVO.SVO,however;SVO.15.ThoughSVO,SVO.ThoughSVO,butSVO.ThoughSVO,SneverthelessVO.Though,SVO,SVO.Though,SVO,butSVO.SVO,though,butSVO.Issue分類 新題號數量behavior4behavior 78behavior 38behavior 82 97 100 124behavior 77education9education 40 47 90education 37education 17 68education 6 14 96 116education 81 95education 58education 135 136 137 140education 20 39education 73cognition3cognition 87cognition 33 56 109 131cognition 48 92criticalthinking10criticalthinking 34 49 76 79 118 146criticalthinking 42criticalthinking 66criticalthinking 13 46 70 102 112criticalthinking 143criticalthinking 30 83criticalthinking 36 72criticalthinking 23criticalthinking 24 29 52criticalthinking 108 110choice2choice 142choice 11 99idealism3idealism 51 71idealism 60Issue分類 新題號數量behavior4behavior 78behavior 38behavior 82 97 100 124behavior 77education9education 40 47 90education 37education 17 68education 6 14 96 116education 81 95education 58education 135 136 137 140education 20 39education 73cognition3cognition 87cognition 33 56 109 131cognition 48 92criticalthinking10criticalthinking 34 49 76 79 118 146criticalthinking 42criticalthinking 66criticalthinking 13 46 70 102 112criticalthinking 143criticalthinking 30 83criticalthinking 36 72criticalthinking 23criticalthinking 24 29 52criticalthinking 108 110choice2choice 142choice 11 99idealism3idealism 51 71idealism 60idealism 19success5success 61success 53 130success 85 94 147success 144success 28 113 120 121 127 145individuality3individuality 59individuality 45 138individuality 123 128innovation3innovation 41innovation 22 44 75 122innovation 27pastorpresent3pastorpresent 9pastorpresent 57pastorpresent 74 133 134modernization3modernization 2modernization 5 117modernization 119arts3arts 55arts 7arts 80 88democracy7democracy 50 86 115democracy 139democracy 65democracy 18democracy 21democracy 89democracy 12 25power6idealism 19success5success 61success 53 130success 85 94 147success 144success 28 113 120 121 127 145individuality3individuality 59individuality 45 138individuality 123 128innovation3innovation 41innovation 22 44 75 122innovation 27pastorpresent3pastorpresent 9pastorpresent 57pastorpresent 74 133 134modernization3modernization 2modernization 5 117modernization 119arts3arts 55arts 7arts 80 88democracy7democracy 50 86 115democracy 139democracy 65democracy 18democracy 21democracy 89democracy 12 25power6power 8 111 149power 104 107power 62power 141power 114power 16environment2environment 31 63 67environment 10 125 148technology7technology 26technology 132technology 1technology 64technology 101technology 91technology 43image1image 93imagination3imagination 54imagination 106 126imagination 105media3media 84media 4power 8 111 149power 104 107power 62power 141power 114power 16environment2environment 31 63 67environment 10 125 148technology7technology 26technology 132technology 1technology 64technology 101technology 91technology 43image1image 93imagination3imagination 54imagination 106 126imagination 105media3media 84media 41Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.當人們越來越依賴技術去解決問題，人類思考能力卻。2Tounderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasociety,onemuststudyitsmajor1Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.當人們越來越依賴技術去解決問題，人類思考能力卻。2Tounderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasociety,onemuststudyitsmajorcities.要想了解一個最重要的特征，人們必須研究這個主要的城市。3Educationalinstitutionshavearesponsibilitytodissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed.教育機構有責任勸阻學生不要從事不太可能成功的科學研究。4Scandalsareusefulbecausetheyfocusourattentiononproblemsinwaysthatnospeakerorreformerevercould.是有裨益的，因為它們讓人們注意到一些問題，任何演說家和家都無法做到的。5Claim:Governmentsmustensurethattheirmajorcitiesreceivethefinancialsupporttheyneedinordertothrive.Reason:Itisprimarilyincitiesthatanation'sculturaltraditionsarepandgenerated.結論：需要給主要城市提供財政支持，來保證其繁榮發展。原因：一個的文化傳統主要是在城市中得以傳承和發展。6Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.在進行大學教育以前，應該要求所有的學生學習統一的課程。7Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentfundingoftheartsisnecessarytoensurethattheartscanflourishandbeavailabletoallpeople.Othersbelievethatgovernmentfundingoftheartsthreatenstheintegrityofthearts.有些人認為對藝術的資助會威脅到藝術的完整性。8Claim:Inanyfield—business,politics,education,government—thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Reason:Thesurestpathtosuccessforanyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership.結論：如商業、政治、教育、，在任何領域中的掌權者應該在五年后就讓位。原因：對于，最可靠的成功途徑是通過新階層帶來革新。9Inanyfieldofendeavor,itisimpossibletomakeasignificantcontributionwithoutfirstbeingstronglyinfluencedbypastachievementswithinthatfield.任何研究領域，如果不首先接受該領域中過去成就的影響，就不可能會有意義的成功。10Nationsshouldpasslawstopreserveanyremainingwildernessareasintheirnaturalstate,eveniftheseareascouldbedevelopedforeconomicgain.應該通過法令保護任何存留的原地區保持原狀，即便這些地區可以用作商業開發。11People'sbehaviorislargelydeterminedbyforcesnotoftheirownmaking.人們的行為多是被外界力量所左右，難以被自己控制。12Governmentsshouldofferafreeuniversityeducationtoanystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoauniversitybutwhocannotaffordthetuition.對任何被大學錄取但無法承擔學費的學生，應該為他們提供大學教育。13Universitiesshould12Governmentsshouldofferafreeuniversityeducationtoanystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoauniversitybutwhocannotaffordthetuition.對任何被大學錄取但無法承擔學費的學生，應該為他們提供大學教育。13Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'sfieldofstudy.大學應該要求每個學生選修自己專業以外的各種學科。14Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.在進行大學教育以前，應該要求所有的學生學習統一的課程。15Educationalinstitutionsshouldactivelyencouragetheirstudentstochoosefieldsofstudythatwillpreparethemforlucrativecareers.教育機構應該積極鼓勵學生選擇那些為將來高收入工作鋪路的研究領域。16Somepeoplebelievethatinordertobeeffective,politicalleadersmustyieldtopublicopinionandabandonprincipleforthesakeofcompromise.Othersbelievethatthemostessentialqualityofaneffectiveleaderistheabilitytoremainconsistentlycommittedtoparticularprinciplesandobjectives.定具備持續堅定自己原則和目標的能力。者一17Formaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsratherthansetthemfree.正規教育往往遏制學生的思維和精神，而不是思維和精神。18Thewell-beingofasocietyisenhancedwhenmanyofitspeoplequestionauthority.當很多人都質疑權威時，才會繁榮昌盛。19Governmentsshouldfocusonsolvingtheimmediateproblemsoftodayratherthanontryingtosolvetheanticipatedproblemsofthefuture.應該把的精力放在解決當務之急上，而不是試圖解決未來預期問題上。20Somepeoplebelievethatcollegestudentsshouldconsideronlytheirowntalentsandinterestswhenchoosingafieldofstudy.Othersbelievethatcollegestudentsshouldbasetheirchoiceofafieldofstudyontheavailabilityofjobsinthatfield.有些人認為大學生應該根據自己的才能和領域。21Lawsshouldbeflexibleenoughtotakeaccountofvariouscircumstances,times,andplaces.法律應該根據不同的環境、時期和地點而足夠靈活。22Claim:Thebestwaytounderstandthecharacterofasocietyistoexaminethecharacterofthemenandwomenthatthesocietychoosesasitsheroesoritsrolemodels.Reason:Heroesandrolemodelsrevealasociety'shighestideals.結論：了解一個特點的最好方法是， 這個標榜的人物和模范榜樣的特點。原因：人物和模范榜樣揭示了一個的最高理念。23Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.應該盡量不去限制科學研究和發展。24Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactions23Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.應該盡量不去限制科學研究和發展。24Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。25Governmentsshouldoffercollegeanduniversityeducationfreeofchargetoallstudents.應該為所有的學生提供的大學教育。26Theluxuriesandconveniencesofcontemporarylifepreventpeoplefromdevelopingintotrulystrongandindependentindividuals.現活的奢華和便利，讓人們無法成為真正強大、的。27Inanyfieldofinquiry,thebeginnerismorelikelythantheexperttomakeimportantcontributions.在所有的研究領域中，新手要比更有可能獲得重要的發現。28Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisrepresentednotbytheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butbyt一個eralwelfareofitspeople.的偉大體現在的安樂上，而不是體現在者、藝術家或科學家的成就上。29Thebestwaytoteach—whetherasaneducator,employer,orparent—istopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.無論是教育工作者、雇主，還是父母，教育的最佳方法是是贊揚積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。30Teachers'salariesshouldbebasedontheirstudents'academicperformance.教師的薪水應該基于學生的學業成績。31Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.應該努力拯救瀕危物種，只要這些物種的是人類活動的結果。32Collegestudentsshouldbasetheirchoiceofafieldofstudyontheavailabilityofjobsinthatfield.大學生應該選擇那些就業前景好的研究領域。33Asweacquiremoreknowledge,thingsdonotemorecomprehensible,butmorecomplexandmysterious.當人們獲得越來越多的知識情非但沒有變得更加透徹，反而更加復雜神秘。34Inanysituation,progressrequiresdiscussionamongpeoplewhohavecontrastingpointsofview.在任何情況下，持有不同意見的人討論過程中才會有進步。35Educationalinstitutionsshoulddissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed.教育機構有責任勸阻學生不要從事不太可能成功的科學研究。36Governmentsshouldnotfundanyscientificresearchwhoseconsequencesareunclear.不應該資助任何后果不明的科學研究。37Societyshouldidentifythosechildrenwhohavespecialtalentsandprovidetrainingforthematanearlyagetodeveloptheirtalents.應該甄別那些天資聰穎的孩子，并且年幼的時候就開始提供訓練培養它們的才能。38Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefine37Societyshouldidentifythosechildrenwhohavespecialtalentsandprovidetrainingforthematanearlyagetodeveloptheirtalents.應該甄別那些天資聰穎的孩子，并且年幼的時候就開始提供訓練培養它們的才能。38Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefineourselves.我們主要通過認同群體來自己。39Collegestudentsshouldbeencouragedtopursuesubjectsthatinterestthemratherthanthecoursesthatseemmostlikelytoleadtojobs.應該鼓勵大學生選擇自己感的課程，而不是那些容易找到工作的課程。40Claim:Whenplanningcourses,educatorsshouldtakeintoaccounttheinterestsandsuggestionsoftheirstudents.Reason:Studentsaremoremotivatedtolearnwhentheyareinterestedinwhattheyarestudying.結論：在編制教學課程時，教育工作者應該考慮學生的和建議。原因：當學生對所學的內容感時，他們學習的動力更強。41Thegreatnessofindividualscanbedecidedonlybythosewholiveafterthem,notbytheircontemporaries.個人的偉大是由后來人評判，不是由同的人來評判。42Studentsshouldalwaysquestionwhattheyaretaughtinsteadofacceptingitpassively.學生應該質疑所學的知識，而不是的接受。43Theincreasinglyrapidpaceoflifetodaycausesmoreproblemsthanitsolves.如今節奏日益加快的生活解決的問題，遠不及帶來的麻煩。44Claim:Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.Reason:Thereputationofanyonewhoissubjectedtomediascrutinywilleventuallybediminished.結論：任何已經不再可能將任何在世的人標榜為的監察，必定會聲名掃地。人物。原因：任何人45Competitionforhighgradesseriouslylimitsthequalityoflearningatalllevelsofeducation.追求高分數嚴重地限制各階段的學習質量。46Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'sfieldofstudy.大學應該要求每個學生選修自己專業以外的各種學科。47Educatorsshouldfindoutwhatstudentswantincludedinthecurriculumandthenofferittothem.教育工作者應該發掘學生對課程的需求，并滿足他們。48Educatorsshouldteachfactsonlyaftertheirstudentshavestudiedtheideas,trends,andconceptsthathelpexplainthosefacts.學生應該先學習有助于解釋知識的理念、趨勢和概念后，教育工作者再教學生知識。49Claim:Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfromthosewhoseviewscontradictourown.Reason:Disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.結論：相比意見不同的人來說，通常，我們從意見相同的人那里學的。原因：意見不統一會導致，阻礙學習。50Governmentofficialsshouldrelyontheirownjudgmentratherthanunquestioninglycarryoutthewillofthepeoplethey原因：意見不統一會導致，阻礙學習。50Governmentofficialsshouldrelyontheirownjudgmentratherthanunquestioninglycarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.應該依靠自己的判斷做決定，而不是不假思索地遵從大眾的意愿。51Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition.應該鼓勵年輕人追尋長期的、現實的目標，而不是尋求短期的聲名。52Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。53Ifagoalisworthy,thenanymeanstakentoattainitarejustifiable.只要值得，不擇達到目的是合理的。54Inordertoewell-roundedindividuals,allcollegestudentsshouldberequiredtotakecoursesinwhichtheyreadpoetry,novels,mythology,andothertypesofimaginativeliterature.為了成為全面發展的，應該要求所有的大學生選擇可以閱讀詩歌、小說、神話等想象力文學的課程。55Inorderforanyworkofart—forexample,afilm,anovel,apoem,orasong—tohavemerit,itmustbeunderstandabletomostpeople.若是任何藝術作品（例如，、文學、雕塑或者歌曲）存在價值，都必須易于大多數人理解。56Manyimportantdiscoveriesorcreationsareaccidental:itisusuallywhileseekingtheanswertoonequestionthatwecomeacrosstheanswertoanother.很多重要的發現或創造都是偶然的：通常，人們為一個問題尋求時，通常獲得其他問題的。57Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.研究歷史的最大益處在于打破這樣的幻想：現代人和歷史上的人有很大不同。58Learningisprimarilyamatterofpersonaldiscipline;studentscannotbemotivatedbyschoolorcollegealone.從根本上講，教育是個人的事情。學校不可能單方面激勵學生。59Scientistsandotherresearchersshouldfocustheirresearchonareasthatarelikelytobenefitthegreatestnumberofpeople.科學家和科研應該研究更容易造福大眾的領域。60Politiciansshouldpursuecommongroundandreasonableconsensusratherthanelusiveideals.政治家應該尋求共同點和理性的一致，而不是深奧的理想。61Peopleshouldundertakeriskyactiononlyaftertheyhavecarefullyconsidereditsconsequences.人們在從事活動之前應該認真地考慮一下后果。62Leadersarecreatedbythedemandsthatareplacedonthem.者主要是由身負的責任所造就的。63Thereislittlejustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts—especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs—tosaveendangeredanimalor者主要是由身負的責任所造就的。63Thereislittlejustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts—especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs—tosaveendangeredanimalorplantspecies.特別是考慮到花費代價和精力，對于任何，投入巨大的努力拯救瀕危的動植物是不合理的。64Thehumanmindwillalwaysbesuperiortomachinesbecausemachinesareonlytoolsofhumanminds.人類智慧終將優于，因為只是人類智慧的工具。65Everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsandtodisobeyandresistunjustlaws.每個成員都有責任遵守公正的法律，違抗的法律。66Peoplewhoarethemostdeeplycommittedtoanideaorpolicyarealsothemostcriticalofit.對于一種想法或者政策最忠實的人往往是那些對其最嚴厲的人。67Somepeoplebelievethatsocietyshouldtrytosaveeveryplantandanimalspecies,despitetheexpensetohumansineffort,time,andfinancialwell-being.Othersbelievethatsocietyneednotmakeextraordinaryefforts,especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs,tosaveendangeredspecies.有些人認為，救瀕危物種，應該拯救所有瀕危的動植物，盡管花費人類的精力、時間和資金。也有人認為， 沒有必要拯特別是需要花費大量的資金和精力。68Somepeoplebelievethatthepurposeofeducationistofreethemindandthespirit.Othersbelievethatformaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsratherthansetthemfree.有些人認為教育的目的是思維和精神。也有人認為正規教育往往遏制學生的思維和精神，而不是它們。69Somepeoplebelieveitisoftennecessary,evendesirable,forpoliticalleaderstowithholdinformationfromthepublic.Othersbelievethatthepublichasarighttobefullyinformed.有些人認為政治向大眾隱瞞信息是有必要的，甚至是有益的。也有人認為公眾有利。70Claim:Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'smajorfieldofstudy.Reason:Acquiringknowledgeofvariousacademicdisciplinesisthebestwayto原因：接受真正的教育的最佳途徑是獲得各種學科知識。etrulyeducated.71Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition.應該鼓勵年輕人追尋長期的、現實的目標，而不是尋求短期的聲名。72Governmentsshouldnotfundanyscientificresearchwhoseconsequencesareunclear.不應該資助任何后果不明的科學研究。73Collegesanduniversitiesshouldrequireallfacultytospendtimeworkingoutsidetheacademicworldinprofessionsrelevanttothecoursestheyteach.學院和大學應該要求所有的教員拿出時間，參與學術界以外與教學科目相關的領域工作。Knowingaboutthepastcannothelppeopletomakeimportantdecisionstoday.了解過去不能幫助人們在現在做重要的決定。Inthisageofintensivemediacoverage,itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoKnowingaboutthepastcannothelppeopletomakeimportantdecisionstoday.了解過去不能幫助人們在現在做重要的決定。Inthisageofintensivemediacoverage,itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.在這個無孔不入的，任何已經不再可能將任何在世的人標榜為人物。76Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfrompeoplewhoseviewscontradictourown.相比意見不同的人來說，通常，我們從意見相同的人那里學的。77Themosteffectivewaytounderstandcontemporarycultureistoanalyzethetrendsofitsyouth.了解當代文化最有效的方式是分析當代年輕人的潮流。78People'sattitudesaredeterminedmorebytheirimmediatesituationorsurroundingsthanbysocietyasawhole.人們的態度是由即時環境決定，而不是整體環境。79Claim:Thebesttestofanargumentisitsabilitytoconvincesomeonewithanopposingviewpoint.Reason:Onlybybeingforcedtodefendanideaagainstthedoubtsandcontrastingviewsofothersdoesonereallydiscoverthevalueofthatidea.結論：最能說明辯論效果的是，讓持有相反觀點的人信服。原因：面對疑問和他人相反的觀點，只有一個人為某觀點辯護時，他才能發現某觀點的價值所在。80Nationsshouldsuspendgovernmentfundingfortheartswhensignificantnumbersoftheircitizensarehungryorunemployed.當有公民為饑餓和失業所困時，需要中止對藝術的資助。81Allparentsshouldberequiredtovolunteertimetotheirchildren'sschools.所有的家長都必須無償地為的學校花費時間。82Collegesanduniversitiesshouldrequiretheirstudentstospendatleastonesemesterstudyinginaforeigncountry.學院或大學應該要求學生在國外至少留學一個學期。83Teachers'salariesshouldbebasedontheacademicperformanceoftheirstudents.教師的薪水應該基于學生的學業成績。84Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.任何已經不再可能將任何在世的人標榜為人物。85Somepeoplebelievethatinordertothrive,asocietymustputitsownoverallsuccessbeforethewell-beingofitsindividualcitizens.Othersbelievethatthewell-beingofasocietycanonlybemeasuredbytpeople.eralwelfareofallits有些人認為，為了保證 只能通過民眾的安樂來衡量。民眾的安樂，的繁榮，86Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentofficialsmustcarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.Othersbelievethatofficialsshouldbasetheirdecisionsontheirown86Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentofficialsmustcarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.Othersbelievethatofficialsshouldbasetheirdecisionsontheirownjudgment.有些人認為應該遵從大眾的意愿。也有人認為依靠自己的判斷做決定。87Claim:Anypieceofinformationreferredtoasafactshouldbemistrusted,sinceitmaywellbeprovenfalseinthefuture.Reason:Muchoftheinformationthatpeopleassumeisfactualactuallyturnsouttobeinaccurate.原因：很多被人們稱作是事實的信息結果是錯誤的。88Claim:Nationsshouldsuspendgovernmentfundingfortheartswhensignificantnumbersoftheircitizensarehungryorunemployed.Reason:Itisinappropriate—and,perhaps,evencruel—tousepublicresourcestofundtheartswhenpeople'sbasicneedsarenotbeingmet.結論：當有公民為饑餓和失業所困時，需要中止對藝術的資助。原因：當人們的基本需求得不到保障時，使用公共扶持藝術是不合適的，甚至是的。89Claim:Manyproblemsofmodernsocietycannotbesolvedbylawsandthelegalsystem.Reason:Lawscannotchangewhatisinpeople'sheartsorminds.結論：現代的很多問題不能通過司法途徑解決。原因：法律無法改變人們的感情和思想。90Educatorsshouldtakestudents'interestsintoaccountwhenplanningthecontentofthecoursestheyteach.在編制教學內容時，教育工作者應該考慮學生的。91Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'sefficiencysothattheyhavemoreleisuretime.技術進步的首要目的是增加人們的效率，以便大家有閑暇的時間。92Educatorsshouldbasetheirassessmentofstudents'learningnotonstudents'graspoffactsbutontheabilitytoexplaintheideas,trends,andconceptsthatthosefactsillustrate.牢記知識。93Unfortunately,incontemporarysociety,creatinganappealingimagehastruthbehindthatimage.emoreimportantthantherealityor很不幸，在當代，打造一個引人入勝的外表已經變得