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EducationinBritainEducationinBritain1I.ReforminSchools

I.ReforminSchools

2FromTripartiteSystem...ItwasnotuntiltheEducationActin1944thatallchildrenweregiventherighttofreesecondary(middleschool)education.A“tripartite”systemofsecondarymodern,technicalandgrammarschoolsselected11year-oldchildrenattheendoftheirprimaryeducationbymeansofanexam(elevenplus).FromTripartiteSystem...Itwa3Streaming-Top20%attendedgrammarschools;universities;professionalsandmanagers-Secondarymoderns&technicalschoolsdealtwithmorepracticalsubjects;manualworkers&skilledworkersrespectively.Streaming4ToComprehensiveSystem...Inthe1950s-thetripartitesystem:notensureequaleducationalopportunitiesorameritocracy.Inthe1960s-Comprehensiveschoolswereintroducedwiththeideathatpupilsshouldnotbeselected&streamedatsuchanearlyage.Inthe1980s:85%ToComprehensiveSystem...Int5II.SchoolingintheUKII.SchoolingintheUK61.TwotypesofSchoolsStateSchools:ThesearetotallyfundedbythegovernmentandarefreetoallBritishchildren.Independent(Private)Schools:Thesearefundedbythefeeschargedtotheparents.About8%ofBritishchildrenattendIndependentSchoolsRegulationsdonotpermitinternationalstudentstoattendStateSchools–theymustattendIndependentSchools1.TwotypesofSchoolsState7StateSchoolsinBritainUndertheoldsystem:Grammarschools,secondarymoderns,andtechnicalsNewsystem:comprehensiveschoolsStateSchoolsinBritain8Independent:

privateExperimentalschoolsPublicschools:16thand17thcenturies-Harrow,Eton,WinchesterandMarlborough-LeadingfiguresinBritishpolitical,commercialandmilitarylifeIndependent:private9education-英美國家概況-教學課件10education-英美國家概況-教學課件11education-英美國家概況-教學課件12education-英美國家概況-教學課件132.SchoolEducationSchoolingiscompulsorybetweentheagesof5and16years:totalof11years-Soontobeextendedto18;StudentsfollowtheNationalCurriculum;Thereisnorequirementto‘graduate’;ThosewishingtogainentrytouniversitymustcompleteanadditionaltwoyearsofALevelstudies.2.SchoolEducationSchoolingi143.TheAcademicYear

TheAcademicYearinBritishSchoolsandCollegesisdividedintothreeterms:

Term1: SeptembertoDecember

Term2: JanuarytoMarch

Term3: ApriltoJuly Thereareshortholidaysatthemid-pointofeachtermandlongerholidaysbetweenterms.3.TheAcademicYear TheAcade154.TheCurriculumAllBritishschools-State&IndependentarerequiredtofollowtheNationalCurriculumguide-linessetdownbythegovernment.StandardAchievementTests(SAT’s)areadministeredat7,11and14yearstoassesseachstudent’sprogress.Generally,IndependentSchoolsprovideabroadercurriculumthanthatrequiredbylaw4.TheCurriculumAllBritishs16III.BasicStructureof

BritishEducationSystemPre-schooleducationPrimaryschoolSecondaryschoolUniversity,collegesofhighereducationCollegesoffurthereducationIII.BasicStructureof

Briti171.Pre-schoolEducationCompulsoryschooling:everychildinBritainmustbylawreceivefull-timeeducationfromtheageof5to16.ChildrenbegintheireducationintheStatesystemattheageof5;someluckychildrenmayattendNurseryschools(kindergartens)from3to5,butmoststarttheirbasiceducationinanInfants’(theinfantsdepartmentofajuniorschool)orFirstSchool.1.Pre-schoolEducationCompuls182.PrimarySchoolMostprimaryschoolsareco-educational(boys&girlsaretaughttogether),usuallywithaclassteachersystem,givingyoungchildrenasustainedcontactwithoneteacher.2.PrimarySchoolMostprimary19PrimarySchoolSubjectsOneteacherteaches:ArtAnalysisDramaEnglishGeographyHistoryMathematicsScottishGaelic(inScotland)PrimarySchoolSubjectsOnetea203.SecondarySchoolCompulsoryeducationextendsupto16years.Comprehensiveschoolsaremostlymixedsex&caterforamixedrangeofabilities.Theirstudentscomefromarangeofsocialclassesðnicbackgrounds.Studentsareoftenstreamedintodifferentabilitygroups.Somethinkthisunderminestheprinciplesofcomprehensiveeducation.3.SecondarySchoolCompulsory21NationalExaminationsGCSE(中等教育普通證書):

Themainexaminationthatallstudentsshouldtakeat16istheGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE).

AtwoyearcoursetakeninYears/Grades10&11.English,MathematicsandSciencearecompulsorysubjects.A-Level(進階級課程):Somestudentscontinueinthesameschoolforafurther2yearsofstudyleadingtotheexaminationoftheGeneralCertificateofEducation,Advancedlevel(GCEAlevel).Usually3or4academicsubjectsarestudied&1generalstudiespaper.Thisisthemainexaminationrequiredforuniversityentrance.Atwoyearpre-universitycoursetakeninYears12&13.NationalExaminationsGCSE(中等教育22TheGCSECourseGCSEExaminationstakeplaceduringMayandJuneagainstaNationaltime-tableTheresultsoftheGCSEExaminationsarepublishedinAugustSuccessfulcandidatesaregradedfromA*toFStudentswishingtoproceedtotheA-levelcoursemustachieveaminimumof5passesatGradeCorabove.TheGCSECourseGCSEExaminatio23TheA-LevelCourseInmostsubjects,studentsmustcompleteassignmentsormodulesduringthecourse:themarksfromthesecontributetothefinalgradeTheA-LevelexaminationstakeplaceduringMayandJuneandtheresultsarepublishedinAugustSuccessfulcandidatesaregradedfromAtoFPlacesatBritishUniversitiesareallocatedonthebasisofastudent’sA-levelresults.TheA-LevelCourseInmostsubj24TheHighSchoolCurriculumAgeCurriculum11–14YearsGeneralprogrammeofeducation14–16YearsGCSECourse:8/10subjectsCompulsory&optionalsubjects16YearsGCSEExamination16–18YearsA-LevelCourse:3/4subjectsStudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy18YearsA-LevelExaminationTheHighSchoolCurriculumAgeC25SecondarySchoolSubjectsMathematicsScienceTechnologyanddesignInformationTechnologyEnglishModernLanguages(French,German,Spanish)GeographyHistorySocialEducationReligionCookingMusicPhysicaleducationGreekandLatin(grammarandindependentschools)SecondarySchoolSubjectsMathe264.HigherEducationBritishuniversitiescanbedividedroughlyinto3maingroups:theolduniversities;theRedbrickuniversities;thenewuniversities.Theolduniversities:thosefoundedbefore1600.Oxford&Cambridgearetheoldestones,datingfrom1249&1284.Untilthe19thcentury,theyaretheonly2universitiesinEngland.StAndrew’sandGlasgow(15th);Edinburgh(16th)4.HigherEducationBritishuni27TheRedbrickuniversities:includealltheprovincialuniversitiesoftheperiod1850-1930,aswellasLondonUniversity.Theyaresocalledbecausetheywereallbuiltinthefavoritebuildingmaterialoftheperiod---redbrick.Birmingham,Leicester,LiverpoolandSheffieldTheRedbrickuniversities:28Thenewuniversities:thosefoundedsincethe2ndworldwar(inthe1960s).Theyhavetheirownindependentandmodernapproachestoteaching;inruralarea;Bath,Essex,Surrey,SussexandEastAnglia.Oncevocationalpolytechnics,givenuniversitystatusin1992,includingGreenwich,ThamesValley,ManchesterMetropolitan,andWestofEngland.Thenewuniversities:29Degrees:BA(BachelorofArts)orBSc(BachelorofScience);MA(MasterofArts)orMSc(MasterofScience);Ph.D.(DoctorofPhilosophy).Degrees:BA(BachelorofArts)30OxfordUniversityOxfordUniversity31OxfordCampusOxfordCampus32OxfordbyNightOxfordbyNight33StudentsatCambridgeStudentsatCambridge34KingsChapelatCambridgeKingsChapelatCambridge355.CollegesofFurtherEducationPolytechnics:studycentersthatofferawiderangeoffull-timeorpart-timecoursesforstudentsofallages(usuallyover18)&atalllevelsofhighereducation.Coursesleadtodiplomas,ortodegrees.AdultEducation:vocationalorrecreationalcoursesprovidedmainlybylocalauthorities,theWorkersEducationalAssociation&bytheextramuraldepartmentsofuniversities&colleges.Part-timeEducation:workerstakespecialistcoursesintheirparticularskill&workforadiploma.Ortheyjuststudygeneralsubjects.5.CollegesofFurtherEducati36VocationalismYouthTrainingScheme(YTS)Day-releaseorintheeveningsVocationalism376.OpenUniversityTheOpenUniversity-non-residentialuniversityofferingdegree&othercoursesforadultstudentsofallages.-speciallyprintedtexts,correspondencetuition,TV&radiobroadcast,audio&visualcassettes.-anetworkofstudycentersforcontactwithpart-timecounselors&fellowstudents.-Noformalacademicqualificationsarerequiredtoregisterformostcourses,butstandardsoftheUniversity’sdegreesarethesameasthoseofotheruniversities.6.OpenUniversityTheOpenUni38History(background&origin):

in1963theleaderoftheLaborPartymadeaspeechoutliningplansfora‘universityoftheair’--aneducationalsystemwhichwouldmakeuseofTV,radio&correspondencecourses.History(background&origin):39Purpose:

togiveeducationalopportunitytothosepeoplewho,foronereasonoranother,hadnothadachancetoreceivefurthereducation.Purpose:togiveeducationalo40ThanksThanks41EducationinBritainEducationinBritain42I.ReforminSchools

I.ReforminSchools

43FromTripartiteSystem...ItwasnotuntiltheEducationActin1944thatallchildrenweregiventherighttofreesecondary(middleschool)education.A“tripartite”systemofsecondarymodern,technicalandgrammarschoolsselected11year-oldchildrenattheendoftheirprimaryeducationbymeansofanexam(elevenplus).FromTripartiteSystem...Itwa44Streaming-Top20%attendedgrammarschools;universities;professionalsandmanagers-Secondarymoderns&technicalschoolsdealtwithmorepracticalsubjects;manualworkers&skilledworkersrespectively.Streaming45ToComprehensiveSystem...Inthe1950s-thetripartitesystem:notensureequaleducationalopportunitiesorameritocracy.Inthe1960s-Comprehensiveschoolswereintroducedwiththeideathatpupilsshouldnotbeselected&streamedatsuchanearlyage.Inthe1980s:85%ToComprehensiveSystem...Int46II.SchoolingintheUKII.SchoolingintheUK471.TwotypesofSchoolsStateSchools:ThesearetotallyfundedbythegovernmentandarefreetoallBritishchildren.Independent(Private)Schools:Thesearefundedbythefeeschargedtotheparents.About8%ofBritishchildrenattendIndependentSchoolsRegulationsdonotpermitinternationalstudentstoattendStateSchools–theymustattendIndependentSchools1.TwotypesofSchoolsState48StateSchoolsinBritainUndertheoldsystem:Grammarschools,secondarymoderns,andtechnicalsNewsystem:comprehensiveschoolsStateSchoolsinBritain49Independent:

privateExperimentalschoolsPublicschools:16thand17thcenturies-Harrow,Eton,WinchesterandMarlborough-LeadingfiguresinBritishpolitical,commercialandmilitarylifeIndependent:private50education-英美國家概況-教學課件51education-英美國家概況-教學課件52education-英美國家概況-教學課件53education-英美國家概況-教學課件542.SchoolEducationSchoolingiscompulsorybetweentheagesof5and16years:totalof11years-Soontobeextendedto18;StudentsfollowtheNationalCurriculum;Thereisnorequirementto‘graduate’;ThosewishingtogainentrytouniversitymustcompleteanadditionaltwoyearsofALevelstudies.2.SchoolEducationSchoolingi553.TheAcademicYear

TheAcademicYearinBritishSchoolsandCollegesisdividedintothreeterms:

Term1: SeptembertoDecember

Term2: JanuarytoMarch

Term3: ApriltoJuly Thereareshortholidaysatthemid-pointofeachtermandlongerholidaysbetweenterms.3.TheAcademicYear TheAcade564.TheCurriculumAllBritishschools-State&IndependentarerequiredtofollowtheNationalCurriculumguide-linessetdownbythegovernment.StandardAchievementTests(SAT’s)areadministeredat7,11and14yearstoassesseachstudent’sprogress.Generally,IndependentSchoolsprovideabroadercurriculumthanthatrequiredbylaw4.TheCurriculumAllBritishs57III.BasicStructureof

BritishEducationSystemPre-schooleducationPrimaryschoolSecondaryschoolUniversity,collegesofhighereducationCollegesoffurthereducationIII.BasicStructureof

Briti581.Pre-schoolEducationCompulsoryschooling:everychildinBritainmustbylawreceivefull-timeeducationfromtheageof5to16.ChildrenbegintheireducationintheStatesystemattheageof5;someluckychildrenmayattendNurseryschools(kindergartens)from3to5,butmoststarttheirbasiceducationinanInfants’(theinfantsdepartmentofajuniorschool)orFirstSchool.1.Pre-schoolEducationCompuls592.PrimarySchoolMostprimaryschoolsareco-educational(boys&girlsaretaughttogether),usuallywithaclassteachersystem,givingyoungchildrenasustainedcontactwithoneteacher.2.PrimarySchoolMostprimary60PrimarySchoolSubjectsOneteacherteaches:ArtAnalysisDramaEnglishGeographyHistoryMathematicsScottishGaelic(inScotland)PrimarySchoolSubjectsOnetea613.SecondarySchoolCompulsoryeducationextendsupto16years.Comprehensiveschoolsaremostlymixedsex&caterforamixedrangeofabilities.Theirstudentscomefromarangeofsocialclassesðnicbackgrounds.Studentsareoftenstreamedintodifferentabilitygroups.Somethinkthisunderminestheprinciplesofcomprehensiveeducation.3.SecondarySchoolCompulsory62NationalExaminationsGCSE(中等教育普通證書):

Themainexaminationthatallstudentsshouldtakeat16istheGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE).

AtwoyearcoursetakeninYears/Grades10&11.English,MathematicsandSciencearecompulsorysubjects.A-Level(進階級課程):Somestudentscontinueinthesameschoolforafurther2yearsofstudyleadingtotheexaminationoftheGeneralCertificateofEducation,Advancedlevel(GCEAlevel).Usually3or4academicsubjectsarestudied&1generalstudiespaper.Thisisthemainexaminationrequiredforuniversityentrance.Atwoyearpre-universitycoursetakeninYears12&13.NationalExaminationsGCSE(中等教育63TheGCSECourseGCSEExaminationstakeplaceduringMayandJuneagainstaNationaltime-tableTheresultsoftheGCSEExaminationsarepublishedinAugustSuccessfulcandidatesaregradedfromA*toFStudentswishingtoproceedtotheA-levelcoursemustachieveaminimumof5passesatGradeCorabove.TheGCSECourseGCSEExaminatio64TheA-LevelCourseInmostsubjects,studentsmustcompleteassignmentsormodulesduringthecourse:themarksfromthesecontributetothefinalgradeTheA-LevelexaminationstakeplaceduringMayandJuneandtheresultsarepublishedinAugustSuccessfulcandidatesaregradedfromAtoFPlacesatBritishUniversitiesareallocatedonthebasisofastudent’sA-levelresults.TheA-LevelCourseInmostsubj65TheHighSchoolCurriculumAgeCurriculum11–14YearsGeneralprogrammeofeducation14–16YearsGCSECourse:8/10subjectsCompulsory&optionalsubjects16YearsGCSEExamination16–18YearsA-LevelCourse:3/4subjectsStudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy18YearsA-LevelExaminationTheHighSchoolCurriculumAgeC66SecondarySchoolSubjectsMathematicsScienceTechnologyanddesignInformationTechnologyEnglishModernLanguages(French,German,Spanish)GeographyHistorySocialEducationReligionCookingMusicPhysicaleducationGreekandLatin(grammarandindependentschools)SecondarySchoolSubjectsMathe674.HigherEducationBritishuniversitiescanbedividedroughlyinto3maingroups:theolduniversities;theRedbrickuniversities;thenewuniversities.Theolduniversities:thosefoundedbefore1600.Oxford&Cambridgearetheoldestones,datingfrom1249&1284.Untilthe19thcentury,theyaretheonly2universitiesinEngland.StAndrew’sandGlasgow(15th);Edinburgh(16th)4.HigherEducationBritishuni68TheRedbrickuniversities:includealltheprovincialuniversitiesoftheperiod1850-1930,aswellasLondonUniversity.Theyaresocalledbecausetheywereallbuiltinthefavoritebuildingmaterialoftheperiod---redbrick.Birmingham,Leicester,LiverpoolandSheffieldTheRedbrickuniversities:69Thenewuniversities:thosefoundedsincethe2ndworldwar(inthe1960s).Theyhavetheirownindependentandmodernapproachestoteaching;inruralarea;Bath,Essex,Surrey,SussexandEastAnglia.Oncevocationalpolytechnics,givenuniversitystatusin1992,includingGreenwich,ThamesValley,ManchesterMetropolitan,andWestofEngland.Thenewuniversities:70Degrees:BA(BachelorofArts)orBSc(Bacheloro

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