名人演講：國會大廈辭別演講

道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟(douglasmacarthur)，美國陸軍五星上將。出生于阿肯色州小石城的軍人世家。1899年中學畢業后考入西點軍校，1903年以名列第一的優異成績畢業，到工程兵部隊任職，并赴菲律賓執勤。麥克阿瑟有過50年的軍事理論經歷，被美國國民稱之為“一代老兵〞，而其自身的又曾是“美國最年輕的準將、西點軍校最年輕的校長、美國陸軍歷史上最年輕的陸軍參謀長〞，憑借精妙的軍事謀略和敢戰敢勝的膽略，麥克阿瑟堪稱美國戰爭史上的奇才。

提起這句話：“老兵永遠不死，只會漸漸凋零〞〔oldsoldiersneverdie,theyjustfadeaway〕，就不由得想起那個叼著玉米棒子煙斗的麥克阿瑟，和他在1951年4月19日被解職后在國會大廈發表的題為?老兵不死?著名演講。

我即將完畢五十二年的軍旅生涯。我參軍是在本世紀開場之前，而這是我童年的希望與夢想的實現。自從我在西點軍校的教練場上宣誓以來，這個世界已經過屢次變化，而我的希望與夢想早已消逝，但我仍記著當時最流行的一首軍歌詞，極為自豪地宣示“老兵永遠不死，只會漸漸凋零〞。

iamclosingmy52yearsofmilitaryservice.whenijoinedthearmy,evenbeforetheturnofthecentury,itwasthefulfillmentofallofmyboyishhopesanddreams.theworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceitooktheoathontheplainatwestpoint,andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished,butistillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythat"oldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway."

就像這首歌中的老兵，一位想盡一已之責的老兵，而上帝也賜予光輝使他能看清這一項責任，而我如今完畢了軍旅生涯，而逐漸凋謝。

andliketheoldsoldierofthatballad,inowclosemymilitarycareerandjustfadeaway,anoldsoldierwhotriedtodohisdutyasgodgavehimthelighttoseethatduty.

演講全文：macarthur:farewelladdresstocongress

mr.president,mr.speaker,anddistinguishedmembersofthecongress:

istandonthisrostrumwithasenseofdeephumilityandgreatpride--humilityintheweightofthosegreatamericanarchitectsofourhistorywhohavestoodherebeforeme;prideinthereflectionthatthishomeoflegislativedebaterepresentshumanlibertyinthepurestformyetdevised.herearecenteredthehopesandaspirationsandfaithoftheentirehumanrace.idonotstandhereasadvocateforanypartisancause,fortheissuesarefundamentalandreachquitebeyondtherealmofpartisanconsideration.theymustberesolvedonthehighestplaneofnationalinterestifourcourseistoprovesoundandourfutureprotected.itrust,therefore,thatyouwilldomethejusticeofreceivingthatwhichihavetosayassolelyexpressingtheconsideredviewpointofafellowamerican.

iaddressyouwithneitherrancornorbitternessinthefadingtwilightoflife,withbutonepurposeinmind:toservemycountry.theissuesareglobalandsointerlockedthattoconsidertheproblemsofonesector,oblivioustothoseofanother,isbuttocourtdisasterforthewhole.whileasiaismonlyreferredtoasthegatewaytoeurope,itisnolesstruethateuropeisthegatewaytoasia,andthebroadinfluenceoftheonecannotfailtohaveitsimpactupontheother.therearethosewhoclaimourstrengthisinadequatetoprotectonbothfronts,thatwecannotdivideoureffort.icanthinkofnogreaterexpressionofdefeatism.ifapotentialenemycandividehisstrengthontwofronts,itisforustocounterhiseffort.themunistthreatisaglobalone.itssuccessfuladvanceinonesectorthreatensthedestructionofeveryothersector.youcannotappeaseorotherwisesurrendertomunisminasiawithoutsimultaneouslyunderminingoureffortstohaltitsadvanceineurope.

musteringhalfoftheearth'spopulation,and60percentofitsnaturalresourcesthesepeoplesarerapidlyconsolidatinganewforce,bothmoralandmaterial,withwhichtoraisethelivingstandardanderectadaptationsofthedesignofmodernprogresstotheirowndistinctculturalenvironments.whetheroneadherestotheconceptofcolonizationornot,thisisthedirectionofasianprogressanditmaynotbestopped.itisacorollarytotheshiftoftheworldeconomicfrontiersasthewholeepicenterofworldaffairsrotatesbacktowardtheareawhenceitstarted.

inthissituation,itbeesvitalthatourowncountryorientitspoliciesinconsonancewiththisbasicevolutionaryconditionratherthanpursueacourseblindtotherealitythatthecolonialeraisnowpastandtheasianpeoplescovettherighttoshapetheirownfreedestiny.whattheyseeknowisfriendlyguidance,understanding,andsupport--notimperiousdirection--thedignityofequalityandnottheshameofsubjugation.theirpre-warstandardoflife,pitifullylow,isinfinitelylowernowinthedevastationleftinwar'swake.worldideologiesplaylittlepartinasianthinkingandarelittleunderstood.whatthepeoplesstriveforistheopportunityforalittlemorefoodintheirstomachs,alittlebetterclothingontheirbacks,alittlefirmerroofovertheirheads,andtherealizationofthenormalnationalisturgeforpoliticalfreedom.thesepolitical-socialconditionshavebutanindirectbearinguponourownnationalsecurity,butdoformabackdroptocontemporaryplanningwhichmustbethoughtfullyconsideredifwearetoavoidthepitfallsofunrealism.

ofmoredirectandimmediatelybearinguponournationalsecurityarethechangeswroughtinthestrategicpotentialofthepacificoceaninthecourseofthepastwar.priortheretothewesternstrategicfrontieroftheunitedstateslayontheliterallineoftheamericas,withanexposedislandsalientextendingoutthroughhawaii,midway,andguamtothephilippines.thatsalientprovednotanoutpostofstrengthbutanavenueofweaknessalongwhichtheenemycouldanddidattack.

thepacificwasapotentialareaofadvanceforanypredatoryforceintentuponstrikingattheborderinglandareas.allthiswaschangedbyourpacificvictory.ourstrategicfrontierthenshiftedtoembracetheentirepacificocean,whichbecameavastmoattoprotectusaslongasweheldit.indeed,itactsasaprotectiveshieldforalloftheamericasandallfreelandsofthepacificoceanarea.wecontrolittotheshoresofasiabyachainofislandsextendinginanarcfromthealeutianstothemariannasheldbyusandourfreeallies.fromthisislandchainwecandominatewithseaandairpowereveryasiaticportfromvladivostoktosingapore--withseaandairpowereveryport,asisaid,fromvladivostoktosingapore--andpreventanyhostilemovementintothepacific.

anypredatoryattackfromasiamustbeanamphibiouseffort.*noamphibiousforcecanbesuccessfulwithoutcontrolofthesealanesandtheairoverthoselanesinitsavenueofadvance.withnavalandairsupremacyandmodestgroundelementstodefendbases,anymajorattackfromcontinentalasiatowardusorourfriendsinthepacificwouldbedoomedtofailure.

undersuchconditions,thepacificnolongerrepresentsmenacingavenuesofapproachforaprospectiveinvader.itassumes,instead,thefriendlyaspectofapeacefullake.ourlineofdefenseisanaturaloneandcanbemaintainedwithaminimumofmilitaryeffortandexpense.itenvisionsnoattackagainstanyone,nordoesitprovidethebastionsessentialforoffensiveoperations,butproperlymaintained,wouldbeaninvincibledefenseagainstaggression.theholdingofthisliteraldefenselineinthewesternpacificisentirelydependentuponholdingallsegmentsthereof;foranymajorbreachofthatlinebyanunfriendlypowerwouldrendervulnerabletodeterminedattackeveryothermajorsegment.

thisisamilitaryestimateastowhichihaveyettofindamilitaryleaderwhowilltakeexception.forthatreason,ihavestronglyremendedinthepast,asamatterofmilitaryurgency,thatundernocircumstancesmustformosafallundermunistcontrol.suchaneventualitywouldatoncethreatenthefreedomofthephilippinesandthelossofjapanandmightwellforceourwesternfrontierbacktothecoastofcalifornia,oregonandwashington.

tounderstandthechangeswhichnowappearuponthechinesemainland,onemustunderstandthechangesinchinesecharacterandcultureoverthepast50years.china,upto50yearsago,waspletelynon-homogenous,beingpartmentedintogroupsdividedagainsteachother.thewar-makingtendencywasalmostnon-existent,astheystillfollowedthetenetsoftheconfucianidealofpacifistculture.attheturnofthecentury,undertheregimeofchangtsolin,effortstowardgreaterhomogeneityproducedthestartofanationalisturge.thiswasfurtherandmoresuccessfullydevelopedundertheleadershipofchiangkai-shek,buthasbeenbroughttoitsgreatestfruitionunderthepresentregimetothepointthatithasnowtakenonthecharacterofaunitednationalismofincreasinglydominant,aggressivetendencies.

throughthesepast50yearsthechinesepeoplehavethusbeemilitarizedintheirconceptsandintheirideals.theynowconstituteexcellentsoldiers,withpetentstaffsandmanders.thishasproducedanewanddominantpowerinasia,which,foritsownpurposes,isalliedwithsovietrussiabutwhichinitsownconceptsandmethodshasbeeaggressivelyimperialistic,withalustforexpansionandincreasedpowernormaltothistypeofimperialism.

thereislittleoftheideologicalconcepteitheronewayoranotherinthechinesemake-up.thestandardoflivingissolowandthecapitalaccumulationhasbeensothoroughlydissipatedbywarthatthemassesaredesperateandeagertofollowanyleadershipwhichseemstopromisethealleviationoflocalstringencies.

ihavefromthebeginningbelievedthatthechinesemunists'supportofthenorthkoreanswasthedominantone.theirinterestsare,atpresent,parallelwiththoseofthesoviet.butibelievethattheaggressivenessrecentlydisplayednotonlyinkoreabutalsoinindo-chinaandtibetandpointingpotentiallytowardthesouthreflectspredominantlythesamelustfortheexpansionofpowerwhichhasanimatedeverywould-beconquerorsincethebeginningoftime.

thejapanesepeople,sincethewar,haveundergonethegreatestreformationrecordedinmodernhistory.withamendablewill,eagernesstolearn,andmarkedcapacitytounderstand,theyhave,fromtheashesleftinwar'swake,erectedinjapananedificededicatedtothesupremacyofindividuallibertyandpersonaldignity;andintheensuingprocesstherehasbeencreatedatrulyrepresentativegovernmentmittedtotheadvanceofpoliticalmorality,freedomofeconomicenterprise,andsocialjustice.

politically,economically,andsociallyjapanisnowabreastofmanyfreenationsoftheearthandwillnotagainfailtheuniversaltrust.thatitmaybecountedupontowieldaprofoundlybeneficialinfluenceoverthecourseofeventsinasiaisattestedbythemagnificentmannerinwhichthejapanesepeoplehavemettherecentchallengeofwar,unrest,andconfusionsurroundingthemfromtheoutsideandcheckedmunismwithintheirownfrontierswithouttheslightestslackeningintheirforwardprogress.isentallfourofouroccupationdivisionstothekoreanbattlefrontwithouttheslightestqualmsastotheeffectoftheresultingpowervacuumuponjapan.theresultsfullyjustifiedmyfaith.iknowofnonationmoreserene,orderly,andindustrious,norinwhichhigherhopescanbeentertainedforfutureconstructiveserviceintheadvanceofthehumanrace.

ofourformerward,thephilippines,wecanlookforwardinconfidencethattheexistingunrestwillbecorrectedandastrongandhealthynationwillgrowinthelongeraftermathofwar'sterribledestructiveness.wemustbepatientandunderstandingandneverfailthem--asinourhourofneed,theydidnotfailus.achristiannation,thephilippinesstandasamightybulwarkofchristianityinthefareast,anditscapacityforhighmoralleadershipinasiaisunlimited.

withthisbriefinsightintothesurroundingareas,inowturntothekoreanconflict.whileiwasnotconsultedpriortothepresident'sdecisiontointerveneinsupportoftherepublicofkorea,thatdecisionfromamilitarystandpoint,provedasoundone,aswehurledbacktheinvaderanddecimatedhisforces.ourvictorywasplete,andourobjectiveswithinreach,whenredchinaintervenedwithnumericallysuperiorgroundforces.

thiscreatedanearandanentirelynewsituation,asituationnotcontemplatedwhenourforcesweremittedagainstthenorthkoreaninvaders;asituationwhichcalledfornewdecisionsinthediplomaticspheretopermittherealisticadjustmentofmilitarystrategy.

suchdecisionshavenotbeenforthing.

whilenomaninhisrightmindwouldadvocatesendingourgroundforcesintocontinentalchina,andsuchwasnevergivenathought,thenewsituationdidurgentlydemandadrasticrevisionofstrategicplanningifourpoliticalaimwastodefeatthisnewenemyaswehaddefeatedtheold.

apartfromthemilitaryneed,asisawit,toneutralizethesanctuaryprotectiongiventheenemynorthoftheyalu,ifeltthatmilitarynecessityintheconductofthewarmadenecessary:firsttheintensificationofoureconomicblockadeagainstchina;twotheimpositionofanavalblockadeagainstthechinacoast;threeremovalofrestrictionsonairreconnaissanceofchina'scoastalareasandofmanchuria;fourremovalofrestrictionsontheforcesoftherepublicofchinaonformosa,withlogisticalsupporttocontributetotheireffectiveoperationsagainstthemonenemy.

forentertainingtheseviews,allprofessionallydesignedtosupportourforcesmittedtokoreaandbringhostilitiestoanendwiththeleastpossibledelayandatasavingofcountlessamericanandalliedlives,ihavebeenseverelycriticizedinlaycircles,principallyabroad,despitemyunderstandingthatfromamilitarystandpointtheaboveviewshavebeenfullysharedinthepastbypracticallyeverymilitaryleaderconcernedwiththekoreancampaign,includingourownjointchiefsofstaff.

icalledforreinforcementsbutwasinformedthatreinforcementswerenotavailable.imadeclearthatifnotpermittedtodestroytheenemybuilt-upbasesnorthoftheyalu,ifnotpermittedtoutilizethefriendlychineseforceofsome600,000menonformosa,ifnotpermittedtoblockadethechinacoasttopreventthechineseredsfromgettingsuccorfromwithout,andifthereweretobenohopeofmajorreinforcements,thepositionofthemandfromthemilitarystandpointforbadevictory.

wecouldholdinkoreabyconstantmaneuverandinanapproximateareawhereoursupplylineadvantageswereinbalancewiththesupplylinedisadvantagesoftheenemy,butwecouldhopeatbestforonlyanindecisivecampaignwithitsterribleandconstantattritionuponourforcesiftheenemyutilizeditsfullmilitarypotential.ihaveconstantlycalledforthenewpoliticaldecisionsessentialtoasolution.

effortshavebeenmadetodistortmyposition.ithasbeensaid,ineffect,thatiwasawarmonger.nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.iknoarasfewothermennowlivingknowit,andnothingtomeismorerevolting.ihavelongadvocateditspleteabolition,asitsverydestructivenessonbothfriendandfoehasrenderedituselessasameansofsettlinginternationaldisputes.indeed,ontheseconddayofseptember,nineteenhundredandforty-five,justfollowingthesurrenderofthejapanesenationonthebattleshipmissouri,iformallycautionedasfollows:

"mensincethebeginningoftimehave

soughtpeace.variousmethodsthroughthe

ageshavebeenattemptedtodevisean

internationalprocesstopreventorsettle

disputesbetweennations.fromthevery

startworkablemethodswerefoundinso

farasindividualcitizenswereconcerned,

butthemechanicsofaninstrumentalityof

largerinternationalscopehavenever

itaryalliances,

balancesofpower,leaguesofnations,

allinturnfailed,leavingtheonlypathto

bebywayofthecrucibleofwar.the

utterdestructivenessofwarnowblocks

outthisalternative.wehavehadourlast

chance.ifwewillnotdevisesome

greaterandmoreequitablesystem,

armageddonwillbeatourdoor.the

problembasicallyistheologicaland

involvesaspiritualrecrudescenceand

improvementofhumancharacterthatwill

synchronizewithouralmostmatchless

advancesinscience,art,literature,andall

materialandculturaldevelopmentsof

thepast2000years.itmustbeofthespirit

ifwearetosavetheflesh."

butoncewarisforceduponus,thereisnootheralternativethantoapplyeveryavailablemeanstobringittoaswiftend.

war'sveryobjectisvictory,notprolongedindecision.

inwarthereisnosubstituteforvictory.

therearesomewho,forvaryingreasons,wouldappeaseredchina.theyareblindtohistory'sclearlesson,forhistoryteacheswithunmistakableemphasisthatappeasementbutbegetsnewandbloodierwar.itpointstonosingleinstancewherethisendhasjustifiedthatmeans,whereappeasementhasledtomorethanashampeace.likeblackmail,itlaysthebasisfornewandsuccessivelygreaterdemandsuntil,asinblackmail,violencebeestheonlyotheralternative.

"why,"mysoldiersaskedofme,"surrendermilitaryadvantagestoanenemyinthefield?"icouldnotanswer.

somemaysay:toavoidspreadoftheconflictintoanall-outwarwithchina;others,toavoidsovietintervention.neitherexplanationseemsvalid,forchinaisalreadyengagingwiththemaximumpoweritcanmit,andthesovietwillnotnecessarilymeshi