科技英語翻譯第三篇科技英語翻譯第三篇科技英語翻譯第三篇xxx公司科技英語翻譯第三篇文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設計，管理制度Heatshockproteins(HSPs)areagroupofproteinsthatarepresentinallcellsinalllifeforms.Theyareinducedwhenacellundergoesvarioustypesofenvironmentalstresseslikeheat,coldandoxygendeprivation.Heatshockproteinsarealsopresentincellsunderperfectlynormalconditions.Theyactlike“chaperones”，makingsurethatthecell’sproteinsareintherightshapeandintherightplaceattherighttime.Forexample,HSPshelpnewordistortedproteinsfoldintoshape,whichisessentialfortheirfunction.Theyalsoshuttleproteinsfromonecompartmenttoanotherinsidethecell,andtransportoldproteinsto“garbagedisposals”insidethecell.Heatshockproteinsarealsobelievedtoplayaroleinthepresentationofpiecesofproteins(orpeptides)onthecellsurfacetohelptheimmunesystemrecognizediseasedcells.Fordecadesithasbeenknownthatanimalscanbe‘vaccinated’againstcancer.Thisishowitworks:Tumorcellscanbeweakenedandinjectedlikeavaccineintoamouse.Afterwards,ifthesesametumorcells,atfullstrength,areinjectedintothemouse,themousewillrejectthetumorcellsandcancerwillnotdevelop.However,ifamousehasnotbeenvaccinatedinthismanner,thetumorcellswill“takeroot”andthemousewilldevelopcancer.Althoughitwasclearthatanimalscouldbevaccinatedagainstcancer,foralongtimeitwasnotknownhowitworked.Thenabout25yearsago,agraduatestudentnamedPramodSrivastavabeganaseriesofexperiments.Hetooktumorcells,brokethemopen,andseparatedthedifferentpartsofthecellsintofractions.Hethenusedeachofthefractionsas“vaccines”toseewhichfractionprotectedthemicefromdevelopingcancer.Aftermanyexperiments,hefoundthattheelementresponsibleforprotectingthemicewasheatshockproteins.熱應急蛋白是一組存在于一切生命形式的所有細胞中的蛋白質。細胞處于不同形式的環境壓力（如遇熱、遇冷或缺氧）下就會誘發這種蛋白質的產生。在完全正常的條件下，細胞內也會產生熱應急蛋白，這些蛋白質就像“陪護”一樣，確保細胞內的蛋白質在合適的時間處于合適的位置并具有合適的形狀。例如，它們幫助新生細胞或變形的細胞折疊成形，這對于細胞功能的發揮極其重要。熱應急蛋白還將蛋白質從細胞的一個部分轉移到另一個部分，或將衰老的蛋白質送入細胞的“垃圾處理廠”。科學家認為它們對于細胞表面蛋白質或多肽的生成也起著作用，從而幫助免疫系統辨認不健康的細胞。幾十年前人們就已經了解到動物可以通過“接種疫苗”抗癌，其原理是：腫瘤細胞可以被弱化并像疫苗一樣注射到小鼠體內。此后，如果將相同的、已充分發育的腫瘤細胞注入小鼠,小鼠就會對這些腫瘤細胞產生排斥，因此不會患上癌癥。然而，如果小鼠沒有以上述方式接受免疫，腫瘤細胞就會“生根'導致小鼠患上癌癥。雖然人們已經清楚地了解到動物可以通過免疫抗癌，但在很長一段時間內對于該過程的原理并不了