考點(diǎn)47閱讀理解議論文高考頻度：★★★★★議論文是英語(yǔ)中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。 議論文就是說(shuō)理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過(guò)程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：寫法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我認(rèn)為……寫法二：提出問(wèn)題，分析問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題。寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由(證據(jù))，重申論點(diǎn)。議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。注意事項(xiàng)：1.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)2.要先看題目，后讀文章。(與先讀文章，后看題目的比較)高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有：(1)標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。①表示并列關(guān)系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；=3\*GB3③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；=4\*GB3④表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；=5\*GB3⑤表示重要性的詞：prime,aboveall,first等。以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的(貶),excessively過(guò)分的(貶),objective(客觀)等。4.常見問(wèn)題：(1)讀不懂怎么？問(wèn)題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問(wèn)題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問(wèn)題所在。unconsciousincompetent(無(wú)意識(shí)無(wú)能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第一階段；consciousincompetent(有意識(shí)無(wú)能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第二階段；consciouscompetent(有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第三階段；unconsciouscompetent(無(wú)意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第四階段。從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過(guò)程。(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對(duì)癥下藥。【命題分析】議論說(shuō)理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說(shuō)理類文章具有以下特點(diǎn)：1.題材多樣化、知識(shí)化，它包括社會(huì)科學(xué)的多種領(lǐng)域，以及和自然科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科，體現(xiàn)以人為本的特點(diǎn)。具體說(shuō)來(lái)：(1)一般按提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、社會(huì)上的重大問(wèn)題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題入手，即提出問(wèn)題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說(shuō)明，推理判斷，即分析問(wèn)題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問(wèn)題。(2)以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。(3)文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、重大問(wèn)題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題等。2.側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章深層意義的理解。通常情況下，深層理解題占多數(shù)，這就要求學(xué)生讀議論文時(shí)，不能僅限于對(duì)文章的表層理解，只抓一些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，而且要注重對(duì)文章的意圖、作者的觀點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的審視。3.深層理解題的主要表現(xiàn)形式：(1)主旨性題目：此類題常針對(duì)文章主題、中心思想、標(biāo)題或作者的寫作意圖，通常有以下提問(wèn)方式：a.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?b.Thetextismainlyabout_________.c.Fromthepassageweknowthat_________.d.Themainideaoftheparagraphis_________.e.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthistextis_________.f.Thepassagecouldbetitled_________.g.Thepassagedealswith_________.h.What’sthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?(2)推理判斷題：此題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的把握，通常有以下出題方式：a.回答對(duì)why和how的提問(wèn)。b.Accordingtothetext,whichofthestatementsistrue/wrong?c.Fromthetext,wecaninferthat_________.d.Wherecanthistextbeselectedfrom?e.Whatcanyouimaginewillbedealtwith/writteninthefollowingpassage?f.以短語(yǔ)accordingtothewriterofthetext或inthewriter’sopinion等引出的其他問(wèn)題。(3)詞義猜測(cè)題：判斷詞義的詞可能有四種情況，一是詞未學(xué)過(guò)，二是詞已學(xué)過(guò)，但在該篇中不是已學(xué)過(guò)的詞義，三是某個(gè)代詞it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句話的意思。【應(yīng)試策略】議論文體閱讀理解題的應(yīng)對(duì)策略解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：作者在開始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問(wèn)題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問(wèn)句提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問(wèn)題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問(wèn)題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無(wú)法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記住：首先從整體上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論。考生在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。二、解題技巧歷年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的題型無(wú)非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對(duì)較小，廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對(duì)解答閱讀理解題來(lái)說(shuō)也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說(shuō)來(lái)：1.主旨大意型干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。干擾項(xiàng)可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見的提問(wèn)方式有：1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas_________.7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見的提問(wèn)方式有：1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標(biāo)題＂，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語(yǔ)意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子)或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。(1)解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常有以下幾種命題方式：=1\*GB3①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?=2\*GB3②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?=3\*GB3③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.=4\*GB3④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干擾項(xiàng)：范圍過(guò)大、過(guò)小；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個(gè)分句是正確的。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則：=1\*GB3①包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。=2\*GB3②正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。=3\*GB3③委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。=4\*GB3④同形項(xiàng)原則命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答案的存在。=5\*GB3⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則議論文中，那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。=6\*GB3⑥因果項(xiàng)原則閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過(guò)頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果。解題方法：原文定位法。查讀法：(1)帶著問(wèn)題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問(wèn)題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。(2)細(xì)心!3.詞義猜測(cè)型閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測(cè)題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來(lái)越多。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義；破折號(hào)表示解釋說(shuō)明。常見的問(wèn)題形式有：(1)The

word

＂…＂

in

Line

…

means/can

be

best

replaced

by

…(2)As

used

in

the

passage,

the

phrase

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suggests…(3)From

the

passage,

we

can

infer

that

the

word/phrase

/the

sentence

＂…＂

is/refers

to

/means…(4)The

word

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is

closest

in

meaning

to

…常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法：同義法：常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測(cè)詞義。反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定。總之，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法：對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)(從句)、表語(yǔ)，甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明。此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。做題要領(lǐng)(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！4.推理判斷型做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出結(jié)論)fromthepassagethat_________.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推論)?(4)Whatisthetone(語(yǔ)氣)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?題組一（2019年高考真題）Passage1(2019·天津卷，D)WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉訶德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus，infact，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolean，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However，wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos（自我），whethertolovedones，tofellowhumans，towork，ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate（視……等同于）“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellencewhethertheyaredrivingatruck，orrunningastore-maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat_________.A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD.disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A.Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pityC.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife55.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage？A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.Passage2(2019·江蘇卷，C)WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"yesterday"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin"post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造業(yè))withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe"digitaldivide"betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.ThishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandInternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourundervaluationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.61.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto__________.A.alackofconfidenceintechnologyB.aslowprogressintechnologyC.aconflictofpublicopinionsD.awasteoflimitedresources62.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould__________.A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD.providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities63.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B.Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.64.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.Passage3(2019·新課標(biāo)III卷，B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative."It'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來(lái)源)ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時(shí)尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學(xué))onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences."Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,"saysHill."Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement."Ofcourse,onlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina-someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGaliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs-andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,"addsHil.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"shesays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."24.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromotedthesalesofartworks. B.Itattractedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes. D.ItaimedtointroduceChinesemodels.25.WhatdoesHillsayaboutChinesewomen?A.Theyaresettingthefashion. B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels. D.Theydobusinessallovertheworld.26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?A.learningfrom B.lookingdownon C.workingwith D.competingagainst27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends題組二（2018年高考真題）Passage1(2018·新課標(biāo)II卷，D)We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤(rùn)滑劑)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互動(dòng))withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(邊緣的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.32.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners. B.Relatingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic. D.Makingbusinessdeals.34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships. B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk. D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCounts B.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalk D.UncomfortableSilencePassage2(2018·新課標(biāo)III卷，D)Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金）(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).Forweeks,I'vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdowetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberball-simple,universallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,throwingit.Itwastotally,completelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsorbedinthesimplicityofplayingtogether.HehadmyfullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.32.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter. B.Enoughisenough.C.Moremoney,moreworries. D.Earnmoreandspendmore.33.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.Savingupforherholiday B.RaisingmoneyforapoorgirlC.Addingthemoneytoherfund D.Givingthemoneytoasickmother34.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.Totryoutanidea B.Toshowaparent'sloveC.Totrainhisattention D.Tohelphimstartahobby35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveIt B.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLess D.ThePleasureofGivingPassage3(2018·北京卷，D)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety. B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability. D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed. B.Replaced.C.Shared. D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful. B.Positive.C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.Passage4(2018·天津卷，D)Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclear;wearenumb(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesim