書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南師范大學(xué)商學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

Bacteria（細(xì)菌）,likepeople,canbedividedintofriendandfoe.81.Inspiredbyevidencethatthefriendlysortmayhelpwitharangeofailments（疾病）,manypeopleconsumebacteriaintheformofyogurtsanddietarysupplements.Suchasmatteringofartificialadditions,however,representsbutadropintheocean.Thereareatleast800typesofbacterialivinginthehumangut.AndresearchbyStevenGilloftheInstituteforGenomicResearchinRockville,Maryland,andhiscolleagues,publishedinthisweek’sScience,suggeststhatthecollectivegenomeoftheseorganismsissolargethatitcontains100timesasmanygenesasthehumangenomeitself.

DrGillandhisteamwereabletocometothisconclusionbyextractingbacterialDNAfromthefaeces（糞便）oftwovolunteers.82.Becauseofthecomplexityofthesamples,theywerenotabletoreconstructtheentiregenomes（基因組）ofeachofthegutbacteria,justtheindividualgenes.Butthatallowedthemtomakeanestimateofnumbers.

Whatallthesebacteriaaredoingistrickytoidentify—thebacteriathemselvesaredifficulttocultivate.83.Sotheresearchersguessedatwhattheymightbeuptobycomparingthegenestheydiscoveredwithpublisheddatabasesofgeneswhosefunctionsarealreadyknown.

84.ThiscomparisonhelpedDrGillidentifyforthefirsttimetheprobable

enzymatic（酶（性）的）processesbywhichbacteriahelphumanstodigestthecomplex

carbohydratesinplants.Thebacteriaalsocontainaplentifulsupplyofgenesinvolvedinthesynthesisofchemicalsessentialtohumanlife—includingtwoBvitaminsandcertainessentialaminoacids—althoughtheteammerelyshowedthatthesemetabolicpathwaysexistratherthanprovingthattheyareused.Nevertheless,thepathwaystheyfoundleavehumanslookingmorelikeruminants:animalssuchasgoatsandsheepthatusebacteriatobreakdownotherwiseindigestiblematterintheplantstheyeat.

ThebroaderconclusionDrGilldrawsisthatpeoplearesuperorganismswhosemetabolismrepresentsanamalgamationofhumanandmicrobialattributes.Thenotionof

asuperorganismhasemergedbefore,asresearchersinotherfieldshavecometoviewhumansashavingadiverseinternalecosystem.85.This,suggestsome,willbecrucialtothesuccessofpersonalisedmedicine,asdifferentpeoplewillhavedifferentresponsestodrugs,dependingontheirmicrobialflora.（微生物群落）Accordingly,thenextstep,saysDrGill,istoseehowmicrobialpopulationsvarybetweenpeopleofdifferentages,backgroundsanddiets.

Anotherareaofresearchistheprocessbywhichthesehelpfulbacteriafirstcolonizethedigestivetract.Babiesacquiretheirgutfloraastheypassdownthebirthcanalandtakeagene-filledgulpoftheirmother’svaginalandfaecalflora.Itmightnotbethemostdeliciousoffirstmeals,butitcouldwellbeanimportantone.

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

【答案】81.有益菌可以幫助人們治療多種疾病，受此啟發(fā)，很多人通過(guò)使用酸乳食品和各種補(bǔ)品的辦法吸收細(xì)菌。然而，這種人為補(bǔ)充細(xì)菌的做法是極其膚淺的。

82.由于樣本的復(fù)雜性，吉爾博士及其研究組人員還不能構(gòu)建出腸道內(nèi)細(xì)菌的完整基因組，而只能構(gòu)建出單體基因。不過(guò)，這也可以使他們對(duì)整體數(shù)量作出估算。

83.因此，研究人員只能將發(fā)現(xiàn)的基因和那些功能已經(jīng)研究清楚的基因的公開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行比較，從而猜測(cè)可能得到的研究結(jié)果。

84.這種比較幫助吉爾博士第一次確定了可能存在的細(xì)菌借以幫助人體消化從植物體攝入的復(fù)雜碳水化合物的酶催化反應(yīng)的過(guò)程。

85.有人認(rèn)為，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)個(gè)性化藥物的成功開(kāi)發(fā)是至關(guān)重要的，因?yàn)椴煌娜司哂胁煌奈⑸锶郝洌瑢?duì)不同的藥物有不同的反應(yīng)。

2.單選題

BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle;theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).

TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.

Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.

“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,”saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience.“Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,‘ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’,theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends.”

ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.,hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.

TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders.

ThearticlecalledMBAhires“extremelydisappointing”andsaid“MBAswanttomoveuptoofast,theydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they’reoutlookingforotherjobs.”

Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.

Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement.

BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness”,saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm.

38.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevalueofMBAdegreeshadbeenfueledmainlyby（）.

39.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtotheHarvardBusinessReview?

40.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs（）.

41.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thecomplaintsfromvariousemployers

B.thesuccessofmanynon-MBAs

C.thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplines

D.thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyareusuallyself-centered.

B.Theyareaggressiveandgreedy.

C.Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs.

D.Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquickly

B.quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmates

C.receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltraining

D.cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms.

B.ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.

C.DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree.

D.Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】38.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第五段ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.,hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.（比爾?蓋茨和其他非MBA畢業(yè)生如Wal-Mart連鎖店的SamWalton的成功，在商校校園里引起了有關(guān)工商學(xué)位的價(jià)值和管理技能是否可以通過(guò)教育獲得等問(wèn)題的自發(fā)討論。），由此可知是由許多非MBA人士的成功促使了對(duì)MBA學(xué)位的價(jià)值的爭(zhēng)論，因此B選項(xiàng)“非MBA人士的成功”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“來(lái)自不同雇主的投訴”，C選項(xiàng)“來(lái)自純粹學(xué)科的科學(xué)家的批評(píng)”，D選項(xiàng)“MBA人士在工作中的糟糕表現(xiàn)”，均與題意不符，故選B。

39.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位在第七段MBAswanttomoveuptoofast,theydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.（MBA雇員太急于升職，他們不了解政治情況和人，直到第三年才能夠適應(yīng)團(tuán)隊(duì)工作。）和最后一段的butarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.（但是并不善于激勵(lì)人）因此D選項(xiàng)“他們不善于與人打交道”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“他們通常以自我為中心”，B選項(xiàng)“他們好斗又貪婪”，C選項(xiàng)“他們不斷抱怨自己的工作”，信息都過(guò)于負(fù)面，與題意不符。故選D。

40.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位在文章的第八段Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.（大部分參加辯論的人認(rèn)為，問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是MBA獲得者得到的是超越實(shí)際重要性和作用的未來(lái)財(cái)富和權(quán)利的光環(huán)。）可知很多MBA人士對(duì)未來(lái)抱有不切實(shí)際的期望，因此D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)他們的未來(lái)抱有不切實(shí)際的期望”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“能很快地爬上公司的階梯”，B選項(xiàng)“一旦和同事熟悉了就辭職”，C選項(xiàng)“得到的工資與其專業(yè)培訓(xùn)不符”。A，B，C選項(xiàng)在文中均未提及，可排除。故選D。

41.主旨大意題。本文圍繞“MBA學(xué)位的價(jià)值”展開(kāi)敘述，闡述了MBA興起和興盛，比爾?蓋茨和其他非MBA畢業(yè)生的成功，在商校校園里引起了有關(guān)工商學(xué)位的價(jià)值和管理技能是否可以通過(guò)教育獲得等問(wèn)題的自發(fā)討論，并且分析了MBA獲得者們的問(wèn)題和劣勢(shì)。因此C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)獲得MBA學(xué)位的價(jià)值的懷疑。”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“為什么MBA項(xiàng)目的注冊(cè)人數(shù)增加了”，B選項(xiàng)“商學(xué)院MBA項(xiàng)目改革的必要性”，D選項(xiàng)“一場(chǎng)最近在大學(xué)校園舉行的辯論”都不是文章的主要內(nèi)容，故選C。

3.單選題

Childrenareoften（）sportsatanearlyage.Astheygetolderandstartschooltheyparticipateinsportsasawaybothtomakenewfriendsandbeactive.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exposedto

B.spoiledby

C.indulgedin

D.worriedabout

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。exposedto接觸，暴露于;spoiledby被寵壞;indulgedin沉溺于;worriedabout為...…擔(dān)心。句意：孩子們經(jīng)常在很小的時(shí)候就接觸到運(yùn)動(dòng)。隨著他們長(zhǎng)大開(kāi)始上學(xué)，參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)以此來(lái)結(jié)交新朋友變得活躍。只有A選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。

4.名詞解釋

Theyearof2009willbringanavalancheofbooks,lectures,televisionprogramsandarticlesonCharlesDarwin.(1)Itis200yearssincehewasbomand150yearssincehewaspushedtopublishhisontheOriginofSpeciesearlierthanheintendedbythearrivalofaletterfromAlfred

RusselWallace,thenaturalistwho,independently,hadthesametheoryofnaturalselectionthat

Darwinhadsupposedallhisown.

SinceDarwinwasn’taloneinthinkingupthetheoryofnaturalselectionorinassemblingevidenceinsupportofevolution,arewerighttomakesuchasonganddanceofhisanniversary?Theshortansweris“yes”.(2)theOriginofSpeciesisthemostimportantbiologybookyetwrittenandDarwinhasdoneasmuchasanyone,includingCopernicus,Newton,MarxandFreud,

tochangehowweseeourselves.

WhydoesDarwinianworldviewmattersmorethanever?Aboveall,Darwindecentershumanity.InthishecompletestheworkthatCopernicusandGalileobegan.WearenotthecentreoftheUniverse.TheUniverseexistedlongbeforewecameonthescene.(3)Thisdecenteringdoesnot,ofcourse,meanthatwematteranytheless.Rather,ithelpsustoappreciatethatwedonotsitinadistinctcategoryfromtherestofcreation.Thegreatapesthatareheadingtowardsextinctioninthewildandarestillusedinsomecountriesformedicalresearchreallyareourrelatives.

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexactmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).

【答案】1：Hewasborn200yearsagoandhisOntheOriginofSpecieswaspublished150yearsago,whichwasearlierthanhehadplanned,becauseanaturalistcalledAlfredRusselWallacehadwrittentoDarwintoencouragehimtodoso.AlfredsharedthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatDarwinhadthoughtoutbyhimself.

2：ThebookOntheOriginofSpeciesismoreimportantthananyotherbiologybookthathaseverbeenwritten,andDarwin’scontributiontochangeourworldviewequalsthoseofCopernicus,Newton,MarxandFreud.

3：Certainly,thefactthatwearenotthecenteroftheuniversedoesindicatethatwearenotimportant.

5.單選題

Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss（）thebread-winner'sdeath.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.atthecostof

B.onthevergeof

C.asaresultof

D.forthesakeof

【答案】C

【解析】副詞詞義辨析。atthecostof以...為代價(jià)；onthevergeof瀕臨于，接近于；asaresultof因此，由于；forthesakeof為了。句意：人壽保險(xiǎn)為被保者的家屬提供經(jīng)濟(jì)保障,以防止因養(yǎng)家糊口的人去世而造成的損失。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

6.單選題

Mary（）toseeyou.She（）foryoudownstairsatthemoment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hascome;iswaiting

B.came;iswaiting

C.hascome:waited

D.came;waswaiting

【答案】A

【解析】句意:瑪麗來(lái)看你了。此刻，她正在樓下等你。

語(yǔ)法題。考查時(shí)態(tài)。后面句意表示“她正在樓下等你”,因此,第一句應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在,表示“瑪麗已經(jīng)到這兒來(lái)看你”。

7.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.

42.人們學(xué)會(huì)了珍惜各自身上具有的一些品質(zhì)，正是這些品質(zhì)使群體生活愉悅美好。在這些品質(zhì)中，最重要的是同情。你若是殘忍地對(duì)待動(dòng)物，你就不大可能對(duì)其他人善良體貼。你若是對(duì)其他人體貼入微，你就不大可能殘忍冷漠地對(duì)待動(dòng)物。古代的智者寫(xiě)道“仁者愛(ài)人及畜”，原因概出于此。善待動(dòng)物并不是說(shuō)我們永遠(yuǎn)不能讓動(dòng)物承受痛苦。人類自身就是在快樂(lè)中、也在痛苦中經(jīng)受鍛煉。因此，有時(shí)候也需要用懲罰來(lái)訓(xùn)練我們的狗和馬，使他們聽(tīng)從我們的指令。在醫(yī)生的手下，為了療好創(chuàng)傷或醫(yī)治疾病，我們得忍受痛苦。為了國(guó)家的利益，我們派遣最勇敢的人們直面創(chuàng)傷、疾病和死亡。同樣，我們讓?xiě)?zhàn)馬和我們一起親冒矢石。

【答案】Peoplehavelearnedtovaluethequalitiesthateachofthempossessesthatmakegrouplifeenjoyable.Themostimportantofthesequalitiesiscompassion.Ifyouarecrueltoanimals,youarelesslikelytobekindtootherpeople.Ifyoutreatotherpeoplewithconsideration,youarelesslikelytotreatanimalswithcrueltyandinsensitivity.Thisiswhythewisemenofancienttimeswrotethat“benevolentmenlovetheiranimals.”Beingkindtoanimalsdoesnotmeanthatweshouldneverallowanimalstosuffer.Manhimselfisexercisedinpleasureaswellasinpain.Therefore,itissometimesnecessarytousepunishmenttotrainourdogsandhorsestoobeyourcommands.Underthehandsofadoctor,wehavetosufferinordertohealawoundorcureadisease.Wehavesentourbravestmenandwomentofacetrauma,diseaseanddeathinthefaceofwhatisgoodforourcountry.Inthesameway,weletourhorsesmarchwithusthroughthehailofbullets.

8.單選題

（）isquitenatural,abeginnercan'treadthebookswritteninEnglishveryquickly.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Which

B.As

C.What

D.It

【答案】B

【解析】句意:初學(xué)者不能很快地閱讀英文原版書(shū)是很正常的。

語(yǔ)法題。考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)候，表示“正如那樣”的含義。as指代的是后面的句子“abeginnercan'treadthebookswritteninEnglishveryquickly’’，而此處不用which,是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中的which不能放在句首。

9.單選題

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】16.主旨大意題。文章開(kāi)頭引出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患心理疾病上的差異，隨后拋出實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)闡述城鄉(xiāng)居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C選項(xiàng)“城鄉(xiāng)居民心理機(jī)制的差異”正確。A選項(xiàng)“為什么城市不適合居住”：文章沒(méi)有討論這個(gè)話題，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“如何發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的人的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)”和D選項(xiàng)“為什么城市居民比鄉(xiāng)村居民患情緒障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高”：是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，不能概括全文，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（現(xiàn)代學(xué)者同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。去年，荷蘭研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市居民患焦慮癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比平靜的農(nóng)村居民高21%，患情感障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比鄉(xiāng)村居民高39%。），引用雪萊的話以后，緊接著提出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患精神類疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的不同，所以B選項(xiàng)“引入以下關(guān)于城市和農(nóng)村居民的討論”正確。A選項(xiàng)“表達(dá)對(duì)倫敦這樣的大城市的厭惡”和C選項(xiàng)“顯示對(duì)文學(xué)作品的了解”：不是文章想要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“指出城市和農(nóng)村差異的起因”：這里不能得出城鄉(xiāng)差異的起因，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

18.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根據(jù)第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（對(duì)于那些在農(nóng)村長(zhǎng)大的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性在意料之中。然而，對(duì)于那些在城市長(zhǎng)大的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性就不存在了。換句話說(shuō)，土生土長(zhǎng)的都市人的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制似乎失衡了。），對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)在農(nóng)村的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性可以預(yù)料，也就是有規(guī)律可循，處于正常的狀態(tài)，而對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)在城市的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性已經(jīng)消失，也就是說(shuō)不是正常該有的狀態(tài)，所以B選項(xiàng)“失控的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“想不到的”，C選項(xiàng)“所知不多的”和D選項(xiàng)“矛盾的”不符合題意，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在農(nóng)村的人杏仁核的活動(dòng)水平最低。），可知實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果是C選項(xiàng)“面對(duì)壓力時(shí)，農(nóng)村居民的杏仁核活動(dòng)水平最低”，故正確。A選項(xiàng)“城市居民有壓力時(shí)扣帶皮層活動(dòng)水平最高”：根據(jù)第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一個(gè)人的童年生活在城市的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，他的扣帶皮層部位就越活躍，無(wú)論他在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間住在哪里。），可知扣帶皮層活躍與否與壓力無(wú)關(guān)，而與生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境有關(guān)，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“參與者成長(zhǎng)的地方對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)心理活動(dòng)更重要”：文章沒(méi)有強(qiáng)調(diào)參與者成長(zhǎng)的地方對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的重要性，在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中需要參考參與者成長(zhǎng)的地方，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“扣帶皮層的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制在現(xiàn)在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根據(jù)第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣帶皮層是大腦皮層的一部分（同樣存在于兩個(gè)大腦半球），負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)節(jié)杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣帶皮層沒(méi)有失效，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

20.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像這類研究中的常見(jiàn)情況，樣本量很小（因此不像期望的那么可靠），結(jié)果顯示的是一種關(guān)聯(lián)，而不是一種確定的因果關(guān)系。），可知這個(gè)研究的局限在于不能得出因果關(guān)系，所以D選項(xiàng)“不能得出社會(huì)壓力和精神之間有因果關(guān)系的結(jié)論”正確。A選項(xiàng)“掃描技術(shù)用于檢查大腦”，B選項(xiàng)“選擇參與者的隨機(jī)性”和C選項(xiàng)“要求參與者解決的數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)不合理”文章沒(méi)有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Ifthiskindoffishbecomes（）,futuregenerationsmaynevertasteitatall.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.minimum

B.short

C.seldom

D.scarce

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)minimum“最小化（一般指數(shù)據(jù)之類的）”，B選項(xiàng)short“短的；短小的”，C選項(xiàng)seldom“很少；不常（一般指頻率）”，D選項(xiàng)scarce“稀少的，稀缺的”；原句意思是說(shuō)如果這種魚(yú)變得稀缺……，其余選項(xiàng)代入均不符合題意，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。句意為：如果這種魚(yú)變得稀缺，未來(lái)的幾代人可能再也吃不到它了。

11.單選題

10.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.100.

B.232.

C.132.

D.332.

【答案】B

【解析】M:Thereareonly100passengersonthisairplane.

W:Thatleaves132emptyseats.

Q:Howmanyseatsarethereonthisairplane?

【解析】計(jì)算題。男士說(shuō)飛機(jī)上現(xiàn)有乘客100個(gè)，女士說(shuō)還有132個(gè)空位。因此飛機(jī)總共可以容納232個(gè)乘客。

12.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相對(duì)性的缺失使一個(gè)人無(wú)法對(duì)給自己造成傷害的過(guò)失行為人獲得賠償，無(wú)論該過(guò)失行為是否構(gòu)成了對(duì)他人的違約）可知選A選項(xiàng)“兩者之間缺乏契約關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“他們彼此不認(rèn)識(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)“行為人疏忽”第一段未提及；根據(jù)第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國(guó)上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過(guò)程中造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）可知D選項(xiàng)“制造商對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者不負(fù)有注意義務(wù)”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（過(guò)失責(zé)任，無(wú)論你將其視為“罪犯”的一種，或?qū)⑵湟暈槠渌贫戎械囊环N，無(wú)疑是基于公眾普遍的道德錯(cuò)誤情緒，而犯罪者必須為此付出代價(jià)）可知C選項(xiàng)“過(guò)失責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)是公眾認(rèn)識(shí)到違法者必須為他們的過(guò)錯(cuò)付出代價(jià)”正確；根據(jù)第二段開(kāi)頭InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勛爵的話說(shuō)：目前我滿足于指出，在英國(guó)法律中，必須而且是一些關(guān)系的一般概念，產(chǎn)生了一種謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)，書(shū)中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的特殊情況只是實(shí)例）可知A選項(xiàng)“英國(guó)法沒(méi)有注意義務(wù)的一般概念”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“過(guò)失責(zé)任應(yīng)該被定義為一種‘過(guò)失’”原文沒(méi)有直接說(shuō)明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，任何道德準(zhǔn)則都不會(huì)責(zé)