第10單元

翻譯技巧（六）

重復(fù)法

重復(fù)法指的是在譯文中適當?shù)刂貜?fù)原文中前文剛剛出現(xiàn)過的詞語，以使意思表達得更加清楚，或者進一步加強語氣、突出強調(diào)某些內(nèi)容、收到更好的修辭效果。為了增強表達效果而有意地重復(fù)使用同一詞語，這在修辭學(xué)上稱作“反復(fù)”。無論在適用范圍還是在出現(xiàn)頻率或表現(xiàn)形式等方面，漢語的重復(fù)明顯超過英語。(1) They“makemistakes,”sufferedbythem,acknowledgedandstudiedthem,thusplannedvictory.原譯：他們“犯過錯誤”，吃過它們的虧，承認并研究它們，從而做出了勝利的決策。(2) Ihaveexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.原譯：我已經(jīng)碰到過氧氣設(shè)備或者引擎或者二者都出故障的情況了。翻譯中經(jīng)常采用重復(fù)法的一些主要情況

10.1漢譯“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu)中的重復(fù)10.2重復(fù)代詞所替代的名詞10.3重復(fù)強調(diào)型關(guān)系代詞或強調(diào)型關(guān)系副詞10.4重復(fù)上文出現(xiàn)過的動詞10.5重復(fù)同義詞語10.6譯文修辭需要的重復(fù)10.1漢譯“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu)中的重復(fù)“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu)，亦稱“駢合結(jié)構(gòu)”:

一個詞（語）與兩個或幾個詞（語）的搭配組合.如：英語中一動詞帶兩個或幾個賓語，一個賓語有兩個或幾個動詞；一個名詞由兩個或幾個定語修飾，一個定語同時修飾兩個或幾個名詞；兩個或幾個介詞有一個賓語，等等。譯成漢語時，往往將相當于“干”的部分加以重復(fù)，以使譯文明確達意、自然通順。

10.1.1重復(fù)共同的動詞10.1.2重復(fù)共同的賓語10.1.3重復(fù)共同修飾的名詞10.1.4重復(fù)共同的定語10.1.1重復(fù)共同的動詞(3)Theydon’tconcede,theyneverhaveandneverwill.(4)Weshallovercomeallthedifficultiessolongaswestudyhardandinagoodway.(5)Plantgrowthneedssunshine,airandwateraswell.(6)Itwasoncehopedthatsuchminicarscouldbesuccessfullydeveloped,andwhatwasmore,thattheircostwouldbereasonableenoughtomakethemcommerciallyavailable.10.1.2重復(fù)共同的賓語(7)Peopleusenaturalsciencetounderstandandchangenature.(8)Teachersshouldtrytheirbesttodevelopthestudents’abilitytoanalyzeandsolveproblems.(9)Thepurposeofradaristoobtain,processanddisplayinformation.(10)Manhastoworkwith,andnotagainst,nature.10.1.3重復(fù)共同修飾的名詞(11)Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.(12)Thescholarhasalreadypublishedoverahundredpoliticalandtechnicaltreatises.（13）Theforeignguestsaid:“Chinaisthecradleofanancientandmodernculturethathasinspiredtheworldwithideals.”10.1.4重復(fù)共同的定語(14)Itrequiressuchmaterialsascanbearhightemperatureandpressure.(15)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.(16)IidentifymyselfasoneofcriticalloversandlovingcriticsoftheUnitedNations.

有時由于漢語的搭配習(xí)慣，翻譯“多枝共干結(jié)構(gòu)中的重復(fù)并不一定都采用完全相同的詞（語）。例如(17)Useoftheseprobeswilleliminatetheproblemsanderrorsassociatedwithwetchemicalanalysis.(18)Johnintheparlour,hisbosswasatlunchonsteakandbeer.(19)Ascientistconstantlytriestodefeathishypotheses,histheories,andhisconclusions.(20)Intenselightandheatintheopencontrastedwiththecoolnessofshadedavenuesandtheinteriorsofbuildings.10.2重復(fù)代詞所替代的名詞10.2.1重復(fù)人稱代詞替代的名詞10.2.2重復(fù)物主代詞替代的名詞10.2.3重復(fù)關(guān)系代詞替代的名詞10.2.4重復(fù)其它代詞替代的名詞10.2.1重復(fù)人稱代詞替代的名詞一般而言，英語為了避免重復(fù)而多用代稱；漢語則習(xí)慣于實稱，少用代稱。因此，漢譯時原文中的人稱代詞該省譯的須省譯、該還原的須還原，即重復(fù)譯出所替代的名詞。例如：

(21)Whenyouclosetheswitch,itcompletesthecircuit.(22)Ifanatomcontainsthreeprotons,itmusthavethreeelectronstobeelectricallyneutral.(23)Thecreditordrawsthebill;heisthepersonintheabovedefinitionandiscalledthedrawer.Headdressedittoanother,whoisthedebtorandiscalledthedrawee.(24)Liquidsarelikesolidsinthattheyhaveadefinitevolume.(25)Happyfamiliesalsohadtheirowntroubles.10.2.2重復(fù)物主代詞替代的名詞英語中使用物主代詞its,his,their等的頻率頗高。在一些場合，這種物主代詞既不宜省譯也不宜照譯，卻宜重復(fù)所替代的名詞，以使譯文具體明確，表達更加符合漢語習(xí)慣。例如：

(26)Radiowavesaresimilartolightwavesexceptthattheirwave-lengthismuchgreater.(27)Milkisliabletothegrowthofdiseasegermsandhencepasteurizationduringitsprocessingisrequired.(28)Itgoeswithoutsayingthatbigpowershavetheirstrategieswhilesmallcountriesalsohavetheirownlines.(29)Theoldvagrantbelievesthatpovertyhasitsadvantage.(30)Eachmanhashisownwayofmakingfriends.10.2.3重復(fù)關(guān)系代詞替代的名詞用于引導(dǎo)英語定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，既在定語從句中充當某一成分，又代表定語從句所修飾的先行詞。翻譯英語關(guān)系代詞有時需要將作先行詞的名詞重復(fù)譯出。例如：(31)Anelementisasubstancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancebyordinarychemicalmeans.(32)Thefactthatanelectrictorpedocanbelaunched,makeitsrunandstrikewithlittlewarningmakesitusefulbysubmarines,whichcanoftencompleteandretirefromanattackwithoutcomingunderobservation.(33)Later,peoplewillundergoaprogressivelossoftheirvigorandresistancewhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthattheycanlivenolonger,howeverwellsociety,andtheirdoctors,lookafterthem.(34)Someplayedfootballandothersplayedbasketball.10.2.4重復(fù)其它代詞替代的名詞英語中經(jīng)常使用的其它代詞，如指示代詞that或those，不定代詞one(s)等，譯成漢語時為使意義明確具體、譯文自然地道，也經(jīng)常將其代替的名詞重復(fù)譯出。例如：(35)TranslationfromEnglishintoChineseisnotsoeasyasthatfromEnglishintoFrench.(36)ThesilksofChinaarebetterthanthoseofanyothercountries.(37)Itisknownthatinvacuumlightbodieswillfallasfastasheavyones.(38)SomeofthematerialswhichwerepusheduptothecrustfromthemoltencoreoftheEarthformedwater.Othersformedthegasesoftheatmosphere.Thewaterevaporatedtoformclouds.Theseroseintotheskytoformrain.10.3重復(fù)強調(diào)型關(guān)系代詞或強調(diào)型關(guān)系副詞英語中的強調(diào)型關(guān)系代詞或強調(diào)型關(guān)系副詞指的是由who(m),which,what等代詞及where,when等副詞和ever構(gòu)成的合成詞。漢譯時，經(jīng)常重復(fù)這類關(guān)系詞，以清楚表達強調(diào)意味。例如：(39)Whoeverbreaksthelawdeservespunishment.(40)Giveittowho(m)everyoulike.(41)Youmayborrowwhichevernovelinmybookcaseyoulikebest.(42)Thetankdivisionbackstoppedthelinewhereveritweakened.(43)Comewheneveritistoyourconvenience.10.4重復(fù)上文出現(xiàn)過的動詞英語中為了避免重復(fù)，上文出現(xiàn)過的某些動詞下文常常省略，而只保留不定式符號to，或使用代動詞do以及有關(guān)助動詞等。英漢翻譯時往往需要將這些動詞重復(fù)譯出。例如：(44)Lighttravelsmuchmorequicklythansounddoes.(45)Inanycaseworkdoesnotincludetime,butpowerdoes.(46)Youcandothatworkverywellifyoucareto.(47)Therollersareincontactwitheachotherandifonerotates,theotheralsodoesbyreasonoffrictionbetweenthem.(48)Therobothasaccomplishedtheassignedtaskandexcellentlyindeed.10.5重復(fù)同義詞語英語中為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個詞語，在再次提及相同的人或物以及表達相同的意思時，往往利用同義詞語。翻譯時，卻經(jīng)常重復(fù)使用相同的詞語。如：(49)Formanyapplicationsthin-filmresistorsandcapacitorsoffercertaindistinctadvantagesovertheirjunctioncounterparts.(50)Arockethassetoffonits35millionmiletriptoMarsandscientistsarewaitinganxiouslyfortheresults.Therocketwillbetravelingforsixmonthsbeforeitreachestheplanet.(51)Themonkey'smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.(52)Thenewly-developedplasticswon'tgivewayto

pressurejustlikesomealloysteelsdonotdeformwhensubjectedtogravity.10.6譯文修辭需要的重復(fù)為了使譯文生動有力、自然流暢，翻譯時同樣需要借助于重復(fù)法，即靈活運用疊字疊詞、四字對偶等修辭手段。例如：(53)It'sabitfishythattheoldmanshouldhavegivenawayavillalikethat.(54)HeonlyknowsthatitwasMarywhonursedhimdayandnight.(55)

Hismotherdescribedhimattwoas“roundandfatandstrongasafive-year-old.”.(56)Theroadwaspackedwithanoisycrowdofmenandwomen,whoweresellingandbuyingallkindsofthings.(57)TheCuriesdefiedallthesedifficultiesandfinallyin1902,theysucceededinseparatingatinyamountofradiumchloride.(58)Scientificexploration,thesearchforknowledgehasgivenmanthepracticalresultsofbeingabletoshieldhi