有機化學實驗ExperimentalOrganicChemistry英文有機化學實驗水蒸汽蒸餾與萃取與洗滌課件Steamdistillation1.Purpose1.1StudytheprincipleandmethodsofSteamDistillationusedforpurifingorganicliquids.1.2Graspthetechniquesofsteamdistillation.2.PrincipleSteamdistillation,oneoftheimmiscible（不溶的）phasesbeingwater,isoneofthemostcommonlyusedmethodsofseparatingandpurifyingliquids.Inthismethodsteamispassedintotheimmiscibleandvolatileliquidinthedistillationflask,andthenthewaterandorganiccompoundco-distill（共沸）,condenseinthecondenser,andarecollectedinthenormalway.Accordingtothelawofpartialpressure,thetotalvaporpressure（蒸氣壓）abovethemixtureisthesumofthepartialpressuresofthepureindividualcomponents.Steamdistillation1.Purpose1.BpIsthevaporpressureoftheimmiscibleorganiccompound.Inthedistillate（餾出液）,theweightrationoforganiccompoundmBandmH2Ocanbeexpressedasinequation:=BpIsthevaporpressureoftheSteamdistillationisapplicabletothefollowingsituations:Ahighboiling-pointorganiccompoundwhichdecomposeatitsboilingpoint.Amixturecontaininginorganicsaltsorotherorganicsolids,notsuitablefordistillation,filtraionandextraction.Amixturecontainglargeamountsofresin-likenearlyintractablesubstancesornonvolatileimpuritieswhichishardtoisolateorpurifyinanyotherway.SteamdistillationisapplicabInorderforsteamdistillationtobefeasible,thesubstancestobepurifiedshouldhavethesecharacteristics:Insolubleorimmiscibleinwater.Noreactionwithwaterwhenco-boiling.Havingacertainvaporpressureat100℃,>665PaInorderforsteamdistillatio3.ProcedureFigure1TypicalApparatusforsteamdistillation圖1水蒸氣蒸餾裝置3.ProcedureFigure1TypicalApBoingchipsOne–third

BoingchipsOne–thirdNOTESInordertoavoidfillingwithcondensedwaterinthethree-neckflaskduringdistillation,heattheflaskwithasmallflametomaketheon-goingdistillationproceedmorequickly.Beforeendthesteamdistillation,opentheTtubeclampfirst,thenremovetheheatsource,disassembletheapparatus,inturn.Avoidlettingtheliquidformtheflaskbackupintothesteamline.NOTESInordertoavoidfilling0.16(4℃)2.8(75℃)6.6(98℃)2.6Solubility水中溶解度/g/100g258（分解）131.5b.p.沸點/℃0.11531.8vapourpressureat100℃100℃時蒸氣壓/kPasalicylicacid水楊酸isopentanol異戊醇Organiccompound有機物名稱Separateisopentanol(異戊醇)andsalicylicacid(水楊酸)mixtureIsopentanolinsolubleorimmiscibleinwater.Isopentanol(異戊醇)andsalicylicacid(水楊酸)noreactionwithwaterwhencoboiling.Isopentanolinsolublehavingacertainvapourpressureat100℃Theprincipleofisopentanol(異戊醇)andsalicylicacid(水楊酸)mixturecanbeseparatebysteamdistillation:0.16(4℃)2.6Solubility水中溶解度/g/productiontest產品檢驗:①salicylicacidtest水楊酸的檢驗10d0.1％FeCl3Observablephenomena!!!10dsolutionproductiontest產品檢驗:①salicyl②isopentanoltest異戊醇的檢驗10dsolution10d5％K2Cr2O75d16％H2SO4Observablephenomena!!!②isopentanoltest異戊醇的檢驗10dsSolventextractionandsolutionwashing1.Purpose1.2Learnhowtochoosesuitablesolvent.2.Principle1.1StudytheprincipleandmethodsofSolventextractionandsolutionwashing.Solventextractionisatechniquefrequentlyusedintheorganicchemistrylaboratorytoseparateorisolateadesiredspeciesfromamixtureofcompoundsorfromimpurities.Substancesforextractionusuallyaresolidorliquid.Solutionwashingisthereverseprocessofsolventextraction.Usuallyitisperformedinthecaseofimpuritiesinasolutionthatcanbeextractedbyanotherimmisciblesolvent,whichhasasmallsolubilitytothedesiredsubstance.SolventextractionandsolutioTheapparatusforextractionandsolutionwashingfromliquidiscalledseparatoryfunnel,anditsuseisoneoftheessentialoperationsfororganicchemistryexperiments.Figure1Separatoryfunnel（分液漏斗）Thereathreekindsofseparatoryfunnel-spherical(球形）,subulate（錐形的）andpear（梨形）forms.Inorganicexperiments,aseparatoryfunnelismainlyappliedtothisareas:Separatetwokindsofliquidwhichareimmiscibleanddonotreactwitheachother.Extractaceratincomponentfromasolutiom.Washaliquidproductorthesolutionofasolidproductwithwater,aqueousalkalineoracidicsolution.Adddropwiseacertainreagent(usedasadrippingfunnle)Separatoryfunnelsareveryexpensiveandborkeneasily.NeverpropThefunnelonitsstem,butsupportitonaring,afunnelsupport,orsomeotherstablesupport.TheapparatusforextractionaFigure2Ventingseparatoryfunnel（分液漏斗的振搖與放氣）Figure2Ventingseparatoryfu英文有機化學實驗水蒸汽蒸餾與萃取與洗滌課件Theextractionprinciplecanbeillustratedbythefollowingcalculation.Theconcentrationrationofxinsolvent1and2isaconstantatagiventemperature,andtheratioisalsocalledthedistributioncoefficient,expressedasK.TheextractionprinciplecanbFirstextractionSecondextractionMultiple(n)extraction<1Basedontheabovecalculations,itisknownthatthemultipleextracionsaremoreefficicentthanasingleextractionwiththesamevolumeofextracionsolvent.FirstextractionSecondextracAnaqueoussolutioncontaining4gofbutanoicacidin100mlofwaterisexractedat15℃with100mlbenzene.TheKvalue(participationcoefficientofbutanoicacidbetweenbenzeneandwater)is1/3.afteronceextcrationwith100mlofbenzene,theremainedamountofbutanoicacidinwateris:Ifthe100mlofbenzeneisdividedintothreeportions,theremainedamountofbutanoicacidinwaterafterthethirdextrationis:Theextractionefficiency:Theextractionefficiency:Anaqueoussolutioncontaining3ProcedureTheextractionofaceticacid（乙酸）fromanaqueoussolutionbydiethylether（乙醚）.SingleextractionTripleextractioncNaOH=0.2000Mol/L乙酸的密度：1.049g/cm33ProcedureTheextractionof英文有機化學實驗水蒸汽蒸餾與萃取與洗滌課件有機化學實驗ExperimentalOrganicChemistry英文有機化學實驗水蒸汽蒸餾與萃取與洗滌課件Steamdistillation1.Purpose1.1StudytheprincipleandmethodsofSteamDistillationusedforpurifingorganicliquids.1.2Graspthetechniquesofsteamdistillation.2.PrincipleSteamdistillation,oneoftheimmiscible（不溶的）phasesbeingwater,isoneofthemostcommonlyusedmethodsofseparatingandpurifyingliquids.Inthismethodsteamispassedintotheimmiscibleandvolatileliquidinthedistillationflask,andthenthewaterandorganiccompoundco-distill（共沸）,condenseinthecondenser,andarecollectedinthenormalway.Accordingtothelawofpartialpressure,thetotalvaporpressure（蒸氣壓）abovethemixtureisthesumofthepartialpressuresofthepureindividualcomponents.Steamdistillation1.Purpose1.BpIsthevaporpressureoftheimmiscibleorganiccompound.Inthedistillate（餾出液）,theweightrationoforganiccompoundmBandmH2Ocanbeexpressedasinequation:=BpIsthevaporpressureoftheSteamdistillationisapplicabletothefollowingsituations:Ahighboiling-pointorganiccompoundwhichdecomposeatitsboilingpoint.Amixturecontaininginorganicsaltsorotherorganicsolids,notsuitablefordistillation,filtraionandextraction.Amixturecontainglargeamountsofresin-likenearlyintractablesubstancesornonvolatileimpuritieswhichishardtoisolateorpurifyinanyotherway.SteamdistillationisapplicabInorderforsteamdistillationtobefeasible,thesubstancestobepurifiedshouldhavethesecharacteristics:Insolubleorimmiscibleinwater.Noreactionwithwaterwhenco-boiling.Havingacertainvaporpressureat100℃,>665PaInorderforsteamdistillatio3.ProcedureFigure1TypicalApparatusforsteamdistillation圖1水蒸氣蒸餾裝置3.ProcedureFigure1TypicalApBoingchipsOne–third

BoingchipsOne–thirdNOTESInordertoavoidfillingwithcondensedwaterinthethree-neckflaskduringdistillation,heattheflaskwithasmallflametomaketheon-goingdistillationproceedmorequickly.Beforeendthesteamdistillation,opentheTtubeclampfirst,thenremovetheheatsource,disassembletheapparatus,inturn.Avoidlettingtheliquidformtheflaskbackupintothesteamline.NOTESInordertoavoidfilling0.16(4℃)2.8(75℃)6.6(98℃)2.6Solubility水中溶解度/g/100g258（分解）131.5b.p.沸點/℃0.11531.8vapourpressureat100℃100℃時蒸氣壓/kPasalicylicacid水楊酸isopentanol異戊醇Organiccompound有機物名稱Separateisopentanol(異戊醇)andsalicylicacid(水楊酸)mixtureIsopentanolinsolubleorimmiscibleinwater.Isopentanol(異戊醇)andsalicylicacid(水楊酸)noreactionwithwaterwhencoboiling.Isopentanolinsolublehavingacertainvapourpressureat100℃Theprincipleofisopentanol(異戊醇)andsalicylicacid(水楊酸)mixturecanbeseparatebysteamdistillation:0.16(4℃)2.6Solubility水中溶解度/g/productiontest產品檢驗:①salicylicacidtest水楊酸的檢驗10d0.1％FeCl3Observablephenomena!!!10dsolutionproductiontest產品檢驗:①salicyl②isopentanoltest異戊醇的檢驗10dsolution10d5％K2Cr2O75d16％H2SO4Observablephenomena!!!②isopentanoltest異戊醇的檢驗10dsSolventextractionandsolutionwashing1.Purpose1.2Learnhowtochoosesuitablesolvent.2.Principle1.1StudytheprincipleandmethodsofSolventextractionandsolutionwashing.Solventextractionisatechniquefrequentlyusedintheorganicchemistrylaboratorytoseparateorisolateadesiredspeciesfromamixtureofcompoundsorfromimpurities.Substancesforextractionusuallyaresolidorliquid.Solutionwashingisthereverseprocessofsolventextraction.Usuallyitisperformedinthecaseofimpuritiesinasolutionthatcanbeextractedbyanotherimmisciblesolvent,whichhasasmallsolubilitytothedesiredsubstance.SolventextractionandsolutioTheapparatusforextractionandsolutionwashingfromliquidiscalledseparatoryfunnel,anditsuseisoneoftheessentialoperationsfororganicchemistryexperiments.Figure1Separatoryfunnel（分液漏斗）Thereathreekindsofseparatoryfunnel-spherical(球形）,subulate（錐形的）andpear（梨形）forms.Inorganicexperiments,aseparatoryfunnelismainlyappliedtothisareas:Separatetwokindsofliquidwhichareimmiscibleanddonotreactwitheachother.Extractaceratincomponentfromasolutiom.Washaliquidproductorthesolutionofasolidproductwithwater,aqueousalkalineoracidicsolution.Adddropwiseacertainreagent(usedasadrippingfunnle)Separatoryfunnelsareveryexpensiveandborkeneasily.NeverpropThefunnelonitsstem,butsupportitonaring,afunnelsupport,orsomeotherstablesupport.TheapparatusforextractionaFigure2Ventingseparatoryfunnel（分液漏斗的振搖與放氣）Figure2Ventingseparatoryfu英文有機化學實驗水蒸汽蒸餾與萃取與洗滌課件Theextractionprinciplecanbeillustratedbythe