?? ??? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????.????????????????????????.????????????????????????????????? ? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ?? .? ??? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ???????.????????????????????????????????????.?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????.??2.1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????.①

????

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?? (33?):-?(哥),

-?(家), -?(客),

-?(工),

-?(官), -?(狂),-?(宅),

-?(徒),

-?(魔),-?(民), -?(輩), -?(犯), -?(補), -?(夫), -?(婦), -?(士), -?(師), -?(生),-?(囚), -?(手), -?(氏), -?(兒), -?(孃), -?(員), -?(人), -?(者), -?(丈),-?(長),-?(主),-?(責),-?(癡),-?(通),-?(漢).②????????????????(36?):-?(哥),-?(家),-?(客),-?(公),-?(工),-?(官),-?(狂),-?(女),-?(宅),-?(徒),-?(民),-?(輩),-?(犯),-?(補),-?(師),-?(士),-?(商),-?(生),-?(囚),-?(手),-?(氏),-?(兒),-?(孃),-?(翁),-?(王),-?(員),-?(人),-?(者),-?(子),-?(丈),-?(長),-?(族),-?(主),-?(責),-?(通),-?(漢).③??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? (33?):-?(哥),-?(家),-?(客),-?(公),-?(工),-?(狂),-?(宅),-?(徒),-?(民),-?(輩),-?(犯),-?(補),-?(夫),-?(婦),-?(師),-?(士),-?(商),-?(生),-?(囚),-?(手),-?(氏),-?(兒),-?(孃),-?(王),-?(員),-?(人),-?(者),-?(丈),-?(長),-?(族),-?(主),-?(責),-?(通).???‘???’??“??????????????????????”????.“????????????”???????.????‘???,???,???’????????????‘???,???,???’??“??????”???????????????????????????.???????????????????(13?):-?(家),-?(工),-?(官),-?(夫),-?(婦),-?(士),-?(師),-?(商),-?(手),-?(孃),-?(員),-?(人),-?(者).?????? ?? ??? (后綴)? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?,??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?現代漢語詞典 ?(第五版)? ?漢語水平等級標準與語法等級大綱 ?? ???? ??? ??? (后綴) ???.???1????.<? 1> ?現代漢語詞典?? ?大綱?? ??? ?? ???????????現代漢語詞典????大綱?????????????????????????? -子 -家(jia),- 生. -家,- 員,- 長,-者,- 手.????????――――-家,-員,-者,-手.?現代漢語詞典???大綱?????(后綴)?????????????????????????????‘工,官,夫,婦,士,師,商,娘,人’??????????????.???????????????????????????????????????????.????????????????????????????????????<?2>?????????.<?2>????????????????????????????????????????/?????????-??(家),-?(士),-??(人),-家,-者,師a.-??(者).???????-?(工),-?(士)b,-?(師),-手,工,士,師b.-?(手).???????????(夫),-?(婦),-?(孃).-夫,婦,娘?????-?(官),-?(商),-??(員).官,商,-員,人.2.2????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.???????????????????????????????????????,????,????????????.??????????????????????????.????????????????????????????????????.???????????????????????????????.????????‘???’?‘???’?,‘???’?‘???’??????????.???????????????????????????????????????????????????.????,①???,???,???,???,???,???,???,???,???.②???,???,???,???,???,???,???,???,???,.???(夫),???(夫),???(婦),???(婦),???,???,???,.①科學家,藝術家,文學家,律師,會計師,審計師.②醫士,護士,技士,理髮師,廚師,棋手,歌手,記者,文藝工作者.③染工,石工,瓦工,農夫,轎夫,桑婦,絲婦,農婦,蠶娘,魚娘.?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ①? ②? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???,②?③?????????????.??????????????????????①?②???,②?③????????????????????????.??????????????‘???’?‘???’???[+?????]???[+???]??????[+??]???????[+?????]???[+???]??,??????[+??]???????[±??]???????[+?????]???[-???]????????[±??]???????.????????????[-????????]??????[-??]???????[+?????]????????[+???]?[+??]???????????[-??]???????.?????????????????.①[+?????]+[+???]→{+??}②[+?????]+[+???]+[+??]→{±??}[+?????]+[-???]→{±??}③[-???????]→{-??}[+?????]+[-???]+[-??]→{-??}???????[+??],[±??],[-??]?????????????????????????????[+??]?????????‘?????????????????’?????[±??]?????????‘?????????????????’?????[-??]????????‘?????????????’?????.??<?2>?<?3>???‘?????????????????’???????‘-??(家),-?(士)a,-??(者)’???????????‘-家,師a’?????.‘?????????????????’???????‘-?(士)b,-?(師),-?(手),-??(人)??’??????????‘士,師b,-手,-者’??????.‘?????????????????’???????‘-?(工),-?(夫),-?(婦),-?(孃)’????????????‘工,夫,婦,娘’??????.???‘?????’??????????????‘-?(官)’??????‘官’??????????????????????????????‘-?’??????[+??]??????????????????????.??????‘-?(商),-??(員)’?????‘商,-員,人’???????????????????????‘?????????????’??????.????????????????????????????????????<?3>???????????.<?3>???????????????????????????????-??(家),-?(士)a,?????/??-??(者),-?(官).????????????-?(士)b,-?(師),?????/??-?(手),-??(人).????????????-?(工),-?(夫),?????/??-?(婦),-?(孃).

???-家,師a,官.士,師b,-手,-者.工,夫,婦,娘.???? ? ??? ??? -?(商), -??(員). 商,-員,人./????????????·????????????????????????????????????????·?????????????????????????????????????????????????.???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????.? :????? ???? ??? ????? :-??(家),-?(士)a,-??(者),-?(官).????????????:-?(士)b,-?(師),-?(手),-??(人).????????????:-?(工),-?(夫),-?(婦),-?(孃).???? ? ???

?????

:-?(商),-??(員).? :?????

???? ??? ?????

/??

:-家,

師a,官.????????????/??:士,師b,-手,-者.????????????/??:工,夫,婦,娘.?????????/??:商,-員,人.?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.?????????????????????????????????????????.?????????????????????????????????????????.????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????.:[1]??????(1999),?????????,????.[2]???????????(2009),???????????,????????????.[3]???(2012),“?????????????????”,????????37,??????? ,53-76.[4] ???(2008), “?? ?????? ?? ????” ,??????? ?156,????? ????? ,24-29.[5] ???(2010), “???? ????? ??”,????? ?????? .?現代漢語詞典?(第五版),商務印書館.尹海良(2007),現‘代漢語類詞綴研究’,山東大學博士論文.1.????家家戶戶????2.????街錟巷說?????????3.????苛斂誅求?????????????????????4.????佳人薄命?????????????5.????刻骨難忘???????????????????????6.????刻舟求劍??????????7.????肝膽相照???????????8.????渴而穿井?????????.9.????甘言利說??????????????????????????10.????甘呑苦吐??????????.11.????甲男乙女??????12.????甲論乙駁?????????????????13.????康衢煙月????????????14.????改過遷善??????????15.????改善匡正??????????16.????蓋世之才?????????17.????居安思危????????????????18.????乾坤一擲?????????????19.????格物致知?????????????????????20.????牽強附會??????????????????21.????見利忘義??????????22.????見利思義???????????????23.????犬馬之誠????????????????.???????????24.????見蚊拔劍????????.????????????????25.????見物生心??????????26.????堅如金石?????????27.????見危授命????????????28.????見危致命????????????29.????結者解之????????????????30.????結草報恩??????????31.????謙讓之德??????????32.????兼人之勇?????????????33.????輕擧妄動?????????34.????傾國之色???????????????35.????敬而遠之???????????????????36.????敬天勤民????????????????????37.????雞卵有骨????????????,??????????38.????雞鳴狗盜?????????????39.????股肱之臣??????????????40.????膏梁珍味?????41.????鼓腹擊壤??????????.??????????42.?????息之計?????????????????43.????孤掌難鳴?????????????????44.????苦盡甘來????????????45.????曲學阿世?????????????46.????骨肉相爭????????????,????????????47.????公卿大夫??????????????48.????夸大妄想?????????????????49.????過如不及?????????????50.????過猶不及????????????????51.????管鮑之交???????52.????刮目相對?????????????????????????53.????矯角殺牛????????????54.????巧言令色????????????55.????敎外別傳??????????.????56.????九曲肝腸??????????57.????救國干城???????????????????58.????狗尾續貂????????????????59.????九死一生?????????60.????口尙乳臭??????????????,???????????61.????九牛一毛???????????????62.????九折羊腸?????????,?????????63.????群雞一鶴?????????????????????????64????軍令泰山?????????????65.????君臣有義?????????????.66.????群雄割據????????????????????67.????君為綱綱???????????????68.????屈而不信?????????69.????權謀術數?????????????????????????70.????卷土重來???????????????????????71.????橘和為枳?????????????.72????近墨者黑???????????????????73.??????????不打不相識74.??????隔墻有耳75.??????????緣木求魚76.?????????????胳膊扭不過大腿77.???????????啞巴吃黃連有苦說不出78.???????????旁觀者清，當局者迷79.???????????各人自掃門前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜80.??????????幸災樂禍81.????????????隨聲附和82.??????????目不識丁83.????????????????醉翁之意不在酒84.???????????怒發沖冠85.??????????膽小如鼠86.????????????你死我活的斗爭87.?????易如反掌88.?????眼中釘，肉中刺89.????????????眼飽肚子餓90.??????????有眼不識泰山91.????????老馬識途92.???????老奸巨滑93.??????高枕無憂94.???????快馬加鞭95.???????月滿則虧，水滿則溢96.???????螳臂擋車97.????老死不相往來98.????????????瞞天過海99.??????????逐雞望籬100.?????????????吳牛喘月101.????????不問三七二十一102.??????????引狼入室103.?????????賊喊捉賊104.?????????做賊心虛105.?????????亡羊補牢106.??????????????捉賊捉贓107.????????????偷來的鑼鼓打不得108.????一個籬笆三個樁，一個好漢三個幫109.?????甕中之鱉110.???????揮金如土111.????????風馬牛不相及112.??????????????愚者千慮必有一得，智者千慮必有一失113.??????????????月暈而風，礎潤而雨114.?????????小斗出，大斗進115.???????????孤掌難鳴116.??????進退兩難117.????????????秀才不出門全知天下事118.??????????十目所見，十指所指119.?????????????耳不聽心不煩，眼不見心不煩120.???????????飛蛾撲火，惹火燒身121.???????八燈臺照遠不照近（燈下黑）122.????????形影不離123.??????????見風使舵124.??????風前殘燭125.????????墻頭草，隨風倒126.????????臨渴掘井127.????兩面派128.???????一瓶子不滿，半瓶子晃蕩129.?????????迫在眉睫130.?????????一傳十，十傳百131.?????????????隔墻有耳132.??????????畫餅充饑133.?????????????????????????公說公有理，婆說婆有理134.?????????饑不擇食135.????????搖車里的爺爺，拄拐棍的孫子136.?????????百聞不如一見137.?????????人多好辦事138.???????有百害而無一利139.????????????不入虎穴焉得虎子140.??????????虎口余生141.???????????老虎嘴里討肉吃142.????????????山中無老虎猴子稱大王143.?????如虎添翼144.?????????說曹操曹操到145.???????????????閻王不在小鬼上殿146.?????盛氣凌人147.????????啞巴吃黃連有苦說不出148.?????????啞巴吃餃子心里有數149.????????????當著瘸子別說短話150.?????????????一瓶子不滿，半瓶子晃蕩151.??????????拋磚引玉152.?????????????跳進黃河也洗不清153.?????????虛與委蛇154.??????????????????禍不單行，福無雙至155.?????????緣木求魚156.?????????????富了一家窮千家157.?????????醉翁之意不在酒158.??????趁火打劫159.??????????無風不起浪160.???????????????以牙還牙，以眼還眼161.?????不幸中萬幸162.??????火上加油163.?????雨后春筍164.??????繡花枕頭165.?????????????????喝涼水都塞牙166.???????????怨天尤人167.??????????????.樂極生悲168.??????????????????.善有善報，惡有惡報169.?????????放債容易要債難170.?????????束手待斃171.???????????母雞鳴叫，家宅不寧172.???????????????掛羊頭賣狗肉173.??????????當面是人，背后是鬼174.???????????冤枉好人175.?????????????無所適從176.???????親密無間177.??????牛鬼蛇神178.?????????騎驢找驢179.??????????傳聞有根180.???????遠在天邊,近在眼前181.?????????????????.知人知面不知心182.????????????換湯不換藥183.????????????前松后緊184.?????????????禮尚往來185.???美中不足186.????????????????有一利必有一弊187.?????????????冤家路窄188.???????井底之蛙189.????????????上梁不正下梁歪190.??????泄了氣的皮球191.????對牛彈琴192.????????笑里藏刀193.??????杯弓蛇影194.???????????眼高手低，不自量力195.????????????量體裁衣196.????遠親不如近鄰197.?????????三思而行198.?????????勝敗乃兵家常事199.???????????事在人為200.??????????????????善始善終201.?????????萬事開頭難202.???????????????????????????一日之計在于晨，一年之計在于春，一生之計在于勤203.??????????費力不討好204.???????????????半斤八兩205.????????????遠親不如近鄰206.???????????潛移默化207.??????????事出有因208.???????口蜜腹劍209.????????????????進退維谷210.?????????????樹大招風211.????????膽小如鼠212.??????隔岸觀火213.?????????姜太公釣魚214.????????????忘了穿開襠褲的時候，忘乎所以215.????????????戒備森嚴216.???????????狗改不了吃屎217.???????不值一爭218.???返老還童219.??????蛛絲馬跡220.????????甕中之鱉221.????????指桑罵槐222.????????緣木求魚223.???????物以類聚224.????????烏鴉落在豬身上225.??????????皮之不存毛將焉226.????????表里不一227.????????掩耳盜鈴228.?????????驚天地、泣鬼神，不翼而飛229.????????????????模棱兩可230.???????????????狗嘴里吐不出象牙231.????畫中之餅232.??????形影不離233.?????????????綱舉目張234.??????????????話中有話235.?????????咎由自取236.???????????鴉雀無聲237.???????人是鐵、飯是鋼238.?????????????拔苗助長239.???????????閑時不燒香，急來抱佛腳240.??????????人上有人，天外有天241.????????????背信棄義242.???????????殊途同歸243.???????????????因小失大244.???????????唇亡齒寒245.??????井底之蛙246.????一舉一動247.????漁翁得利248.?????眼中釘249.??????貓哭耗子250.?????易如反掌，輕而易舉251.??????一箭雙雕，一舉兩得252.????????????天上掉餡餅，唾手可得253.??????????????狗仗人勢，狐假虎威254.?????????????冤家路窄255.?????????????山中無老虎，猴子稱大王256.10?????????十年寒窗，廢于一旦257.??????害人害己258.????????三思而后行，熟路也要打聽著走259.?????????江心補漏，失牛補廄，為時晚矣260.????(??????)雪上加霜261.???????窮山溝里出狀元，雞窩里飛出金鳳凰262.??????????????????五十步笑百步263.?????????????遠親不如近鄰264.?????????????禮尚往來265.?????????????人心換人心，人情換人情266.??????=??????來得早，不如來得巧267.???????物以類聚，人以群分；一丘之貉268.??????,???????樹大招風269.?????一去不回270.????????????吃的是草，擠出來的是奶271.???????狼吞虎咽272.????????苦盡甘來273.?????????貓哭耗子274.???????????同病相憐275.????畫餅充饑276.?????????有其父必有其子277.??????????山外有山，人外有人278.????????????狗咬呂洞賓；忘恩負義279.????????紙里包不住火280.?????????見微知著；聞一知十；以小見大281.???????????耳邊風；左耳進，右耳出282.???????????舊的不去，新的不來283.????????????????不入虎穴，焉得虎子284.????????????????山中無老虎，猴子稱大王285.????????????????朝聞道，夕死可矣286.??????????????時來運轉；三十年河東，三十年河西287.???????????????覆水難收288.???????????????一個和尚沒水喝兩個和尚抬水喝三個和尚沒水喝289.??????困難重重290.??????我走我的陽關道，你過你的獨木橋230.????????麻雀雖小，五臟俱全231.????????????????善有善報，惡有惡報232.????????太歲頭上動土233.??????????????????愛屋及烏234.??????隔岸觀火；坐視不管；袖手旁觀235.?????????見風使舵；風大隨風，雨大隨雨236.??????寥寥無幾；屈指可數；寥若星辰237.?????久旱逢甘露238.??????庸人自擾；杞人憂天239.???????????白頭偕老240.?????????????有勇無謀成不了大器241.????????以卵擊石242.????????皇天不負有心人243.????????含糊其辭244.??????窮則變，變則通；窮則思變245.?????????????狗急跳墻246.??????????????欲速則不達247.??????活見鬼，神乎其神248.?????????棒頭出孝子249.????????????癡心妄想250.??????打開天窗說亮話251.??????一石二鳥252.????????????壞事傳千里253.?????????叱咤風云254.????????人云亦云255.??????????目不識丁256.???????????????隔墻有耳；沒有不透風的墻257.?????????你死我活258.????????皆大歡喜；兩全其美259.???????????掌上明珠260.??????易如反掌；輕而易舉261.?????泥菩薩過河自身難保262.????????飽經風霜263.????????一口吃不成胖子；一步邁不到天邊264.????????做賊心虛265.?????甕中之鱉266.?????????????有錢能使鬼推磨267.????????神出鬼沒268.????????????????????落水要命，上岸要財269.???????????????人有失足，馬有失蹄270.????????不倫不類271.????????????漏缸一條縫，沉船一個洞272.???????????城門失火，殃及池魚273.?????????????????畫虎畫皮難畫骨，知人知面不知心274.??????????指手畫腳；多管閑事275.?????勢不兩立276.???????????寧死不屈；寧為玉碎不為瓦全277.????????????????緣木求魚278.???????高枕無憂279.???????快馬加鞭280.???????????小事不防上大當281.????????不夠塞牙縫282.???????????????水滴石穿；只要功夫深鐵杵磨成針283.???????????????半斤八兩，不分上下284.?????????雞飛蛋打；賠了夫人又折兵285.???????物極必反286.???????????饑不擇食287.?????????????自己吃了怕牙痛，送給別人又心痛288.??????掩耳盜鈴；自欺欺人289.???????????????????路遙知馬力日久見人心290.????????彬彬有禮291.????他山之石???????????????292.????兎死狐悲?????????????????????????293.????破竹之勢?????????????294.????飽食暖衣???????????295.????邯鄲之步?????????296.????邯鄲之夢???????????????297.????汗牛充棟??????????????????????,??298.????虛張聲勢?????299.????虎視眈眈????????.???????????300.????膾炙人口??????????????????????301.????自強不息???????????302.????積塵成山??????303.????輾轉反側???????????????304.????井底之蛙??????.?????????305.????朝三募四???????????306.????指鹿為馬????????????????307.????滄海一粟?????????????308.????天衣無縫???????????????????309.????置之度外???????????310.????單刀直入???????????311.????大器晩成???????????????????312.????棟梁之材?????313.????東奔西走????????????314.????同床異夢????????????315.????不恥下問?????????????????316.????不撓不屈?????????????????????317.????百折不撓??????????318.????百年大計??????????319.????背水之陣?????????????320.????反哺之孝????????????321.????一視同仁???????????????322.????一目了然????????????323.????臥薪賞膽?????????????324.?????????????7t&s7i1W)^&耳不聽心不煩，眼不見心不煩:N,]325.???????????飛蛾撲火，惹火燒身'Z2G,x5P(M326.???????八燈臺照遠不照近（燈下黑）+T4w327.????????形影不離328.??????????見風使舵9Q9P1q6C!w/E329.??????風前殘燭330.????????墻頭草，隨風倒331.??????????事出有因332.???????口蜜腹劍333.????????????????進退維谷334.?????????????吳牛喘月335.????????不問三七二十一336.??????????引狼入室337.?????????賊喊捉賊338.????????????偷來的鑼鼓打不得339.??????????????愚者千慮必有一得，智者千慮必有一失340.????????????秀才不出門全知天下事341.??????????十目所見，十指所指342.???????????飛蛾撲火，惹火燒身343.???????八燈臺照遠不照近（燈下黑）344.????????????????????紛越篩越細,話越說越粗345.?????????????得了金飯碗,忘了叫街時;得魚忘筌346.????????????千里長堤,潰于蟻穴347.??????????????????老婆是人家的好,孩子是自己的好348.?????????????窮人也有出頭之日,千年瓦片也有飜身之日349.????君子大路行350.???????????????十個指頭個個疼351.???????老奸巨滑352.????????????????醉翁之意不在酒353.????老死不相往來354.???????揮金如土355.?????????長痛不如短痛356.????????吃著碗里的，看著鍋里的；別人的東西都是好東西357.????????????上梁不正下梁歪358.????????海底撈針359.???????燈下黑360.????????????????送君千里終須一別361.????????????,???????????人死留名,蛇死留皮毛362.???????????????????三人成虎363.?????????????馬的好壞騎著看,人的好壞等著瞧364.????????????挨打不計數365.???????????????????????臉壯吃得胖，臉薄吃不著366.??????????????狐貍總要露尾巴,毒蛇總要吐舌頭367.????????????????,??????????????養兵千日,用兵一時368.??????????,?????????坐山觀虎斗369.????????????,???????????哀莫大于心死370.?????????????????????????????伴君如伴虎371.????????????????挨磚不挨瓦372.?????????????????????愛財不愛命373.????????????????????人沒臉，樹沒皮，百法難治374.?????????????????身在曹營,心在漢375.??????????有眼不識泰山376.????貪官汚吏????????????????377.????泰山北斗?????????????378.????兎死狐悲?????????????????????????379.????卓上空論??????????380.????烹頭耳熟?????????????.?????????????381.????蔽袍破笠????????,???????????382.????飽食暖衣???????????383.????表裏不同??????384.????風前燈火???????????????385.????鶴首苦待?????386.????邯鄲之夢???????????????387.????汗牛充棟??????????????????????,????388.????虛心坦懷?????????????????????389.????虛張聲勢?????390.????賢母良妻??????????????391.????糊口之策?????????????????392.????好事多魔???????????????393.????浩然之氣?????????????????????????394.????虎視眈眈????????.???????????395.????惑世誣民???????????????396.????畫蛇添足???????397.????膾炙人口??????????????????????398.????會者定離?????????????399.????興盡悲來?????????????400.????自強不息???????????401.????張三李四??????402.????才子佳人??????????????403.????輾轉反側???????????????404.????前程萬里???????????405.????轉禍為福????????406.????糟糠之妻???????????????407.????朝三募四???????????408.????主客顛倒????????409.????走馬看山??????????????410.????眾寡不敵?????????????????411.????知己之友??????????412.????指鹿爲馬????????????????413.????知足不辱??????????????414.????進退兩難?????????????????415.????進退維谷?????????????416.????滄海一粟?????????????417.????千慮一失????????????????????????????418.????天衣無縫???????????????????419.????千載一遇???????????420.????靑雲之志????????421.????忠言逆耳???????????422.????置之度外???????????423.????七顚八倒??????????424.????南柯一夢???????425.????內憂外患?????????426.????內柔外剛??????????,??????????427.????勞心焦思???????428.????論功行賞???????????429.????單刀直入????????