1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯學(xué) 院： 專業(yè)班級： 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 外文出處：(外文) Android on x86 An Introduction to Optimizing for Intel Architecture （Authors: Iggy Krajci, Darren Cummings） 附 件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文； 2.外文原文 指導(dǎo)教師評語：原文所涉及內(nèi)容與課題有較好的關(guān)聯(lián)，翻譯難度適中。該生所作的譯文，術(shù)語的使用基本準(zhǔn)確，譯文內(nèi)容與原文含義基本相符，但部分譯文語句不是很通順。譯文格式符合規(guī)范，按時完成了下達(dá)的外文翻譯任務(wù)。簽名： 年 月 日1外文資料翻譯譯文在移動

2、App下一種技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)在這項(xiàng)事業(yè)中，當(dāng)你意識到自己有麻煩時，要拯救自己已經(jīng)太晚了。等到你一直在害怕的時候，你將遠(yuǎn)去。 比爾蓋茨在我們生活中移動設(shè)備與我們關(guān)聯(lián)甚多，不僅僅是簡單的通信。連接的設(shè)備都在我們身邊：Wi-Fi的相框，藍(lán)牙接收器在汽車，甚至是無線耳機(jī)。這些設(shè)備使我們能夠保持與時俱進(jìn)并且與周圍環(huán)境聯(lián)系緊密，這是一種從來沒有見過的方式。移動電話讓我們以全新的方式與世界互動。一、連接裝置英特爾企業(yè)副總裁Kirk Skaugen預(yù)測，超過150億的設(shè)備將在未來幾年互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)目前支持40億多個連接的設(shè)備，允許幾乎不間斷的通信。驅(qū)使這些連接的低價格的計(jì)算機(jī)芯片，推動了連接設(shè)備的發(fā)展。以前沒有無

3、線功能的設(shè)備，這已經(jīng)改變了我們?nèi)绾闻c它們進(jìn)行交互的方式。例如，現(xiàn)代電視包括無線芯片，允許他們直接在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上接收電視和電影。家庭計(jì)算也許這是個過時的信息，但是家庭計(jì)算仍然是一個非常合法和有利可圖的業(yè)務(wù)。在美國能源信息管理局進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究中，只有不到3000萬美國人有一臺家用電腦。與那些擁有一臺或多臺個人電腦的8000萬個美國人相比，這些人比以往任何時候都要聯(lián)系的更加緊密。相比市場上的智能手機(jī)的建造和誘導(dǎo)，個人電腦上的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)有很長的一段時間。從你的智能手機(jī)使用和控制你的家庭電腦的能力已經(jīng)形成。在走路時您可以查看您的桌面，同步文件和聯(lián)系人從您的手機(jī)到您的筆記本電腦，使用您的手機(jī)作為遠(yuǎn)程控制，或從您

4、的手機(jī)視頻直接到您的電視。汽車現(xiàn)代汽車都裝上了大量的新技術(shù)。你可以坐在后面看電視、藍(lán)牙聽音樂、或者與在世界上的任何人通話。智能手機(jī)給我們每天依賴的車輛增加了更多的功能。藍(lán)牙通話功能往往包含在現(xiàn)代智能手機(jī)中。這種能力可以讓你在路上與他人溝通，這是合法的。全球定位系統(tǒng)是另一個在智能手機(jī)上使用的車載程序。您不再需要一個單獨(dú)的全球定位系統(tǒng)設(shè)備來映射您的路線，這已經(jīng)大大傷害了獨(dú)立的全球定位系統(tǒng)設(shè)備市場。將所有這些設(shè)備的功能移植到智能手機(jī)上，方便使用和聯(lián)系。此外，你可以將音樂在你的車輛揚(yáng)聲器上播放，在城市中找到你可以使用的最便宜的汽油，并為即將發(fā)生的事提前做好準(zhǔn)備。與汽車直接互動的應(yīng)用程序剛剛開始推廣。隨

5、著手機(jī)的功能越來越強(qiáng)大，車輛被釋放更多的技術(shù)接口，新的智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序?qū)檫@一目的而創(chuàng)建。數(shù)字娛樂數(shù)字娛樂的新時代在我們身上。現(xiàn)代世界的關(guān)聯(lián)性為娛樂設(shè)備和服務(wù)創(chuàng)造了新的可能性和用途。只要你想要，現(xiàn)在有多種方式來將電視、電影和音樂放在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)支持和鼓勵這些服務(wù)，通常會為訂閱者提供按需的內(nèi)容。隨著這些功能的增加，智能手機(jī)的應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)人員為手機(jī)創(chuàng)造了新的用途。你可以用你的手機(jī)作為一個電視遙控器，從HDMI端口選擇設(shè)備作為一個媒體中心播放電影，或作為一個便攜式媒體播放器，流媒體音樂電臺。二、特殊要求開放的市場并不是手機(jī)唯一使用的地方。現(xiàn)代通信設(shè)備有許多軍事和私人用途。無論是專門建造的硬化設(shè)

6、備，超長距離的能力，或頂部的秘密級別的通信，對這些類型的設(shè)備來說，有許多特殊的要求。加固有時也被稱為強(qiáng)化，強(qiáng)化涉及改變裝置，使它可以應(yīng)用在比普通用戶可能會遇到的更激烈的條件下。經(jīng)常應(yīng)用在軍事上，這些設(shè)備可能需要在水下，沙塵暴，或雨中，或需要從很遠(yuǎn)的地方落下后仍然存活。這些設(shè)備必須能夠處理這些技術(shù)規(guī)范文件，以獲得軍事應(yīng)用的許可證。入口防護(hù)等級入口防護(hù)等級（IP）的代碼是一個對防止外部勢力壓迫的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了每一種分類中都含有2個代表其物理和液體保護(hù)程度的字符。如果沒有保護(hù)，一個X被放置在那個位置。第一個數(shù)字是對固體粒子和物體的保護(hù)。你可以得到第一個字符的最高等級是6。得分6意味著該

7、裝置具有完善的保護(hù)免受損害的接觸，以及不會進(jìn)入灰塵。二是描述了對液體的保護(hù)，特別是水。最高水評是8，說明設(shè)備可以完全淹沒任何時間在長度一米內(nèi)維持內(nèi)部不被損壞。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)代碼只是用于分類保護(hù)的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。在美國也存在國家電氣制造商協(xié)會（NEMA），超出防護(hù)等級。在美國以外，有擴(kuò)展的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)規(guī)范，以及完全新的系統(tǒng)。例如，德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稱為IP69K率耐高溫高壓。醫(yī)學(xué)醫(yī)療世界有自己的一套需求。醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)的信息和使用必須保密。在美國，病人和醫(yī)生的保密性是非常重要的，這些服務(wù)必須受到保護(hù)。在全國各地的醫(yī)院，安卓平板電腦操作包含敏感信息。病人的電子醫(yī)療記錄（EMR）包含病人的整個病史，這是敏感信息。為了保護(hù)這些設(shè)

8、備，信息被加密和鎖定。使用該設(shè)備的密碼驗(yàn)證，以及需要的二級身份驗(yàn)證，以確保身份。這些設(shè)備還具有功能屏幕和使醫(yī)療專業(yè)人員的生活更容易的設(shè)計(jì)。這通常意味著，又大又易于閱讀的顯示屏被應(yīng)用專門迎合醫(yī)療情況。虛擬化硬件是昂貴的，在一個單一的硬件設(shè)備創(chuàng)建虛擬平臺已成為一種常見的做法。這樣可以節(jié)省金錢和資源，因?yàn)槟憧梢栽谌魏螘r間替換虛擬實(shí)例而不接觸硬件。虛擬實(shí)例也讓您接入系統(tǒng)接口，而不需要任何特定的硬件。例如，在安卓模擬器上運(yùn)行的虛擬安卓設(shè)備允許用戶與應(yīng)用程序部署在實(shí)際設(shè)備上進(jìn)行交互。安全通信保持軍事通信安全一直是一個挑戰(zhàn)。在該領(lǐng)域的安全通信的發(fā)送和接收是一個非常困難的問題。相比反對力量，安全談?wù)撌且环N強(qiáng)大

9、的優(yōu)勢。困難的安全通信是多個問題的中心。你必須建立一個加密解密的方法，以盡可能小的延遲發(fā)送您的通訊。此外，你必須提供一些方法來決定誰能信任誰不相信。由于所有這些并發(fā)癥，在軍隊(duì)使用的硬件和軟件往往是多年后的消費(fèi)級產(chǎn)品。在安卓設(shè)備上，公司一直致力于開發(fā)將在戰(zhàn)場上使用的安全通信，以及在政府大樓里的安全通信。三、1型為了信息的安全使用，國家安全局（國家安全局）已經(jīng)認(rèn)證了1型設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)。1型認(rèn)證是一個嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪^程，涉及廣泛的測試和正式的分析。分析的一些領(lǐng)域包括加密的安全性，防篡改，制造和排放測試。（1）聯(lián)邦信息處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦信息處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（FIPS）認(rèn)證授權(quán)軟件和計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的訪問使用高度敏感和機(jī)密信息。有不同

10、的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)FIPS處理不同分類。例如，46-3 FIPS是美國數(shù)據(jù)加密標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（DES）的代碼，而FIPS 197是高級加密標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（AES）。四、連接世界的網(wǎng)絡(luò)現(xiàn)代的世界已經(jīng)變得非常依賴于固定的連接，很容易忘記有多少種連接存在。這些連接方式都有不同的好處和限制。重要的是要有一個扎實(shí)的技術(shù)了解如何操作這些方法，以為您的業(yè)務(wù)的需求找到正確的匹配。蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)是非常復(fù)雜的，即使是小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)也需要專門的硬件和軟件。蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)從點(diǎn)到點(diǎn)通過使用蜂窩塔傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。有移動通信蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)的全球系統(tǒng)中的兩個主要通信協(xié)議（GSM）和碼分多址（CDMA）。這些協(xié)議允許多個類型的數(shù)據(jù)流從一個設(shè)備到另一個。它們的數(shù)據(jù)包

11、括語音通話、短消息服務(wù)（短信）和多媒體信息服務(wù)（信息服務(wù)）。開放移動聯(lián)盟（OMA）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)和許多提供蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)的協(xié)議和服務(wù)規(guī)范。開放移動聯(lián)盟開放移動聯(lián)盟成立于2002年6月，作為一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的手機(jī)行業(yè)的機(jī)構(gòu)。OMA與各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)構(gòu)一起在移動空間負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)和許多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的創(chuàng)建。一些更值得注意的是第三代合作伙伴計(jì)劃（3GPP），第三代合作伙伴項(xiàng)目2（3GPP2），因特網(wǎng)工程任務(wù)組（IETF），和萬維網(wǎng)聯(lián)盟（W3C）。五、無線通信沒有物理連接的2個或多個端點(diǎn)之間的無線通信傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。這種連接的距離可以短到幾英寸甚至幾百英里。有許多形式的無線通信存在，其中最流行的是Wi-Fi，藍(lán)牙和射頻（射頻）。每一種方法都有

12、不同的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和問題。無線局域網(wǎng)如今Wi-Fi可以存在于幾乎所有的電子通信設(shè)備；它允許從一個無線接入點(diǎn)（WAP）的數(shù)據(jù)連接。Wi-Fi網(wǎng)絡(luò)有120英尺（36米）和300英尺（91米）之間的范圍，這取決于環(huán)境。Wi-Fi普遍使用的兩種主要類型是802.11b和802.11g。大多數(shù)Android設(shè)備支持Wi-Fi連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和本地網(wǎng)絡(luò)。當(dāng)使用Wi-Fi在安卓設(shè)備上時，任何移動數(shù)據(jù)連接將被暫停，直到連接丟失或Wi-Fi被禁用。在安卓設(shè)備上使用Wi-Fi通常意味著一個更快的連接速度和更少的延遲。藍(lán)牙藍(lán)牙和Wi-Fi類似，但是是由電信供應(yīng)商愛立信在1994年創(chuàng)建的一個新的無線技術(shù)。這是很好的傳輸數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)，

13、在短距離的安全性高。藍(lán)牙設(shè)備主要通過配對操作，專注于一對一的通信。在配對過程中，需要物理干預(yù)，以確保用戶已訪問設(shè)備的雙方，增加了安全性。藍(lán)牙支持直接的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，因?yàn)榫嚯x短和更高的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度，典型的藍(lán)牙設(shè)備作為接口或控制器被應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)中。這些系統(tǒng)包括耳機(jī)，鍵盤，鼠標(biāo)，和移動設(shè)備。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代的安卓設(shè)備支持藍(lán)牙，藍(lán)牙2或更高的服務(wù)。這些安卓設(shè)備可以傳音樂，面對面手機(jī)聊天，甚至用藍(lán)牙打造互聯(lián)網(wǎng)熱點(diǎn)。當(dāng)使用藍(lán)牙時，安卓允許您的啟用的設(shè)備作為一個服務(wù)器或客戶端。六、移動接口隨著新技術(shù)被集成到智能手機(jī)中，我們的移動設(shè)備的通信方式已經(jīng)改變了。而一個簡單的物理撥號盤不僅僅只是一個顯示，還包含現(xiàn)代手機(jī)的多點(diǎn)

14、觸控屏幕，振動電機(jī)，LED通知燈，復(fù)雜的噪聲檢測、揚(yáng)聲器、加速度計(jì)和物理按鍵。Android開發(fā)者使用Android SDK提供這些技術(shù)。觸摸屏全彩色觸摸屏是一種較新的，流行的技術(shù)，已接管了智能手機(jī)市場。是在移動設(shè)備中使用的最好的觸摸屏，支持高分辨率，多點(diǎn)觸摸，和無痕覆蓋。在移動空間電容和電阻的觸摸屏中，有2種主要類型的觸摸屏。電容電容式觸摸屏是由一個絕緣體組成，通常是被導(dǎo)電材料覆蓋的玻璃。當(dāng)一個手指接觸表面時，電子的電場被扭曲，并且電容被測量來找到觸摸的位置。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的結(jié)果，觸屏位置是非常準(zhǔn)確的，只需要一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)觸摸。對電容式屏幕的最顯著的缺點(diǎn)是某種電子導(dǎo)電材料在屏幕上操作的要求。這意味著為了工

15、作必須能導(dǎo)電（你的手套必須如此）！電阻電阻式觸摸屏，顧名思義，有2個柔性片覆蓋在一個電阻材料。其中一個表有傳感器水平運(yùn)行，其他的表傳感器垂直運(yùn)行。當(dāng)屏幕接觸時，精確點(diǎn)位于該線交叉的基礎(chǔ)上。任何對象都可以操作電阻式觸摸屏，但是，所需的力道是更大的精度是不準(zhǔn)確的電容觸摸屏。蘋果公司已經(jīng)選擇讓所有產(chǎn)品，采用觸摸屏電容觸摸屏。在安卓設(shè)備的市場空間，在電容和電阻的選擇上，設(shè)備制造商已經(jīng)開始分離。振動馬達(dá)觸摸屏是與移動設(shè)備進(jìn)行交互的一種方法。幾乎所有現(xiàn)代智能手機(jī)都有某種振動馬達(dá)。這個振動馬達(dá)包括一個較小的電動馬達(dá)，使其重量維持在一個不平衡的方式。當(dāng)電機(jī)試圖旋轉(zhuǎn)，通過平衡的重量的特性，使設(shè)備搖晃和振動。在安

16、卓系統(tǒng)中，開發(fā)人員可以完全訪問該電機(jī)，并隨時可以打開它。照明燈現(xiàn)代智能手機(jī)包含一個或多個燈，可作為一種輔助手段的通知。以Droid 2為例，光照后綠色的未讀短信的接收和藍(lán)色的無線電狀態(tài)的變化。任何安卓開發(fā)人員都可以修改該燈的顏色和狀態(tài)。加速度計(jì)許多現(xiàn)代智能手機(jī)都包含車載嵌入式加速度計(jì)。加速度計(jì)是一種電子芯片，在一個或多個方向上測量加速度。安卓系統(tǒng)使用內(nèi)置的加速度計(jì)作為檢測屏幕方向的一種手段。第三方開發(fā)人員已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展了這一技術(shù)并發(fā)展到應(yīng)用程序，作為輸入形式使用測量功能。傾斜傳感器與加速度計(jì)的許多方法類似，傾斜傳感器是一些現(xiàn)代智能手機(jī)包含的一個嵌入式設(shè)備。傾斜傳感器是用于在安卓系統(tǒng)作為一種替代的加速

17、度計(jì)，以確定該設(shè)備的當(dāng)前方向。硬件按鈕除了觸摸屏，許多手機(jī)都有物理按鈕，允許更快地訪問任務(wù)，如調(diào)整音量，設(shè)備休眠，返回到主屏幕，以及使用相機(jī)。當(dāng)一個Android應(yīng)用作為設(shè)備的重點(diǎn)時，這些按鈕可以被重新編程輸入進(jìn)指定的應(yīng)用程序。例如，在許多媒體應(yīng)用的內(nèi)部，音量按鈕的變化來調(diào)整媒體音量的大小，而不是手機(jī)的音量。七、概述安卓設(shè)備不僅僅是通訊和娛樂設(shè)備。它們被用于許多不同的方式，如與個人電腦的互動，我們的車輛控制、數(shù)字娛樂系統(tǒng)的交織，等等。潛在的擴(kuò)展超出了一般的消費(fèi)市場。為了適應(yīng)這些設(shè)備可以使用的所有可能的情況，有您必須解決特殊的要求。設(shè)備可以在水下和極端的工作環(huán)境中進(jìn)行加固處理，在敏感領(lǐng)域使用加密

18、保護(hù)，以測試和開發(fā)，甚至可以使用軍事力量進(jìn)行保護(hù)。這些都是有可能的，因?yàn)楣饫w網(wǎng)絡(luò)，允許設(shè)備在任何時候保持連接。正是這極致的光纖網(wǎng)絡(luò)，創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)代豐富的和不斷變化的數(shù)字世界。我們可以通過各種媒介與我們的設(shè)備進(jìn)行交互。高分辨率觸摸屏提供響應(yīng)和精確的控制，振動馬達(dá)可以告訴我們有關(guān)新的事件，以及內(nèi)置的傳感器可以檢測實(shí)時變化的設(shè)備方向。所有這些接口，和其他更多的接口，都是可供安卓開發(fā)人員使用在任何可能的方式中。2.外文原文Beyond the Mobile AppA Technology FoundationIn this business, by the time you realize youre i

19、n trouble, its too late to save yourself. Unless youre running scared all the time, youre gone. Bill GatesMobile devices are connected and involved in so much more of our life than just simple communications. Connected devices are all around us: Wi-Fi photo frames, Bluetooth receivers in automobiles

20、, and even wireless headphones. These devices allow us to stay up-to-date and engaged with all of our surroundings in a way that has never been seen before. Mobile phones allow us to interact with the world in a whole new way.Connected DevicesAs predicted by Kirk Skaugen, Corporate Vice President of

21、 Intel, over 15 billion devices will be connected to the Internet in the coming years. The Internet currently supports more than 4 billion connected devices, allowing for practically nonstop communication. The low prices of computer chips that power these connections have enabled a wave of connected

22、 devices. Devices that previously did not have wireless functionality now do, and that has changed how we interact with them. For example, modern televisions include wireless chips that allow them to receive streamed television and movies directly over the Internet.Home ComputingIt may feel like old

23、 news, but home computing is still a very legitimate and lucrative business. In a study conducted by U.S. Energy Information Administration, just fewer than 30 million Americans do not have a home computer of some kind. Compared to the 80 million Americans who have one or more personal computers, th

24、e United States is more connected than ever before. Applications on personal computers have come a long way since the creation and induction of smartphones into the marketplace. The ability to use and control your home computer from your smartphone, and vice versa, has taken off. You can view your d

25、esktop on the go, sync files and contacts from your phone to your laptop, use your phone as a remote control, or stream videos from your phone directly to your television.AutomotiveModern cars are loaded with tons of new technologies. You can watch television in the back seats, stream music over Blu

26、etooth, or make a hands-free call to anyone in the world. Smartphones have added even more functionality to the vehicles that we rely on daily. The ability to make a hands-free call over Bluetooth is often included in modern smartphones. This capability allows you to communicate with others while yo

27、u are on the roadlegally. GPS is another application inside of vehicles that is being used on smartphones. You no longer need a separate GPS device to map your route, which has significantly hurt the standalone GPS device market. Porting all of the functionality of these devices directly onto a smar

28、tphone adds convenience and ease of use. In addition, you can stream music to your vehicles speaker over the auxiliary port, find the cheapest gas in the city that you are passing through, and find things to do that are happening right now. Applications that interact directly with automobiles are ju

29、st starting to take off. As mobile phones get more powerful and vehicles are released with more technological interfaces, new smartphone applications will be created for this purpose.Digital EntertainmentA new age of digital entertainment is upon us. The connected nature of the modern world has crea

30、ted new possibilities and uses for entertainment devices and services. There are now multiple ways to stream television, movies, and music over the Internet, whenever you want. The entertainment industry embraces and encourages these services, often offering on-demand content for a subscription fee.

31、 With the addition of these capabilities, smartphone application developers created new uses for mobile phones. You can use your mobile phone as a television remote, as a media center that plays movies from the HDMI port on select devices, or as a portable media player that streams music from the ra

32、dio.Special RequirementsThe public side of the market is not the only place that smartphones are used. There are many military and private-sector uses for modern communication devices. Whether they are specially built hardened devices, extra-long range capabilities, or top-secret level communication

33、s, there are many special requirements for these types of devices.RuggedizationSometimes also called hardening, ruggedization involves altering a device so that it can be used in more intense conditions than regular users might encounter. Used often in military applications, these devices might be n

34、eeded underwater, in sandstorms, or in rain, or might need to survive impact after falling from great distances. Technical specifications document exactly what these devices must be able to handle in order to be licensed for military applications.Ingress Protection RatingThe Ingress Protection (IP)

35、Rating Code is a standard that classifies the degree of protection against outside forces. The IP Code standard specifies that each classification contain two characters representing its degree of physical and liquid protection. If there is no protection, an X is placed in that spot. The first digit

36、 is its protection against solid particles and objects. The highest rating that you can get on the first character is a 6. Scoring a 6 means that the device has complete protection against damage from contact, as well as no ingress to dust. The second character describes the protection against liqui

37、ds, specifically water. The highest water rating is an 8, specifying that the device can be fully submersed beyond one meter for any length of time without sustaining internal damage. IP Codes are just one of the various standards for classifying protection. Inside of the United States there also ex

38、ists the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), which publishes protection ratings. Outside the United States, there are extensions of the IP Code specification, as well as entirely new systems. For example, the German standard called IP69K rates high-pressure and high-temperature sit

39、uations.MedicalThe medical world has its own list of requirements. The information and use of medical data must be confidential. In the United States, patient-doctor confidentiality is taken very seriously and these devices must be protected. At select hospitals across the country, Android tablets o

40、perate with and contain sensitive information. A patients electronic medical record (EMR) contains the patients entire medical history, which is sensitive information. To protect these devices, information is encrypted and locked. Password authentication is required to use the device, as well as pos

41、sible secondary forms of authentication to ensure identity. These devices also feature screens and designs to make the lives of medical professionals easier. This often means large, easy-to-read screens, with applications specifically catered to medical situations.VirtualizedHardware is expensive an

42、d creating virtual platforms on a single hardware device has become a common practice. This saves money and resources, because you can replace virtual instances at any time without touching the hardware. Virtual instances also let you interface with systems without needing any sort of specific hardw

43、are. For example, virtual Android devices that run on the Android Emulator allow users to interact with it as if the application were deployed on the actual device.Secure CommunicationsKeeping military communications secure has always been a challenge. Sending and receiving secure communications in

44、the field is a very difficult problem. The ability to talk securely is a powerful advantage over opposing forces. The difficulty of secure communication is a multipart problem with few answers. You must establish a method of encrypting, decrypting, and transmitting your communications with as little

45、 delay as possible. In addition, you must offer some means for determining who to trust and who not to trust. Because of all of these complications, the hardware and software used in the military is often years behind consumer-grade products. On Android devices, companies have been working to develo

46、p secure communications that will be used on the battlefield, as well as in government buildings.Type 1The National Security Agency (NSA) has certified a Type 1 device, or system, for use with secure information. Type 1 certification is a rigorous process that involves extensive testing and formal a

47、nalysis. Some of the areas of analysis include cryptographic security, tamper resistance, manufacturing, and emissions testing.Federal Information Processing StandardA Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) certification grants software and computer systems access to use sensitive and highly

48、 classified information. There are different classifications of FIPS that deal with different standards. For example, FIPS 46-3 is the code for the United States Data Encryption Standard (DES), whereas FIPS 197 deals with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).The Cyber Fiber of Our Connected WorldT

49、he modern world has become very dependent on constant connectivity, and its easy to forget just how many forms of connection exist. These methods of connection all have different benefits and restrictions. It is important to have a solid technical understanding of how these methods operate, in order

50、 to find the correct match for your businesss needs.Cellular NetworksCellular networks are incredibly technical and complicated systems; even small networks require specialized hardware and software. Cellular networks transfer data from point to point through the use of cellular towers. There are tw

51、o major communication protocols of cellular networksGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These protocols allow multiple types of data to be streamed from one device to another. Their data includes voice calls, Short Message Service (SMS), and Multim

52、edia Messaging Service (MMS). The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) standardized the technical details and specifications for many of the protocols and services provided on cellular networks.Open Mobile AllianceThe Open Mobile Alliance was formed in June of 2002 and acts as a standards body for the mobile

53、phone industry. The OMA is responsible for the maintenance and creation of many standards within the mobile space, and works with various standards bodies. Some of the more notable are the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), the Internet Engin

54、eering Task Force (IETF), and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).Wireless CommunicationsWireless communications transfer data between two or more endpoints that have no physical connection. The distance of this connection can be as short as a few inches or as far as hundreds of thousands of miles.

55、Many forms of wireless communication exist, the most popular of which are Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and radio frequency (RF). Each method has distinct benefits and issues.Wi-FiWi-Fi is available on almost every electronic communication device produced today; it allows for data connections from a Wireless Ac

56、cess Point (WAP). Wi-Fi networks have ranges of between 120 feet (36 meters) and 300 feet (91 meters), depending on the environment. The two major types of Wi-Fi in common use are 802.11b and 802.11g. Most Android devices support Wi-Fi that connects to the Internet and to local networks. When using

57、Wi-Fi on Android devices, any cellular data connection will be suspended until connectivity is lost or until Wi-Fi is disabled. Using Wi-Fi on an Android device generally means a much faster connection speed with less latency.BluetoothBluetooth is similar to Wi-Fi, but is a newer wireless technology

58、 created in 1994 by the telecommunications vendor Ericsson. Its good for transferring data over short distances with high levels of security. Bluetooth devices operate primarily by pairing, focusing on one-to-one communication. Security is increased by requiring physical intervention during the pair

59、ing process to ensure that the user has access to both sides of the device. Bluetooth supports direct data transfer, and because of the short range and the higher data speeds, typical Bluetooth devices act as interfaces or controllers to existing systems. These systems include headsets, keyboards, m

60、ice, and mobile devices. Most modern Android devices are Bluetooth-enabled, with Bluetooth 2.0 or greater support. These Android devices can stream music, chat from phone to phone, and even create Internet hotspots using Bluetooth. When using Bluetooth, Android allows your enabled device to act as e