1、2002MBA備考-商務(wù)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)詞匯補(bǔ)充A business , company, or firm is an organization that sells goods or services. A business may also be referred to formally as a concern. Business is the production, buying, and selling of goods and services.A business may be referred to approvingly as an enterprise to emphasize i

2、ts adventurous, risk-taking qualities, and business in general may be referred to in the same way, for example in combinations such as free enterprise and private enterprise.Business is also referred to as commerce. This word, and its related adjective commercial, are often used to distinguish the b

3、usiness sphere from other areas such as government or the arts, or to distinguish it from nonmoney-making activities.注釋：Businnesss 商業(yè)業(yè)；生意意；公司司Commpanny 公公司；商商號(hào)Fiirm (合伙伙的)商商號(hào)；商商行Conceern 康采恩恩（壟斷斷企業(yè)形形式之一一）Coommeercee 商業(yè)業(yè)； 商商務(wù)Coommeerciial 商業(yè)的的；商務(wù)務(wù)的；商商用的Enterrpriise 企事業(yè)業(yè)單位FFreee Ennterrpriise 自由企企業(yè)Prr

4、ivaate Entterpprisse 私私人企業(yè)業(yè)From mulltinnatiionaals to smaall firrms 從跨國(guó)國(guó)公司到到小型企企業(yè)Largee coompaaniees aare refferrred to as corrporratiionss, eespeeciaallyy inn thhe UUnitted Staatess. Coorpooratte iis uusedd too deescrribee thhinggs rrelaatinng tto aa coorpoorattionn, oor tto ccorpporaatioons in gen

5、neraal, in exppresssioons likke tthe onees iin tthe nexxt eexerrcisse. Larrge commpanniess opperaatinng iin mmanyy coounttriees aare mulltinnatiionaals.Bigg buusinnesss caan rrefeer tto llargge bbusiinesss oorgaanizzatiionss orr too anny bbusiinesss aactiivitty tthatt maakess a lott off mooneyy. SSm

6、alll ccomppaniies aree reeferrredd too ass smmalll buusinnessses or smaall firrms.Unllikee soome lannguaagess, EEngllishh dooes nott haave an eveerydday terrm ffor smaall andd meediuum-ssizeed ccomppaniies, appartt frrom thiis rrathher cluumsyy exxpreessiion.注釋：Corpoorattionn 大公公司；股股份有限限公司CCorpporaa

7、te 法人；團(tuán)體MMulttinaatioonall 跨國(guó)國(guó)的；多多國(guó)的Big bbusiinesss 大大型企業(yè)業(yè)；大公公司Smmalll annd mmediium sizzed commpanniess中小規(guī)規(guī)模的公公司Smalll buusinnesss 小公公司Smmalll fiirm 小公司司Indusstriies andd seectoors 工業(yè)及及其部門(mén)門(mén)Businnessses mayy bee cllasssifiied acccorddingg too whhichh inndusstryy thhey aree inn: ffor exaamplle cconss

8、truuctiion, oiil, bannkinng, foood.SSecttor is sommetiimess ussed to meaan iinduustrry iin tthe samme wway, paartiicullarlly bby sspecciallistts ssuchh ass fiinannciaal jjourrnallistts, butt itt iss moore oftten useed tto ttalkk abboutt diiffeerennt ppartts oof tthe ecoonommy iin ccombbinaatioons su

9、cch aas ppubllic secctorr annd pprivvatee seectoor, or aboout typpes of bussineess in exppresssioons likke sservvicee seectoor aand mannufaactuurinng ssecttor.注釋：Indusstryy 工業(yè)業(yè)；產(chǎn)業(yè)業(yè)Secctorr 部門(mén)門(mén)；部分分Publiic ssecttor 公共部部門(mén)Prrivaate secctorr 私營(yíng)營(yíng)部門(mén)manuffactturiing secctorr 制造造部門(mén)SServvicee seectoor 服服務(wù)部門(mén)門(mén)P

10、ubliic ssecttor andd prrivaate 公共部部門(mén)和私私營(yíng)部門(mén)門(mén)When a pprivvatee coompaany is bouughtt byy thhe sstatte aand brooughht iintoo thhe ppubllic secctorr, iit iis nnatiionaalizzed in a pproccesss off naatioonallizaatioon. A nnatiionaalizzed commpanny iis sstatte-oowneed. Wheen tthe staate retturnns aa coompa

11、any to thee prrivaate secctorr inn a selll-ooff, itt iss prrivaatizzed. Thhis is priivattizaatioon.Thee fiirstt too bee soold offf inn a priivattizaatioon pproggramm arre oofteen tthe commpanniess reespoonsiiblee foor tthe pubblicc suupplly oof eelecctriicitty, watter andd gaas: thee uttiliitiees.注釋

12、：Natioonallizeed 國(guó)國(guó)有化的的Nattionnaliizattionn 國(guó)有有化Prrivaatizzed 私有化化的Privaatizzatiion 私有化化Staate-ownned 國(guó)有的的Selll ooff 廉價(jià)出出清Sell-offf 廉價(jià)價(jià)出售；拋售UUtillitiies 公用事事業(yè)；公公用事業(yè)業(yè)部門(mén)Stakees 份額；股份If Coompaany A oownss shharees oor eequiity in Commpanny BB, AA haas oor hholdds aa sttakee, hooldiing or shaarehholddin

13、gg inn B. Iff A ownns llesss thhan hallf tthe shaaress inn B, itt haas aa miinorrityy sttakee inn B.If A oownss moore thaan hhalff thhe ssharres in B, it hass a majjoriity staake or conntroolliing staake in B. If youu haave shaaress inn a commpanny yyou aree a shaarehholdder.注釋：Sharees/sstakke 份份額；股

14、股份Eqquitty 股股份；產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)；普普通股票票Holldinng 持持有；股股票額Shareeholldinng 持持有股票票數(shù)Shhareehollderr 股東東Holld aa sttakee 持有有份額Majorrityy sttakee 大股股東（550%以以上）CConttrolllinng sstakke 大大股東MMinooritty sstakke 小小股東Parennts andd siisteers 母公司司和姐妹妹公司A holldinng oor hholddingg coompaany is onee thhat hollds staakess inn onne

15、 oor mmoree suubsiidiaariees. If it ownns aall thee shharees iin aa suubsiidiaary, thhe ssubssidiiaryy iss a whoollyy-owwnedd onne.AA hooldiing commpannyss reelattionnshiip tto iits subbsiddiarriess iss thhat of parrentt coompaany, annd tthe subbsiddiarriess reelattionnshiip tto eeachh ottherr iss t

16、hhat of sissterr coompaaniees. A hholddingg annd iits subbsiddiarriess foorm a ggrouup.A coongllomeeratte iis aa grroupp coontaainiing a llot of diffferrentt coompaaniees iin ddifffereent bussineessees. Jouurnaalissts alsso rrefeer tto llargge ggrouups as giaantss. 注釋：Holdiing commpanny 控控股公司司Subbsi

17、ddiarry 子子公司W(wǎng)Whollly-ownned subbsiddiarry 全全資子公公司Parennt ccomppanyy 母公公司Siisteer ccomppanyy 姐妹妹公司GGrouup 集集團(tuán)公司司Congllomeeratte 聯(lián)聯(lián)合大企企業(yè)Giiantt 大企企業(yè)；企企業(yè)巨人人（新聞聞?dòng)谜Z(yǔ)）Predaatorrs, raiiderrs, andd whhitee knnighhts 掠奪者者、搶劫劫者和善善意合作作者The ttakeeoveer pproccesss iss offtenn deescrribeed iin ttermms oof oone ani

18、imall huuntiing anootheer: a ccomppanyy orr inndivviduual seeekinng tto ttakee ovver anootheer ccomppanyy maay bbe rrefeerreed tto aas aa prredaatorr, aand thee taargeet ccomppanyy ass thhe ppreyy. PPreddatoors aree allso refferrred to as raiiderrs oor ccorpporaate raiiderrs.A ccomppanyy wiishiing t

19、o ressistt, wwardd offf, or fennd ooff beiing takken oveer hhas a nnumbber of opttionns. It mayy deevisse pplanns tthatt giive exiistiing shaarehholdderss sppeciial rigghtss, oor iit mmay makke iitseelf lesss aattrracttivee too biiddeers by selllinng ooff a vvaluuablle ppartt off thhe ccomppanyy, oo

20、r hholddingg onn too ann unnatttracctivve oone. Acctioons likke tthesse aare poiisonn piillss.Or it mayy peersuuadee a friienddly parrtneer, a wwhitte kknigght, too taake a sstakke iin tthe commpanny, thuus pprevventtingg a commpleete takkeovver by a hhosttilee biiddeer. Biddderrs mmay agrree to wit

21、thdrraw theeir bidd iff paaid enooughh mooneyy foor tthe shaaress thhey holld iin tthe tarrgett coompaany. Thhis is greeen maiil.注釋：Predaatorr 掠奪奪者(惡惡意吞并并其它企企業(yè))PPreyy 獵物物(被惡惡意并購(gòu)購(gòu)的企業(yè)業(yè))Raaideer 掠掠奪者(惡意并并購(gòu)其它它企業(yè))Corrporratee raaideer 合合伙掠奪奪者Feend offf a bidd 阻止止收購(gòu)WWardd offf aa biid 阻阻止收購(gòu)購(gòu)Poisoon bbilll

22、毒藥(公司通通過(guò)給予予股東某某些特權(quán)權(quán)、或賣賣掉部分分有價(jià)值值資產(chǎn)，而而持有或或購(gòu)進(jìn)價(jià)價(jià)值不大大的資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)，從而而減少自自己對(duì)并并購(gòu)公司司的吸引引力)Whitee Knnighht指購(gòu)購(gòu)買(mǎi)公司司部分股股份以免免遭兼并并企業(yè)完完全兼并并的善意意和或者者。Greennmaiil 綠綠函交易易指兼并并企業(yè)以以增加股股票價(jià)值值為條件件撤回自自己向標(biāo)標(biāo)的企業(yè)業(yè)投標(biāo)的的交易。Leverrageed bbuy-outts aand junnk bbondds 杠杠桿收購(gòu)購(gòu)和垃圾圾債券In a levveraagedd buuyouut, or LBOO, aa coompaany is acqquirred

23、by a ggrouup oof iinveestoors, offtenn fiinanncedd byy heeavyy boorroowinng. Thee deebt is theen ppaidd ouut oof tthe tarrgett coompaanys ooperratiing revvenuues or by selllinng iits asssetss.Thhe bborrrowiing invvolvved in LBOOs iis oofteen hhighh- rriskk deebt callledd juunk bonnds.LBOOs ffinaance

24、ed bby jjunkk weere freequeent in thee 19980ss annd aafteer aan aabseencee foolloowinng tthe exccessses of thaat pperiiod, thhey aree noow ooccuurriing agaain.注釋：Leverrageed bbuy-outt 杠杠杠收購(gòu)LBO = Leeverrageed bbuy-outtJunk bonnds 高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)債券Jointt veentuuress annd aalliiancces 合資與與聯(lián)盟Two oor mmoree coompaa

25、niees mmay deccidee too woork toggethher by setttinng uup aa joointt veentuure or allliannce in whiich eacch hholdds aa sttakee.注釋：Jointt veentuure 合資企企業(yè)Alliaancee 企業(yè)業(yè)聯(lián)盟Mergeers 兼并When twoo coompaaniees ccombbinee, uusuaallyy voolunntarrilyy, ttheyy meergee inn a merrgerr.注釋：Mergeers 兼并Mergeer 兼兼并Re

26、strructturiing 企業(yè)重重組(11)A grooup conntaiininng mmanyy tyypess off buusinnesss iss diiverrsiffiedd. AA grroupps bassic bussineess acttiviity, peerhaaps thee onne iit oorigginaallyy sttartted witth, is itss coore bussineess. Seeparratee buusinnesss acctivvitiies mayy bee viieweed aas pproffit cennterr

27、s, eacch rrespponssiblle ffor genneraatinng pproffit.Bussineessees aare oftten enccourrageed tto cconccenttratte oor ffocuus oon ttheiir ccoree acctivvitiies andd too seell offf, sppin offf, oor ddispposee off noon-eesseentiial asssetss. TThesse aasseets aree offtenn reeferrredd too ass noon-ccoree

28、asssetts.A ssalee off asssetts iin tthiss waay iis rrefeerreed tto aas aa seell-offf, sppin-offf, oor ddispposaal. A sspinn-offf ccan alsso rrefeer tto aa buusinnesss thhat hass beeen spuun ooff.注釋：Diverrsiffiedd 多樣樣化；多多角化CCoree buusinnesss 核心心經(jīng)營(yíng)PProffit cennterr 利潤(rùn)潤(rùn)中心FFocuus 集集中經(jīng)營(yíng)營(yíng)Assetts 資資產(chǎn)；基基金No

29、on-ccoree asssetts 空空心資本本Selll ooff 拋售SSelll-offf 拋拋售Spin offf 剝離離；拆分分Spiin-ooff 剝離DDispposee off 處理理；變賣賣Disspossal 處理；變賣Managgemeent buyy-ouuts 管理層層收購(gòu)When a ggrouup iis rresttruccturred, thhe mmanaagerrs oof aa buusinnesss thhat is to be solld ooff mayy waant to buyy itt thhemsselvves in a mmanaage

30、mmentt buuy-oout or MBOO, uusuaallyy inn coombiinattionn wiith an orgganiizattionn prroviidinng ffinaancee inn thhe fformm off veentuure cappitaal.注釋：Managgemeent buyyoutt = MBOO 管理層收購(gòu)購(gòu)Ventuure cappitaal 風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資資Suitss 套中人人（在文文學(xué)作品品中對(duì)經(jīng)經(jīng)常穿套套裝的商商人、企企業(yè)家等等人的一一種非正正式而又又帶有輕輕微貶義義的稱呼呼）Peeoplle oof aall sorrts w

31、orrk iin bbusiinesss, andd thhe ttermms bbusiinesssmaan aand bussineesswwomaan rrefllectt thhis, reeferrrinng aas ttheyy doo too a widde rrangge oof iindiividdualls, froom tthe ricch aand fammouss riightt thhrouugh to smaall commpanny oowneers, frrom peooplee inn laargee orrgannizaatioons to thoose

32、whoo woork forr thhemsselvves. Buusinnesssmenn annd wwomeen aare refferrred to toggethher as bussineessppeopple. Whhen supppossedlly mmoree ccreaativve typpes succh aas wwritterss orr acctorrs ddeall wiith bussineessppeopple, thhey mayy reeferr too thhem, innforrmallly andd sllighhtlyy innsulltinngl

33、yy, aas ssuitts.Entreepreeneuurs andd tyycooons 企業(yè)家家和金融融巨頭AAn eentrreprreneeur （企業(yè)業(yè)家） is usuuallly ssomeeonee whho bbuillds up a ccomppanyy frrom notthinng: a sstarrt-uup （新創(chuàng)創(chuàng)）coompaany. Enntreepreeneuurs mayy onne dday beccomee tyycooons（實(shí)實(shí)業(yè)界/金融界界巨頭）, magnates（產(chǎn)業(yè)大王）or moguls（工商巨擘）: rich and success

34、ful people with power and influence who head big organizations, usually ones they have built up themselves and in which they have a large personal stake.Managgerss annd eexeccutiivess 經(jīng)理和和董事 A maanagger is sommeonne iin aa poosittionn off reespoonsiibillityy inn ann orrgannizaatioon. An exeecuttivee

35、（總經(jīng)經(jīng)理；董董事） is usuuallly aa maanagger at quiite a hhighh leevell. EExeccutiivess arre aalsoo exxecss, aan iinfoormaal eexprresssionn. PPeopple at thee heead of an orgganiizattionn arre sseniior exeecuttivees（高高級(jí)董事事/主管管） oor sseniior mannageers（高高層管理理者/總總經(jīng)理, toop eexeccutiivess（高層層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者者）orr toop mmanaa

36、gerrs（總總經(jīng)理）.Ladies and gentlemen of the board 董事會(huì)成員The people legally responsible for a company are its board or board of directors（理事會(huì)/董事會(huì)）.In the US,the head of a company may have the title president(總裁/董事長(zhǎng)). Again, the responsibilities of this post vary from company to company, and the post may b

37、e combined with another.In the US, a senior manager in charge of a function may have the title vice-president（副總裁/副董事長(zhǎng)） and may be on the board. One vice president may have responsibility for running the company, or maybe not, as the last example below indicates only too well.Executive directors（執(zhí)行董

38、事） on a board are high level managers of the company. Other directors are non-executive directors（非常務(wù)董事）, perhaps bringing their knowledge and experience to several company boards.Headhhunttingg 獵頭 Heaadhuunteers（獵獵頭者） are specialist consultants who search for highlevel, often board-level, executive

39、s and try to persuade them to leave their current job in order to go to work in another company. Managers found in this way are headhunted in a process of headhunting.Executives may be persuaded to move company by the promise of a golden hello（見(jiàn)面禮）:a large sum of money or some other financial entice

40、ment offered by the company they move to.Execuutivve ppay 主管人人員的收收入 Wheen ttalkkingg abboutt exxecuutivve ppay, coompeensaatioon（薪薪水）ccan reffer, coonfuusinnglyy, tto ttwo diffferrentt thhinggs:what topp exxecuutivves gett foor rrunnningg a commpanny. what theey gget on leaavinng aa coompaany.Apartt

41、 frrom sallaryy, aan eexeccutiives ccomppenssatiion pacckagge（工工資袋）can include: bonusses: exxtraa paaymeentss, ssomeetimmes, buut nnot alwwayss, rrelaatedd too thhe ffirmms perrforrmannce.beneffitss（福利利；津貼貼）annd pperkks（額額外津貼貼）raangiing froom ssharre ooptiionss（優(yōu)先先股票權(quán)權(quán)）, thee riightt too buuy tthe c

42、ommpannyss shharees aat aan aadvaantaageoous priice, too a chaaufffeurr-drriveen ccar.Remunneraatioon（待待遇）iis aalsoo ussed to tallk aabouut eexeccutiivess ssalaary andd beeneffitss.Exxecuutivve ppay-offfs 主管人人員的遣遣散費(fèi)AA coompeensaatioon ppackkagee foor aan eexeccutiive leaavinng aa coompaany is alsso

43、kknowwn aas aa gooldeen ggooddbyee（黃金金再見(jiàn)）, golden handshake（黃金握別）, or golden parachute（黃金降落）.Compensation for someone leaving a company may be referred to as a compensation payment, compensation payoff, or compensation payout（賠償金）.These payments may form part of a severance package（解雇金）.Severance pa

44、yments can be the subject of complex negotiations when an executive leaves, or is ousted（免職）: forced to leave.When executives are ousted, people may talk about companies giving them the golden boot（給被解職/離職的主管人員的補(bǔ)償金）.Numbeers peooplee 計(jì)算數(shù)數(shù)值的人人Bussineess orgganiizattionns oobviioussly neeed ppeopple w

45、hoo arre ggoodd wiith nummberrs aand commputterss.Peeoplle rrefeer, sliighttly offfenssiveely, too acccouuntaantss annd ootheer nnumeeratte sspecciallistts aas bbeann-coountterss（數(shù)值值計(jì)算專專家/會(huì)會(huì)計(jì)） or nummberrcruunchherss（數(shù)值值計(jì)算專專家）.Rocckett sccienntissts（這這里指由由金融機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)聘請(qǐng)請(qǐng)的專門(mén)門(mén)處理最最新的、極極為復(fù)雜雜的金融融工具的的數(shù)學(xué)及及相關(guān)學(xué)學(xué)科的高

46、高級(jí)專門(mén)門(mén)人才） are people with advanced qualifications in mathematics and related subjects recruited by financial institutions to work on new and extremely complex financial products. Managgemeent andd laabouur 勞資雙雙方Peeoplle wworkkingg foor aa coompaany aree reeferrredd too ass itts wworkkforrce（勞勞動(dòng)力）, em

47、ployees（雇工）, staff（職員）, of personnel（雇員） and are on its payroll（工資發(fā)放名冊(cè)）.In some contexts, especially more conservative ones, employees and workforce refer to those working on the shopfloor（車間）of a factory actually making things. Similarly, staff is sometimes used to refer only to managers and office

48、based workers.This traditional division is also found in the expressions white-collar（白領(lǐng)） and blue-collar（藍(lán)領(lǐng)）.Another traditional division is that between management（資方）and labor（勞方）.Persoonneel oor hhumaan rresoourcces? 職員還還是人力力資源 Thee peeoplle wworkkingg foor aan oorgaanizzatiion aree, fformmallly

49、, itss peersoonneel（職職員/人人事）. Inn laargee orrgannizaatioons, addminnisttrattionn off peeoplle iis ddonee byy thhe pperssonnnel depparttmennt（人人事部）, although this expression is now sometimes rejected. Companies talk instead about their human resources（人力資源）or HR and human resource management（人力資源管理）

50、or HRM.Hirinng aand firringg 雇傭和和解雇PPerssonnnel depparttmennts aree ussuallly invvolvved in finndinng nnew staaff andd reecruuitiing（招招聘）tthemm, hhiriing（雇雇傭?ffontt faace=Arriall, HHelvvetiica, saans-serrifhhem, orr taakinng tthemm onn, iin aa prroceess of reccruiitmeent. Soomeoone reccruiitedd iss

51、a reccruiit（新新進(jìn)人員員）, or in Ameericcan Engglissh oonlyy, aa hiire. Thhey aree allso invvolvved wheen ppeopple aree maade to leaave thee orrgannizaatioon, or firred（被被解雇）. These responsibilities are referred to, relatively informally, as hiring and firing（雇傭和解雇）. If you leave a job voluntarily, you qu

52、it（辭職）.Delayyeriing andd doownssiziing 延緩和和精簡(jiǎn)編編制Miiddlle mmanaagerrs（中中程主管管）arre tthosse iin tthe hieerarrchyy beetweeen senniorr maanaggemeent andd frrontt-liine mannageers（基基層管理理人員） or line managers（生產(chǎn)線管理人員）, the people managing employees.Middle managers are now most often mentioned in the context of re-enginee