1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業專心-專注-專業精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業01 地 理 學 總 論地理學統一地理學普通地理學系統地理學區域地理學理論地理學應用地理學元地理學地文學地質學古地理學地理學體系地理環境geographyunified geographygeneral geographysystematic geographyregional geographytheoretical geographyapplied geographymetageographyphysiographychorographypaleogeogpraph

2、ygeographical systemgeographical environment地理因子地理過程地理分布地理界線地理綜合地理考察綜合考察區域分析區域分異生存空間生存承載能力環境決定論災變論地球地球表面geographical factorsgeographical processgeographical distributiongeographical boundarygeographical synthesisgeographical surveyintegrated surveyregional analysisregional differentiationliving spac

3、elife-carrying capacityenvironmental determinismcatastrophe theoryearthearth surface地球表層地理系統地理圈景觀圈巖石圈水圈大氣圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技術圈北半球南半球地球體epigeospheregeosystemgeographical spherelandscape spherelithospherehydrosphereatmospherepedospherebiospheregeospherenoonspheretechnospherenorthern hemispheresouthern hemis

4、pheregeoid地理緯度地理經度北極南極極圈北回歸線南回歸線赤道時區日界線極晝極夜洲大陸洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic CircleTropic of CancerTropic of Capricornequatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar nightcontinentoceansea內陸地理單元區劃帶地帶區域地區小區inlandgeographical unitregionalizationbeltzoneregionareadistrict02 自 然 地 理學自然地理學綜合自然地理學普通

5、自然地理學自然綜合體地域自然綜合體自然地理過程自然生產潛力進展因素殘留因素三維地帶性水平地帶垂直地帶地帶性physical geographyintegrated physical geographygeneral physical geographynatural complexterritorial natural complexphysical geographic processnatural potential productivityprogressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonalityhorizontal zonevertic

6、al zonezonality非地帶性水平地帶性垂直地帶性地方性坡向陽坡陰坡山體效應綜合自然區劃雪帶亞雪帶高山亞高山山地azonalityhorizontal zonalityvertical zonalitylocalityexposureadret, sunny slopeubac, shady slopeMassenerhebungseffekt(德） ,integrated physicogeographicalregionalizationnival beltsubnival beltalpinesubalpinemountains荒漠荒漠化沙漠巖漠礫漠泥漠鹽漠戈壁綠洲景觀學景觀相自

7、然景觀土地desertdesertificationsandy desertrocky desertgravel desertargillaceous desertsalt desertgobioasislandscape sciencelandscapefaciesnatural landscapeland土地系統土地分類土地類型土地單元土地要素土地刻面刻面聯合體土地屬性生態地理學地生態學景觀生態學生態系統生態平衡生態區域生態小區land systemland classificationland type land unitland elementland facetfacet combi

8、nationterrain characteristicsecogeographygeoecologylandscape ecologyecosystemecological balanceecoregionecodistict生態地段生態區生態點自然資源可再生資源非可再生資源災害地理學自然災害ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resourcesrenewable resourcesnonrenewable resourceshazard geographynatural hazard03 地 貌 學地貌學地貌地貌年代學地貌成因地貌形成作用氣候地貌學動力地貌學地貌

9、量計學人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis, landform genesislandform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhill山山脈嶺峰山麓半島島嶼群島海峽地峽海拔（高度）相對高度山嘴盆地山間盆地mountainmountain range, mountain chainrange, rid

10、gepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude, height above sea levelrelative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin山間盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峽谷谷溝谷沖溝山形山志階地臺地洼地坡地intermountain basinmountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterrac

11、etableland, platformdepressionslope坡度基巖地貌過程侵蝕作用雨滴侵蝕剝蝕作用刻蝕溶蝕沖刷片蝕溯源侵蝕下切侵蝕側向侵slope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosionlateral erosion掏蝕侵蝕基準面總侵蝕基準面局部侵蝕基準面裂點沉積作用堆積作用堆積物

12、加積作用沉積相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌組合正地貌undercuttingbase level of erosiongeneral base levellocal base levelknick pointsedimentation, depositiondeposition, accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentary faciesgeneration of landformslandforms seriesbase levellandform assemblagepositive landform負地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蝕地貌夷平作用夷平面

13、準平面剝蝕面山麓侵蝕面山麓侵蝕平面山頂面侵蝕循環回春作用negative landformnormal landforminverted landforminversion of landformerosional landformplanation surfacepeneplaindenudation sufaceerosion surfacepedimentpediplainsummit planeerosion cyclerejuvenation相關沉積地殼均衡新構造運動構造地貌學丹霞地貌構造高原構造階地單面山方山豬背脊線形現象斷層崖斷層線崖斷層三角面correlated sedimen

14、tsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology“Danxia” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facet斷層谷斷塊山火山火山作用風化作用物理風化作用化學風化作用生物風化作用機械風化作用差異風化作用風化層殘積土殘積物殘積層風化殼triangular facetfault valleybl

15、ock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust正殘積風化殼碎屑型風化殼硅鋁粘土型風化殼硅鋁碳酸鹽型風化殼硅鋁氧化物硫酸鹽風化殼硅鋁鐵質和富鋁型風化殼剝落頁狀剝落塊狀崩落結殼作用塊狀崩落結殼作用鹽屑堆鹽屑錐orthoeluvial weathered crustclastic wea

16、thered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crustsiallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crustexfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone山麓堆積坡積物坡水堆積物土體蠕動滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流巖崩流水地貌學流水地貌沖積物沖積層沖積錐

17、沖積扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphologyfluvial landformalluvium，alluvial depositalluviumalluvial conealluvial fan洪積物洪積層洪積扇河床河漫灘匯水區流域分水嶺辮狀河曲流天然堤濱河床沙壩凸岸壩牛軛湖離堆山proluvium，proluvial depositproluviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplain

18、catchment areadrainage area，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershedbraided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar，sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core，meander spur河流階地河流襲奪河流錯位河流偏移風口縱谷橫谷風蝕吹蝕沙丘新月形沙丘流動沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘縱向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransvers

19、e valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune，wandering dunefixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune橫向沙丘拋物線沙丘蜂窩狀沙丘沙垅風棱石風蝕脊沙暴風蝕坑風蝕洼地干鹽湖基巖扇島山漠漆巖漆漠蓋層transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones，ventifactyardangsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock

20、 faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavement黃土黃土地貌黃土塬黃土梁黃土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯特地貌學咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蝕谷溶蝕盆落水洞溶溝loessloess landform“yuan”，loess tableland“liang”，loess ridge“mao”，loess hillbadland karstkarst geomorphologykarst landformkarstificationdolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren干谷豎井潛蝕作用洞穴堆積咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴學假咯斯特類咯斯特

21、泉華沉積石灰華海岸濱海岸地貌學dry valleyshaft underground erosioncave depositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinaclesspeleologypseudokarstparakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology海蝕作用海蝕龕海蝕洞海蝕臺海蝕崖海蝕柱岬角巖灘潮灘潮汐通道潮溝舄湖三角洲河口灣海灘marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcape

22、benchtidal flattidal channel， tidal inlettidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach灘脊灘脊型潮灘灘脊型潮灘平原沙嘴障壁壩濱外壩尖形灘尖形壩連島壩陸連島沿濱泥沙流海岸階地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁beach ridgechenierchenier plainsand spitbarrieroff-shore barcuspate forelandtuspate bartombolotombolo islandlongshore driftcoastal terrace，marine terraceeustatic

23、movementcoral reeffringing reef堡礁環礁大陸架大陸坡洋盆海隆海嶺平頂海山海溝海淵barrier reefatollcontinental shelfcontinental slopeoceanic basinriseoceanic ridgeguyottrenchabyssal deep04 氣 候 學氣候學氣候氣候資源太陽輻射反照射積溫無霜期降水蒸發干燥度熱水平衡風向風速氣候災害climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free per

24、iodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage，climatic hazard旱災水災風災雹災濕害熱害凍害冷害氣候分類氣候區劃氣候帶氣候區氣候型赤道帶熱帶drought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold damageclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zonec

25、limatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone亞熱帶溫帶寒帶濕潤氣候干燥氣候熱帶雨林氣候薩瓦納氣候森林氣候草原氣候荒漠氣候苔原氣候極地氣候高原氣候山地氣候大陸度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climatesavanna climateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau clim

26、atemountain climatecontinentality大陸性氣候海洋性氣候地中海氣候地形氣候學區域氣候地方氣候小氣候氣候系統行星風系信風季風梅雨臺風寒潮海陸風continental climatemaritime climateMediterranean climatetopoclimatologyregional climatelocal climatemicroclimateclimatic systemplanetary wind systemtrade wind，tradesmonsoonMeiyu,，plum raintyphooncold wavesea-land br

27、eeze山谷風干熱風焚風雨影氣候變遷古氣候歷史氣候年輪氣候學物候學自然歷城市氣候城市熱島氣候志mountain-valley breezedry-hot windfoehn rain shadowclimatic changepalaeoclimatehistorical climatedendroclimatologyphenologynatural calendarurban climateurban heat islandclimatography05 水 文 地 理 學水文地理學水文學水體水團河流學水利學水利經濟學水化學森林水文學都市水文學水文物理學古水文學土壤水文學hydrogeog

28、raphyhydrologywater bodywater masspotamologyhydraulicshydroeconomicshydrochemistryforest hydrologyurban hydrologyhydrophysicspalaeohydrologypedohydrology水文情勢水文過程水文測驗流域形態流域分水線河道坡降河道等級閉合盆地河網密度總蒸發水平衡陸面蒸發水面蒸發分岔系數河源hydrological regimehydrological processhydrometrywatershed morphologybasin dividechannel g

29、radientchannel orderclosed basindrainage densityevapotranspirationwater budget，water balanceland evaporationwater surface evaporationfork factorheadwaters水道網支流過程線流量過程線分割瀑布水平降水水循環水量交換徑流徑流系數年正常徑流量基流河床變形河流補給暴發洪水hydrographic nettributaryhydrographseparation of hydrographwaterfallhorizontal precipitation

30、water cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannual normal runoffbase flowriver bed deformationriver feedingflash flood洪水流水過程層間流壤中流河流數目定律疊加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量產流匯流產沙率退水曲線徑流模數產水量floodfluvial processesinteraquifer flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superpositiondischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerun

31、off generationflow concentrationrate of sediment productionrecession curverunoff moduluswater yield懸移質泥沙運動產沙量水位洪水位警戒水位水土流失水土保持澇暴雨徑流輸沙能力徑流變率地下水文學承壓地下水水力傳導度suspended loadsediment movementsediment yieldwater stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservationwaterloggingstorm fl

32、owtransportability of sedimentsvariability of runoffgroundwater hydrologyconfined groundwaterhydraulic conductivity入滲土壤水含水層自流水盆地深層地下水裂隙水地下水位礦泉地下河飽和帶湖沼學湖泊水文學湖流水質湖泊富營養化infiltrationsoil water aquiferartesian basindeep phreatic waterfissured waterwater tablemineral springunderground riversaturation zone

33、limnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake eutrophication人工湖鹽湖咸水湖淡水湖構造湖層結湖季節性湖泊火山湖高山湖游移湖熱湖微咸湖干涸湖完全混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketectonic lake，structural lake stratified lake seasonal lake volcanic lakealpine lakewandering lake warm lakebrackish-water lake extinc

34、t lake holomixed lake lake circulation湖水環流湖泊蓄水量冰川補給積雪水文學融雪水文學融雪徑流有潮河口無潮海波浪侵蝕地下水庫水資源供水水能lake circulationlake storagealimentation of glacieralimentation of glaciersnow hydrologysnow runofftidal estuarytideless seawave erosiongroundwater reservoirwater resourcesWater supplyhydropower06 生 物 地 理 學生物地理學生物

35、分布學生物分布分布區分布區中心分布區間斷分布區型擴散中心殘遺種區種群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeographychorologybiochoresarealareak centerareal disjunctionareal typedispersal centerrefugiumpopulationbiotabiogeocoenosishabitat小生境群落生境植物地理學植物區系生活型生活型譜水生植物濕生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群叢niche，microhabitatbiotopephytogeographyfloralife formlife form spe

36、ctrumhydrophytehygrophytemesophytexerophyteindicator plantindicator communityvegetationplant communityassociation群系植被型頂級群落演替針葉林泰加林落葉林常綠闊葉林硬葉林照葉林季風雨林雨林紅樹林苔原森林草原formationvegetation typeclimaxsuccessionconiferous foresttaigadeciduous forestevergreen broad-leaved forestsclerophyllous forestlaurel forest

37、monsoon forestrainforestmangrovetundraforest steppe草原高草草原薩瓦納普那高原草甸高山矮曲林森林上限樹線動物地理學動物區系地理阻障動物傳布華萊士線動物群落泛北極steppeprairiesavannapunameadowalpine krummholzupper forest limittimberlinezoogeographyfaunageographical barrierssynzoochorywallaces lineanimal communityHolarctic古北界新北界舊熱帶界新熱帶界東洋界 澳洲界PalaearcticNe

38、oarcticPalaeotropicNeotropicOrientalAustralasian07 土 壤 地 理 學土壤地理學土被土鏈土壤組合土壤復區土壤氣候土壤資源土壤退化土壤侵蝕古土壤森林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤pedogeographysoil mantlesoil catenasoil associationsoil complexsoil climatesoil resourcessoil degradationsoil erosionpaleosoilforest soildesert soildesert soil高山土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤頂級土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黃壤紅壤磚紅壤黑鈣土

39、栗鈣土棕鈣土 灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soilyoung soilmature soilclimax soilpodzolic soilbrown earthcinnamon soilyellow earthred earthlateritechernozemchestnut soilbrown soilgray desert soilbrown desert soil鹽土堿土solonchaksolonertz08 化 學 地 理 學化學地理學景觀地球化學地球化學景觀自成景觀從屬景觀殘積景觀水上景觀水下景觀chemical geographylandscape geochem

40、istrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscapeauxiliary landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscape水成景觀單元景觀生源景觀非生源景觀大氣遷移水遷移生物遷移機械遷移化學遷移標型元素標型化合物標型離子化學剝蝕aqueous landscape，aqual landscapeelementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbiolo

41、gical migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorphic compoundtypomorphic ionchemical denudation10 環 境 地 理 學環境地理學環境地球化學自然環境社會環境區域環境海洋環境環境系統環境結構環境要素環境演化環境背景值環境異常環境自凈environmental geographyenvironmental geochemistrynatural environmentsocial envi

42、ronmentregional environmentmarine environmentenvironmental system environmental structureenvironmental elementenvironmental evolutionenvironmental background valueenvironmental abnormalityenvironmental self-purification環境容量景觀損害環境退化環境效應環境污染大氣污染水污染土壤污染海洋污染環境經濟環境管理環境標準environmental capacitylandscape da

43、mageenvironmental degradationenvironmental effectenvironmental pollutionatmospheric pollutionwater pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollutionenvironmental economyenvironmental managementenvironmental standard環境質量環境質量參數環境質量指數環境質量評價環境影響評價環境質量綜合評價環境保護環境規劃環境區劃環境設計自然保護自然保護區自然資源保護生物資源保護environmental qualitye

44、nvironmental quality parameterenvironmental quality indexenvironmental quality evaluationenvironmental impact assessmentenvironmental quality comprehensive evaluationenvironmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regionalizationenvironmental designconservation of naturenature reservecon

45、servation of natural resourcesliving resources conservation水資源保護國家公園地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病protection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease11 冰川學冰川學積雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆雪線吹雪雪崩雪蝕陸冰冰山冰川冰蓋glaciologysnow coverfirnfirnificationfirn basinsnow linesnow driftavalanchenivationland iceicebergglacierice sheet冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物質平衡消融區積累區冰川隙冰川地質學角峰冰斗U形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice fieldglacierizationglaciationglacier mass-balanceablation areaaccumulation areac