1、Intercultural communication is communication between members of different cultures. Intercultural communication involves differing perception (感知)，attitudes and interpretations(解釋).Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with sy

2、mbols.Communication is a dynamic, systematic process and is symbolic.Communication thus can be defined as a behavior-affecting process in which one-person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience(receivers) in order to induce a particular att

3、itude or behavior.Characteristics of communication:Communication is an ongoing,everchanging activity.Interactive natureIrreversibleTake place in both a physical and social contextCulture:Culture is communication, and communication is culture.High-context and low-context cultures:High-context： betwee

4、n twins大家知道大部分的事情Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also status.low-context大家不知道很多事情依靠文字表達，through verbal communicationlow-context的人總是事無巨細都講講，讓High-context的人 impatient and irritated.中國 high-context美國 low-contextCulture dimension: Individualism-collectivism,

5、 Uncertainty avoidance, Power distance, Masculinity and femininity.Individualism-collectivism:每個國家文化都有獨立和集體化的一面。只是有傾向。High-Uncertainty avoidance避免很多不確定性，制定規則，避免不確 定的想法；low-Uncertainty avoidance：愿意冒風險Power distanceHigh- Power distance :人們是不平等的；low- Power distance:平等 的Masculinity and femininity：Mascul

6、inity :野心勃勃，男女不平等，對金錢的追求Femininity： caring and nurturing behaviors； 男的可以在家里； 男女平等;Culture and languageAchieving equivalence in translation:Direct translations in many cases are different: worde have more than one meaning; many words have no direct translations, cultural orientations can render a dir

7、ect translation into nonsensical results; culture may not have the background to translate experience specific to other cultures.Lexical equivalence:相同意思之間略微的差異Idiomatic equivalence:習語，歇后語的翻譯Grammatical-syntactical equivalence:Experiential equivalence:Conceptual equivalence: eg： I love u | I like yo

8、uMonochromic (M-time) and Polychromic (P-time)The culture organized time in one of two ways.M-time :德國，奧地利，美國Time is lineal，segmented，manageable時間是可以制定計劃控制的不能浪費時間P-time：Deal with time holistically同時做很多事情重視人而不是時間表破壞時間安排對時間的重視沒有m-time那么強生活是無組織的Intercultural perception （觀念，知覺）Stereotype :三種類型通過顯而易見的特征給人們分類：人種，性別等某一類別中的每一個人都有某些特征這些群體性特征歸因于每一個個體EthnocentrismCul