1、附錄設施蔬菜生產是一項密集型產業，它要求固定的人工和資本輸入。因此，蔬 菜加工企業要獲得成功，潛在的種植者應該仔細地考慮所有必要的系數時時刻刻 以各種方式為蔬菜生產的產量作出承諾。在溫室維護，種植業和處理緊急狀態等 方面都要求保持持續的警惕性。每4,000平方英尺的溫室里的莊稼大約在25到 30個小時時期內都要進行仔細照看。溫室設施也要不斷的進行維護和修理。有 選擇的在原來的基礎上對一些溫室進行更新換代。升溫、降溫和澆灌等日常系統 必須經常維護和定期檢查。另外，后備計劃和備用系統必須是到位的，他們是用 來應對任何一個主要系統遭到破壞后所可能發生的問題。如果在關鍵時候不能降 溫，加熱或者制止水分

2、的流失都有可能致使莊稼顆粒無收。隨著被用來維持生產 和作物種植的技術、資本和勞動力的投入，生產商開發市場必須支付相對更高 的價格使企業經濟效益得以實現。設施蔬菜的生產很難在價格上和露地種植的蔬 菜相競爭。但是，設施蔬菜可以更好的質量和它所具有的反季節性受到市場上 消費者的青睞。企業應該充分考慮消費者的個性和偏好。這就是上面所提到得一 天24小時的承諾。如果你不能以自己的特色去滿足顧客每時每刻的需求，那么 你就不能實現你的利益。另外，一個成功的設施蔬菜的生產離不開配套機械的合 理使用、熟練的生產技術、敏銳的商業洞察力。雖然設施農業生產是一項密集型 產業，它通過滿足消費者的需求而實現自身的效益。設

3、施蔬菜的生產和露地蔬菜 的種植相比最大的一個優勢是所需要的土地相對較少。另外如果設施蔬菜的生產 適應市場需求它的投資回收也會更好。方位的選擇在方位的選擇上幾個因素應該得到重視。無論什么時候建造，方位應該達到 或者接近所要求的水平。傾斜的方位也不是完全不合要求，但是他們會提高建造 成本，為和新的結構相適應，建造方位必須是水平或露臺。如果所選擇的地點允 許建造溫室則該地點必須是日常固定的。廢棄物的處理也必須引起關注。方位 應該選擇在靠近能源和水源的地方。舉個例子，水井里的水要比地表水好因為它 受到疾病和海藻污染可能性小。水在設施農業生產中起著關鍵性的作用，尤其它 是組成各種各樣的水耕系統中不可缺少

4、的一個。在作物循環之前水被用來測試肥 料的施用情況的。水在佐治亞來源于資源中的酸堿中和。另外，水里也許溶解了 重要的礦物質，尤其是鈣和鎂。城市污水系統可能會給生產者帶來麻煩，主要是 引起水的氫化，氫化了的水會不利于植物生長。勞動力的利用也是非常重要的。 雖然在種植業上許多工作具有重復性和繁瑣性，你不應該期待優秀的表現是建 立在一個低的工資級別上。設施農業對勞動力的要求主要是是嚴謹和熟練，或全 少要經過培訓，。從長期上講設施農業勞動力價格是相對便宜的并且來源也比較 穩定。同時也要考慮運輸條件和市場的接近程度。現代冷藏和運輸的發展減少了 設施農業對市場的依賴程度，當設備越接近于市場運輸費用越低。昆

5、蟲和疾病控制。葉菜類的蔬菜在溫室條件下生長最好的葉菜類是生菜。盡管生菜具有多樣性，但許多不同 的類型的生菜都能在溫室里栽種，包括特殊的類型。為溫室發展開發不同類型的 蔬菜是有利于溫室發展的。一種生菜能在大約35-45天內就能完成生長周期。 由于溫室生菜比露地生菜收獲期提前因此也比露地栽種的小。種子在75 F 的溫度下發芽，在2-3天內就會生長，當長到足夠大來處理的時候，他們被移 植到以生菜類型為基礎的生產系統中栽種，那是他們最后的生長的地方。在漂流 系統中，他們可能被移動兩次。第一次是種子被播種后的10到11天后被移到一 個16平方英尺的空間里，第二次是在播種后的21天再移植到一個有著41平方

6、 英尺的空間里。昆蟲和疾病控制現代的溫室設計已經嘗試將昆蟲和疾病問題減到最少或消除，以便植物可以 在許多情況下免除殺蟲劑自由地生長。阻止昆蟲進入溫室是控制昆蟲問題的最 好方法。植物應該每日對昆蟲群襲進行檢查。如果殺蟲劑是被用，殺蟲劑的材 料一定要經過仔細選擇，被限制在田間使用的農藥也可能也不允許在溫室中使用。 另外，就是確定的成分的殺蟲劑在應用時也要小心謹慎。例如，因為特定的材料， 在能乳化成分比較集中的殺蟲劑中，在溫室條件下會對植物造成很大損害。水和 營養物質的移動可以清除植物表面上多余的水，它可以減少疾病的發生。對容易 患病的植物通過植入疾病的抗體也可以減少疾病的發生。綜上所述，在藥劑的選

7、 擇上務必要謹慎。GreenhouseVegetable ProductionPrepared by George E. Boyhan, Darbie Granberry and W. Terry KelleyCooperative Extension Service The University of GeorgiaCollege of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesIntroductionGreenhouse vegetable production is a highly intensiveenterprise requiring subs

8、tantial labor and capitalinputs. Because of this, potential growers should carefullyconsider all of the factors necessary for a successfulenterprise.Greenhouse vegetable production is in many waysa 24-hour-a-day commitment. Greenhouse maintenance,crop production and handling emergenciesrequire const

9、ant vigilance. Every 4,000 square feet ofgreenhouse space requires an estimated 25 to 30 hoursof crop care and upkeep.Greenhouse structures require constant maintenanceand repair. Many of the selected greenhouse coversmust be replaced on a regular basis. Heating, coolingand watering systems must be

10、maintained and routinelyserviced. In addition, contingency plans andbackup systems must be in place in case any of thesemajor systems should break down. Even a one-day lossof cooling, heating or water during a critical period canresult in complete crop failure.Along with the essential skills, capita

11、l and labor tobuild, maintain and grow a crop, producers must developmarkets willing to pay the relatively high prices necessaryto make the enterprise economically viable.Greenhouse-grown vegetables cannot compete withcomparable field-grown crops based on price; therefore,greenhouse-grown vegetables

12、 often are marketed to buyersbased on superior quality and off-season availability.Finally, the personality and skills of the person or people involved in the enterprise should be considered.As mentioned earlier, this can be a 24-hour-a-day commitment.If you dont have the personality to commitand to

13、 be available day or night as needed, then this isnot for you. In addition, a successful greenhouse vegetableproduction operation requires mechanical aptitude,crop production skills and business acumen.Although greenhouse production is an intensiveundertaking, it can be very satisfying and rewarding

14、. Oneadvantage of greenhouse vegetable production is the relatively small amount of area required compared withfield-grown produce. In addition, the return on investmentcan be good if the requisite markets can be found.Site SelectionSeveral factors should be considered in selecting asuitable site. W

15、henever practical, the site should belevel or nearly so. Sloped sites are not completely outof the question, but they do raise construction costsconsiderably because the site must be leveled or terracedto accommodate the new structure.Zoning regulations must be checked to determine ifa greenhouse is

16、 allowed at the chosen location. In thisregard, care concerning waste disposal (irrigation waterrunoff, etc.) should be considered.The site should be near a power source and have aready supply of usable water. Typically, water from a wellis better than surface water because there is less likelihoodo

17、f disease and algae contamination. Water is critically important in greenhouse production, especially if one ofthe various hydroponic systems, as outlined here, is used.The water used in the fertilizer solutions must be testedbefore beginning the crop cycle. Water in Georgia canrange from acid to al

18、kaline depending on the source.Inaddition, the water may contain significant levels of dissolvedminerals, particularly calcium and magnesium.City water systems may be troublesome for growers, especially if the water has been chlorinated. Chlorine cancause problems for plants, particularly lettuce.Av

19、ailability of labor is very important. Althoughmuch of the work in crop production is repetitive andtedious, one should not expect suitable labor performance at minimum wage levels. Labor that is conscientiousand skilled, or at least trainable, is less expensiveand more reliable in the long run.Acce

20、ss to good roads and proximity to expected markets should also be considered. Modern refrigerationand transportation reduces the need to locate thefacility near markets, but shipping costs are reducedwhen the facility is nearer the expected markets.Leafy VegetablesThe most important leafy vegetable

21、grown undergreenhouse conditions is lettuce. Many different typesand varieties of lettuce can be grown under greenhouseconditions, including specialty types.Many varieties specifically developed for greenhouseproduction are available. A crop of lettuce can be producedfrom seed in about 35 to 45 days

22、. Greenhouselettuce is harvested earlier and thus is smaller thanthose grown in the field. Seed are germinated at 75Fand should emerge in two to three days. Whenseedlings are large enough to handle, they are transplantedto their final spacing based on the productionsystem and lettuce type grown. In

23、float systems, theymay be moved twice after seeding to an initial spacingof 16 square inches per plant after 10 to 11 days and to41 square inches per plant 21 days after seeding.Insect and Disease ControlModern greenhouse design has tried to minimize oreliminate insect and disease problems so that plants canbe grown pesticide free under many conditions. Preventing insects from entering the house is thebest way of controlling insect problems. Plants should be inspected daily for insect inf