1、CET-4 WritingTheory and Practice大學英語四級寫作：評分原則與評分標準 1. CET 4 檢查考生是否達到大學英語教學大綱規定的四級教學要求，對作文的評判應以此要求為準則。2. CET 4 作文題采用總體評分（Global Scoring）方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分（Reward Scores）, 而不是按語言點的錯誤數量扣分。3. 從內容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。內容和語言是一個統一體。作文應表達題目所規定的內容，而內容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而恰當地表達思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否會造

2、成理解上的障礙。4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分的給低分，包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評閱的全部作文卷中不應只給中間的幾種分數。5. 字數不足以應酌情扣分：（1）如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結束句，均不得計入所寫字數。（2）只寫一段者：0 4分；只寫兩段者：0 9分。（指規定三段的作文）2評分標準滿分為15分，分5個等級，即14、11分、8分、5分、和2分，閱卷人員根據閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數（如8分）相似，即定為該分數（即8分）；若認為稍優或稍劣于該分數，即可加一分（即9分）或減一分，不得加或減半分。具體評分標準為： 14分：切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順

3、，連貫性較好，基本無語言錯誤。漂漂亮亮 11分：切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。清清爽爽 8分：基本切題。表達思想比較清楚，文字上連貫，但語言錯誤較多，其中有少量嚴重錯誤。馬馬虎虎 5分：基本切題。表達思想不夠清楚，文字連貫性差，有較嚴重的語言錯誤。亂七八糟 2分：條理不清，思想紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數有嚴重錯誤。不知所云交白卷者，或作文與題目毫不相關，或只寫幾個單詞，則以零分計算。評分中對字數有要求。34. 四級作文命題規律44.1. 歷年四級作文題目1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness?1995.6 Advantages of

4、a Job Interview1996.1 The TwoDay Weekend1996.6 Global Shortage of Fresh Water1997.1 Practice Makes Perfect1997.6 Getting to Know the World Outside Campus1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities1998.6 Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?5.1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say “No”1999.6 Reading Selectively

5、 or Extensively?2000.1 How I Finance My College Education2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus2002.6 Students Use of Computers2003.1 It Pays t

6、o Be Honest2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident6.2003.9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured)2003.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friend2004.6 An Introduction for Tourists2005.1 A campaign speech2005. 6 In honor of Teachers On the Occasion of Teachers Day2005. 12 Should the Univers

7、ity Campus Be Open to Tourists?2006.6 An Announcement for a Voluntary Program74.2. 命題形式4.2.1. 提綱作文 提綱作文實質上是議論文，其下可分為四種類型： 現象闡釋型 : 2003年1月四級作文考題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words acco

8、rding to the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 當前社會上存在許多不誠實的現象； 2. 誠實利人利已，做人應該誠實。 8.問題對策型：分析問題，找出成因，提出解決辦法，題目實例如下：1997年6月四級英語作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100

9、words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 大學生了解社會的必要性； 2. 了解社會的途徑（大眾媒介、社會服務等）； 3. 我打算怎么做。9.觀點對比型：辨析兩種對立觀點，題目實例如下：1995年1月四級作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should wri

10、te no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1.有人認為金錢是幸福之本（source of happiness）2.也有人認為金錢是萬惡之源（root of all evil）3.我的看法10.論說反駁型：支持或駁斥一種觀點，題目實例如下：1998年6月四級作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on th

11、e topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有些人認為某些數字會帶來好運；2. 我認為數字和運氣無關，114.2.2. 圖表作文近十年來圖表作文只考過一次柱狀圖4.2.3. 情景作文的實質是記敘文，主要考過這幾種類型：A. 書信（1）告知信/ 建議信:2004年1月 四級作文真題Directions: For

12、 this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 建議報考的專業及理由；2. 報考該專業的基本條件；3. 應當如何備考。12.（2）綜合信2002年1月四級作文真題Direction

13、s: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:假設你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信，內容應涉及食堂的飯菜質量、價格

14、、環境、服務等，可以是表揚，可以是批評建議，也可以兼而有之。 13.B. 演講致辭2005年1月四級作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.A Campaign

15、 Speech1. 你認為自己具備是什么條件(能力，性格，愛好)可以勝任學生會主席工作，2. 如果當選你將會為本校同學做什么？14.議論文（共14題）現象闡釋型： 1995年6月，1996年1月， 1997年1月， 1998年1月，1999年1月, 2003年1月問題對策型： 1996年6月，1997年6月，2000年1月，2001年1月，觀點對比型：1995年1月，1999年6月，2000年6月論證反駁型：1998年6月圖表作文（共1題） 柱狀圖：2002年6月記敘文（共7題） 告知信/建議信：2001年6月，2004年1月 綜合信：2002年1月 綜合敘事：2003年6月，2003年9月

16、演講致辭：2004年6月，2005年1月，2005年6月154.3. 命題規律1）新：對傳統的三段論式作文提出挑戰，新的題型層出不窮。特別是2003年以來，先后考過交通事故目擊證詞、導游詞等首次出現的題目，所以僅僅依靠背誦套句變得越來越行不通。需要同學們重視提高自己的真正寫作水平，以不變應萬變。2）綜合能力考核：純粹的記敘、說明或議論文的考核被同時考核三種能力的綜合性題目所代替，如2003年9月份的考題，就要求考生在第一段敘述你的classmate生病或受傷的過程，第二段要求說明一下各方面對他的關心，第三段要求你對這個事件展開討論。這要求我們要全面發展自己的寫作能力，不可偏廢。3）實用：實用文

17、體的寫作出現得越來越多，書信作文屢次出現，2004年6月還考了一篇導游詞。這體現了四級作文對學生實際運用英語能力的關注，也是四級作文備考訓練的重點之一。164.4. 四級作文可能會出現的題目1）考試的命題作文大都是議論文結構，一般來說題目內容應該是考生所熟悉的，能夠有話可說的，如那些社會熱點問題就是經常出的題目。2）但不是所有的熱點問題都會成為考試題目?？荚囶}目還要和考試對象的文化背景，年齡特點相一致，所以有關大學生生活，學習，理想等的題目經常出現。3）作文題目會考慮到考生的語言水平，也就是說學生要求掌握的詞匯和結構能否足夠表達所考的題目。17.總的來說，根據學生要求掌握的詞匯，根據學生的知識

18、結構，年齡特點和文化背景，出題的范圍可大致如下：科學技術：計算機，克隆，電視，小汽車等對社會和生活的影響社會問題：如住房，交通，就業，犯罪，婚姻，環境，能源和廣告等校園生活：如學習方式，考試，課余活動，體育鍛煉，人際交往和興趣愛好等青少年問題：如父子代溝，抽煙吸毒，個人思想，職業選擇，文化教育和成功失敗等文化教育：閱讀，道德修養，出國留學，學生減負，教育與成長等18四級作文評判內容、結構、語言從內容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。作文應表達題目所規定的內容， 而內容要通過語言來表達，要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而合適地表達思想，也就要考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理

19、解上的障礙。內容要求不跑題即可，注意：1.不要妄圖以情動人;2.不要妄圖在構思上出奇制勝。結構：先寫主題句(Topic Sentence)，再寫分論點(supporting sentences)，最后寫總結句(Conclusion)如果有的話。語言最重要，往往使評分產生重大差異，語言要模仿和包裝。19語言a) 書寫卷面工整。（作文沒有草稿紙，也沒有打 草稿時間，要訓練一次寫成功。） b) 可以使用模版的句子，但不要全部套模板。 c) 單詞句子要有亮點，比如：I think可以寫成：in my eyes; I firmly believe; personally, I think. d) 無重大

20、語法錯誤。 如：Some people are begin; There are some people want ; Why happen these things? (Why+ 助動詞+主語)20寫完之后修改注意：(內容方面盡量不要修改)1、字母大小寫2、標點符號3、單詞拼寫4、主謂一致5、動詞時態6、名詞單復數215. 四級作文中的常見錯誤5.1. 詞層面5.1.1. 用詞搭配不恰當However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.However, the speed of a car is much hi

21、gher than that of a bicycle.In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it.The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smaller if one cannot speak English.The opportu

22、nity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English.22.In recent one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased.In recent one and two years, the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased.In the past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%.In the p

23、ast few years, the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 20%.Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting more and more crowded.Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting heavier and heavier.. 修飾語不當He neither speaks English nor Chinese.He speaks neither English nor Chinese.Without t

24、elevision, people cannot get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.Without television, people cannot immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.24.At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons.When I was six years old, my father

25、began to give me English lessons.Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has greatly improved.Since economic reforms have been carried out in our country, peoples living standard has greatly improved.To improve ones writing skill, regular practice is essential.To

26、improve ones writing skill, one must make a regular.255.1.3. 把形容詞和介詞誤作動詞This term well very busy.This term well be very busy.The cave like a room very much.The cave looked very much like a room.I very like this novel.I like this novel very much.265.1.4. 少用連詞I started to play table-tennis in middle s

27、chool, still play it now.I started to play table-tennis in middle school, and I still play it now.TV becomes an important part in out daily life. Because we cannot live without it.TV becomes an important part in out daily life, because we cannot live without it.. 指代不當People have been fightin

28、g against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless.People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless.Television provides us with a vivid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.By providing us with a vivid

29、, colorful world, television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.. 一致方面的錯誤Study hard now so that we can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century.Study hard now so that you can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century.One serious problem human being

30、s are faced with are how to use our natural resources economically.One serious problem human beings are faced with is how to use our natural resources economically.Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in se

31、ason.. 詞的誤用With the industrious development, there is a great need for different kinds of energy.With the industrial development, there is a great need for different kinds of energy.TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life.TV commercials have a profound influence on our

32、 everyday life.First we should use our natural resources in an economic way.First we should use our natural resources in an economical way.305.2. 句子層面5.2.1. 中國式英語Have money can do many things. 有錢可以做好多事情。There are many people do morning exercise in the park. 有很多人在公園里面晨練。His joke made me laugh to deat

33、h.I was quite amused by the joke he just told.Chinese people are devoting themselves to the physical exercise. Why? Because they think it is very important to their health.More and more people are spending part of their free time on physical exercise because they realize the importance of regular ph

34、ysical exercise.31.The price of the dictionary is too expensive.The price of the dictionary is too high.Smoking cigars will do harm to our body.Smoking cigars will do harm to our health.Reading books can acquire knowledge.Through reading one can acquire knowledge.Now people go abroad is not easy.It

35、is not easy for people to go abroad now.Nowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more.Nowadays more and more young people who seek to go abroad.The chief reasons for the change have five points.There are five main reasons for the change.. 句子結構不完整，不平衡TV becomes an imp

36、ortant part in our daily life. Because we cannot live without it.TV becomes an important part in our daily life because we cannot live without it.A park is a place where everyone can have a good time or just to be sitting around doing nothing.A park is a place where everyone can have a good time or

37、just sit around doing nothing.5.2.3. 懸垂修飾語While reading the paper last night, an article on solar energy attracted my attention.While reading the paper, I became interested in an article on solar energy.. 主謂不一致集合名詞（army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, gove

38、rnment, group, party, population, public, staff, team等）作主語，如果指整體，則謂語動詞用單數；如果指具體成員，則謂語動詞用復數。表示時間、距離、價格等的復數名詞或短語，如果強調整體，謂語動詞用單數；如果強調具體數量，則謂語動詞用復數。單數名詞如果跟著along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等時，謂語動詞用單數。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等連接的名

39、詞作主語時，謂語動詞需要與最近的那個主語保持一致。Tom is one of the students who does not take applied mathematics.Tom is one of the students who do not take applied mathematics.. 贅言問題In my opinion, I believe the free medical system us un need of reform.In my opinion, the free medical system us un need of reform.In

40、general, young people in these days tend to remain single.Young people in these days tend to remain single.The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there.The reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is no pollution nor noise

41、there.We must cooperate together to make our cities greener and cleaner.We must work together to make our cities greener and cleaner.35.5.3 語篇層面 偏離主題 段落缺乏統一性 缺少連貫性5.4. 語法方面 語態，比較級，非謂語形式，冠詞用法，可數不可數名詞，不定代詞單復數，時態5.5. 標點用法365.6. 拼寫錯誤environment（環境，容易寫成enviroment）government（政府，容易誤拼成goverment）modern（現代的，容

42、易拼成morden） respectable（受人尊敬的），respectful（尊敬別人的），respective（各自的）economic（有關經濟的），economical（節儉的）delighted（感到高興的），delightful（使人高興的）37.historic（有歷史意義的），historical（關于歷史的）considerate（關心別人的），considerable（相當大的，相當多的）sensible（合理的，可感知的），sensitive（敏感的）credible（可信的），credulous（容易輕信的）continual（持續的，中間有間隔），continuou

43、s（持續的，中間沒有間隔）satisfied（滿意的），satisfactory（令人滿意的）farther（更遠，表示距離），further（更進一步，表示程度）imaginary（虛構的，想象中的），imaginative（想象力豐富的），imaginable（可以想象的）38評分樣卷 (1)Women in the Modern World Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In today, many women have a work. They worked as well as m

44、en playing an important part in factories. There are many women in govener also. They lead other people comtral, and make out plans. There are many women scientist also. They event new things to improve our life.39評分樣卷 (1) With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been

45、 improved as well. In ancient, womens position in family is pity. They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do. But now it is changed. They are equal to her husband. They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion things with her husband, do what she wants to d

46、o.40評分樣卷 (1) In spite of these changes, the liberation of woman has not been completely realized. We also should realize, womens likerty are limited. For example, many factories want men become its workers but the chance of women is less than men. Everyone should do their best to change this conditi

47、on. Im sure, the liberation of women would be increased.5分基本切題，表達不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴重錯誤。41評分樣卷（2） Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. Many women today are playing an important part at works that was thought only could be done by the men before. For example, some women are n

48、ot secretary in the office, instead , they become manager of a company.42評分樣卷（2） With the changes in their social role, womans position in the family has been improved as well. In the world today, more and more women have their own jobs. They get their own salary, and become more independent from th

49、eir husband. With the economic situation improved, their family position is improving.43評分樣卷（2） In spite of these changes, the liberation of woman has not been completely realized. Many husbands only want his wife to stay at home, and do some works or do some shopping. They only want their wife to b

50、e a housewife, but not a manager of a company.8分基本切題，思想表達尚清楚，基本連貫，有個別嚴重的語言錯誤及用詞不當，但可以理解。44評分樣卷（3） Women are playing an increasing important part in society today. More and more women go to work to earn money instead of keeping the house or looking after the children. Women have entered many fields o

51、f society including scientific field. As we know, many women sports teams have won the worlds champion such as Chinese Womens Volleyball Team.45評分樣卷（3） With the changes in their social role, womans position in the family has been improved as well. Husbands are not the masters of wives in many places

52、. Husbands and wife are equal now. They join together to overcome difficulties and share happiness.46評分樣卷（3） In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. Also in some places, women are considered being “things” belong to men. They have little chance to find jo

53、bs. They dont get equal pay for equal job. This is a problem must be solved not only by society but also by women themselves.11分切題，思想表達清楚，連貫。有個別句子結構錯誤及少量其他語言方面的錯誤47評分樣卷（4） Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In many countries, more and more women are acting as workers,

54、 farmers, scientists and even leaders. We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done perfectly by women. Women are no longer looked down upon by society.48評分樣卷（4） With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equa

55、l in the family. They cope with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each other. Also, you can hardly find out that in todays families, women are being busy with dinners, whereas men are comfortably sitting in armchairs, reading newspapers.49評分樣卷（4） In spite of these changes, th

56、e liberation of woman has not been completely realized. A number of men still jealously guard their rights, and regard women as incapable creature. Few women are allowed to attend important international meeting dominated by men. Thats really the problems we should solve immediately.14分切題，文章通順，語言規范。

57、句法有一定變化，用詞適當。有個別小錯，但不影響理解。50Stop Smoking（1）吸煙的問題越來越受到人們的關注（2）吸煙的害處（3）你的想法51Stop Smoking (1) There has never been an agreement as to the issue of smoking. (2) Recently, however, more and more people begin to pay attention to this question, and some even write to the government calling for policies to

58、 stop smoking. (3) They have realized that smoking does great harm to the health of smokers and non smokers as well.52Stop Smoking (4) The harm of smoking can be seen from the following. (5) First, it can cause cancer. A recent survey by the WHO shows, of the diseases which cause death every year, n

59、early one third has to do with smoking. (6) Second, it pollutes the environment. Cigarettes ends may dirty our air and water.(7) Third, it causes great waste of money. Is it wise to spend nearly thirty yuan each day for something which will kill you eventually?(8) In short, smoking does great harm t

60、o health. (9) It is high time that effective measures be taken to stop smoking.53 寫作過程提示 合理的時間分配 （3分鐘構思+24分鐘寫作+3分鐘檢查） 3分鐘構思很重要，你可以： 如何開頭，如何發展，如何結尾。 每一段的主題句topic sentences 每一段的如何發展，1，2，3，4；如何舉例。 確定句型，短語選擇等。 對語言和結構的要求 結構清晰，中心明確，邏輯正確， 語句通順流利，語言豐富地道54語法檢查1. 動詞 時態，語態是否正確2. 名詞 單數、復數、可數、不可數，專有名詞大小寫3. 主謂一致