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1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上獨立主格結構獨立主格結構(Independent Genitive)有兩部分組成,前一部份是或者代詞,后一部分是非(不定式、動名詞和)或形容詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語,多用于書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。非謂語動詞作狀語,其邏輯須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致,非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語,從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為“獨立結構”。其中,非謂語動詞主動用現在分詞,被動用過去分詞。 非謂語動詞及其短語前面帶有邏輯主語,邏輯主語的又是主格,故常稱為“獨立主格”。“獨

2、立結構”在句中起狀語作用,相當于狀語從句,表示時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨等情況。 功能獨立主格結構主要用于描繪性文字中,其作用相當于一個,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如: 表示時間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會后我們都回家了。 Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下來喝茶。 表示條件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。 表示原因There

3、being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車,我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。 表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of a

4、ll.) 用法獨立主格結構主要表示發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。 用作時間狀語The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我們就回家了。 用作條件狀語Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。 用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow

5、 (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦后。 表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts, each man wor

6、king like two. 我們加倍努力,一個人干兩個人的活。 *注:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當于一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當于一個并列句,通常放于句末。 形式1一般獨立主格形式:與主句邏輯關系松散形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + ; n. + ; n. + 副詞. ; 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞名詞/主格代詞與之間是主謂關系。 如: The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to

7、say. 姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊游。 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關系。 如: The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決,質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were bro

8、ken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。 名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系,且強調的是一次具體性的動作。 如: He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后,一個回了家,一個去了書店。

9、 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如: An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難,無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席,會議不得不取消。 名詞/主格代詞+副詞如: He put on his sweater, wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如: The boy goes

10、to the classroom, book in hand (=with a book in his hand). 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door (=back towards door). 靠近火爐坐著,背對著門。 2with 引導的獨立主格:與主句邏輯關系緊密 形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介詞短語 3each引導的強調型獨立主格:尾的復數名詞 形式為:句子 + 復數名詞結尾 , each + 介

11、詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the companys basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive. 4其他形式 There being +名詞(代詞)如: There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。 There being no further bu

12、siness, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會。 It being +名詞(代詞)如: It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節的緣故,政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是,所有商店都關門了。 特點1)獨立主格結構的與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。 2)名詞或代詞與后面的,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,等是主謂關系。 3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例: The test

13、 finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了,我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to v

14、isit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會議結束后,每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館 注:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞wit

15、h。 如: Dont sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病,我無法去度假。 He sat there with his e

16、yes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服,我無法出門了。 特殊當獨立主格與主句主語不同時可有:eg: We walking through the garden, the flowers are beautiful. 注意事項1.獨立主格轉換成狀語從句,當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After

17、class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后,學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去做了禮拜。 (2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to g

18、o home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室,手里拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較復合結構

19、。) 示例請看下面一道題: Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此題很容易誤選B,許多同學會認為句中逗號后是一個非限制性的,whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其后的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質上是錯的,原因是空格后根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞,但它們都是非謂語動詞。也

20、許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞,但是注意,seat 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其后要么接,要么它就用于,所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is,則可以選擇B(當然若將 seated 改為sitting,也應選擇A)。所以此題最佳答案選A。 請再看一個類似的例子: (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were tran

21、slated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)應選B,而不能選C,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞),若選C,則該從句無謂語;第(2)應選C,該句是典型的,因為該句修飾的是前面的novels,即指物,所以只能用which做of的賓語,故本題選C。 再請看下面一例: (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. th

22、at 【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同,兩句間多了一個并列連詞and,說明這是一個并列句,故應選B,則不能選C。 請做做以下三題(答案均為B): (1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.(獨立主格結構) A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners. (非限制性定語從句) A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several p

23、eople, and two of _ were foreigners.(兩個句子) A. which B. them C. whom D. that非限制性定語從句的五個“不能”一、 非限制性定語從句通常不能用that引導。如: 1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜歡這本書,這是昨天買的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜歡昨天買的那本書。 二、 非限制性定語從句不能用why引導。要用for which代替why。如: 1. I had told t

24、hem the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已經把理由告訴了他們,為此我沒有去開會。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告訴了他們我不去開會的理由。(限制性定語從句“the reason why.”是常見搭配。) 三、 非限制性定語從句置于句首時,不能用which引導。關系代詞as引導非限制性定語從句位置比較靈活,可以放主句前,也可以放主句后。如: 1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所預料

25、的,他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她聽到一個可怕的聲音,這讓她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 四、 非限制性定語從句由“介詞+關系代詞”引導時,其中的關系代詞不能用as。如: 1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車,他父親對此很生氣。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat

26、 some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活,隨后我坐著看了一會兒報紙。 五、 在非限制性定語從句中,指人的關系代詞作賓語時,只能用賓格whom; 不能用who替換,也不能省略。如: 1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你認識湯姆嗎? 我們談到過他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 這本書會給你提供所有你需要的資料,它在任何一家書店都能買到。(非限制性定

27、語從句中引導詞在從句中作賓語,無論指人還是指物都不能省略。)由who、whom、whose引導的非限制性定語從句1. who引導的非限制性定語從句Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.我們的向導,一個法裔加拿大人,擅長于烹調。Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.后來他遇到瑪麗,瑪麗邀請他去參加晚會。My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.我家的園丁

28、非常悲觀,他說今年將不結蘋果。2. whom引導的非限制性定語從句關系代詞whom用于指人,在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語,作介詞賓語時,介詞可位于句末。如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得現在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見過他。Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科學家,我從他那兒學了許多東西。3. whose引導的非限制性定語從句whose是關系代詞who的所有格形式,在從句中作定語。whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生

29、命的事物。如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩學習很努力,他的父親是位工程師。Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在樹林的高處是山,其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.這劇本是那個時期的典型作品,風格拘謹刻板。反義疑問句反義(

30、The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑問句。它表示提問人的看法,沒有把握,需要對方證實。 反義疑問句由兩部分組成:前一部分是一個,后一部分是一個簡短的疑問句,兩部分的人稱時態應保持一致。句型解釋 1陳述部分肯定式+疑問部分否定式 可記為 前肯后否定. 2陳述部分否定式+疑問部分肯定式 可記為 前否后肯定. They work hard, dont they? 句子類型:一種是反義的附加疑問句,一種是非反義的附加疑問句。 讀法規則附加疑問句陳述部分用降調,問句部分可升可降。提問者對陳述部分把握較大時,問句部分用降調;反之用升調。 速記方法前肯后否,前否后肯,前be后be,前

31、無be后助,時態一致。 主語一般詞語附加疑問句中用和主句一致的主語,用。 附加疑問句隨從句。 不定代詞當陳述部分的主語時 ( 1 )用one時,后面的可用one/he. (2)everything, anything, nothing, something時, 附加疑問句中主語用it 不用 they (3)this, that,或those, these時,附加疑問句中主語用it或they. (4)everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,anyone,nobody等,附加疑問句中主語一般用he(書面語)/they(口頭語). (5)不定式,其他短語,附加疑問句中

32、主語一般用it。 (6)在there be句型中,附加疑問句中主語一般用be/情態動詞/+there。 特殊句型否定意義的詞否定意義的詞 (1)當陳述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing,none, rarely 等否定意義的詞匯時,后面的則為肯定形式: There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? (2)當陳述部分含有否定意思的詞是unhapp

33、y, dislike, unfriendly, nothing等含有否定詞綴的,也就是有un, dis, no-前綴、less-后綴等含有而意思否定的詞,當做肯定句處理,疑問部分要用否定形式。如: He looks unhappy, doesnt he? 他看上去不高興,不是嗎? The girl dislikes history, doesnt she? 這女孩不喜歡歷史,不是嗎?有less, fewer等詞視為肯定詞,疑問部分用否定形式。如:There will be less pollution, wont there? 表示主語主觀意愿的詞含有think, believe, suppo

34、se, imagine, expect等動詞后接構成的在構成反意疑問句時,視情況不同有兩種不同的構成方式。 (1)當主句的主語為時,其后的簡短問句應與從句相一致。例如: I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you? 值得注意的是,當這些動詞后接的賓語從句的否定轉移到主句時,其仍屬,故其后的簡短問句應用肯定式,而非否定式。例如: I dont believe that he can translat

35、e this book, can he? We dont imagine the twins have arrived, have they? 此類句子的回答同前否后肯型反意疑問句一樣,如上述后一個句子,若雙胞胎已經到了,則回答為Yes, they have.;若尚未到達,使用No, they havent.。 (2)當主句的主語為第二、三人稱時,其后的簡短問句則應與主句相一致(此時,否定只看主句,與從句無關)。例如: Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have complete

36、d the project, didnt you? They dont believe shes an engineer, do they? She doesnt expect that we are coming so soon, does she? (3)但如果主句的時態是過去時等等,疑問句應和主句的人稱時態保持一致。 had better或have陳述部分有had better, 或其中的have表示時,疑問句應用hadnt等開頭: Youd better get up early, hadnt you? 其他情況句中有have時疑問句應用dont等開頭 如have表示“有”的時候,有兩

37、種形式:(have 表示有 可用do或 have來改寫) -He has two sisters, doesnt he? =He has two sisters, hasnt he? -He doesnt have any sisters, does he? 祈使句當陳述部分是時,疑問句要根據來表達,分三種情況: 1)一般情況下用will you 或 wont you。 Give me a hand, will you? Leave all the things as they are, wont you? 2)以Lets開頭的祈使句,前肯后可肯可否,前否后只用will you,疑問句必須用s

38、hall we;只有以Let us(聽話人不被包括在“us”里面)或Let me開頭的祈使句,問句才用will you。 Let us know the time of your arrival, will you? Lets try again, shall we? Let me help you, will you? Lets have a look on your book,shall we? 3)當陳述句是否定的祈使句時,問句可用will you 或 can you 。 e.g. Dont make much noise, will/can you? There be句型There b

39、e 句型中,反義疑問部分必須為be 動詞 + there There are some apples in the basket, arent there? There isnt any milk left, is there? must.當陳述部分有情態動詞must,問句有4種情況: (1)mustnt表示“禁止,不可,不必”時,附加問句通常要用must. You mustnt stop your car here, must you? 你不能把車停在這地方,知道嗎? (2)must表示“有必要”時,附加問句通常要用neednt. They must finish the work toda

40、y, neednt they? 他們今天要完成這項工作,是嗎? (3)當must用來表示對現在的情況進行推測時,問句通常要根據must后面的動詞采用相應的形式。 He must be good at English, isnt he? 他英語一定學得很好,是嗎? (4)當must+have done表示對過去的情況進行推測(一般句中有明確的過去),問句要根據陳述部分的情況用“didnt+主語”或“wasnt/werent+主語”;如果強調動作的完成(一般沒有明確的過去時間狀語),問句要用“havent/hasnt+主語”。 She must have read the novel last w

41、eek, didnt she? 她上星期一定讀了這本小說,是嗎? You must have told her about it, havent you? 你一定把這事告訴她了,是嗎? 非反義疑問句非反義疑問句的陳述部分和疑問部分要么同是肯定的,要么同是否定的。這類反義疑問句有時帶有感情色彩,表示驚奇,憤怒,諷刺,不服氣等。例如:You call this a days work,do you?你說這就叫一天的活兒,是嗎? 回答反意疑問句的回答:前肯后否,正常回答;前否后肯,根據事實從后往前翻譯。如: (1)They work hard, dont they?他們努力工作,不是嗎? Yes, they do.對,他們工作努力。/No, they dont.不,他們工作不努力 (2)They dont work hard, do they? 他們不太努力

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