1、全球化的缺點:?經濟上，發展中國家的勞動力被剝削，資源被取用，而產品卻不能夠進人發達國家，國內產業受到外商和外企 的沖擊；？社會上，外國的產品流人一個國家，會改變人們的生活習慣和購買習慣；年輕人比較喜歡外同產品，比 如說食品、衣服、電子產品和娛樂方式；?文化上，本土文化會被削弱，本土語言會受到威脅，文化多樣性會逐步損失；?環境上，工業化生產和交通量的加大會增加溫室氣體的排放；游人的增多會對自然環境構成威脅。練習5Topic 1: Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or t

2、o increase tension between people from different countries?外來人口的增加有利于文化的交流：?游客或者移民都具備經濟利益和價值(commercial interest and economic value);而外同人的停留時間是和東道國的合作密切相關的(The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.);很多當地人因此表現得非常好客和友好， 這有助于文化的交流 ( Many local people are very friendly and hospi

3、table, which promote the cultural communications.);?對其他的文化和人民更為了解(a better understanding of other cultures and other peoples),改變人們對其他民族和文化的態度(alter one's attitudes towards another people or culture);人們因此可以接受不同的文化和價值觀( embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共處(create motivation to coexist pea

4、cefully),并促進對"多元文化的理解 (promote multi-cultural understanding);?促進文化的融合(promote integration),消除文化障礙(remove cultural barriers),外來人口的增加導致沖突：?違反當地的習俗會激怒當地人( breach of local customs can irritate the locals);?不同文化的人看待同一事物總有不同的角度(harbour different perceptions),并給予不同的解釋(differentinterpretations),比如對手勢、衣

5、服、言行舉止有不同的理解；舉止不當會引起當地人意想不到的反應(provokeunanticipated responses); ?外國游客增多會對當地環境造成壓力，甚至破壞環境，而移民增多可能導致工作機會 減少，致使競爭更加激烈，這些都有可能引起當地人的反感( cause resentment in local communities).范文Globalization is a catch-all term that refers to any activity that involves more than one country, for example, travel from one

6、country to another. The dramatic increase in transnational travel in recent years has sparked controversy over the potential impacts of this trend on individual countriesf especially those new member states of globalization. Some people are concerned that the upsurge in new arrivals will prompt loca

7、l hostility against visitors instead of promoting their understanding on mutual cultural background. This notion should be rejected as one can see many facts in favor of this development between countries.The first reason why international travels would never bring conflict is rooted in the fact tha

8、t both visitors and locals are economically motivated. International travel opens up opportunities for business development throughout the world. Entrepreneurs are interested not only in the domestic market but also in the oversea market. Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winni

9、ng over the local people. In turn, locals should show their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that acceptance of each other's cultural background is a necessary condition for cooperation.Understanding a culture has other implications. Differences in social ba

10、ckground, cultural values and religious belief might make the discrepancy of foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues indelible; however, the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for example, used to consider westerners as their foes. Now they hav

11、e concrete relations with their western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemed inherent but over time, with better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues.Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel the local community

12、with their scant regardfor thelocal environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it should be noted that most offense is accidental, rather than intentional. Instead, visitors disobey rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to b

13、e improved with the passing of time when visitors from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culture.According to the above analysis, we can observe that the increase in the international travel should not be taken as the cause of any conflict that arises between two countries. Alt

14、ernatively, one should recognize its role in improving mutual understanding between two countries.近義詞表1. catch-all= all-embracing:包羅甚廣的 ；包括一切的 2. hostility=enmity=resentment:敵意，怨恨，憤恨3. rooted in=derived from=based on:基于 4. entrepreneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist: 企業家，實業家5. discrepancy=disagreement=d

15、ifference=divergence:分歧，矛盾6. foe=enemy=rival:敵人，競爭對手 7. concrete=tangible=solid:具體的，實際的8. overtime=in due course=sooner or later:最終，早9. resort:勝地；tourist resort:旅游勝地；holiday resort:度假勝地；beach resort:海邊度假勝地；scenic spot:景觀；place of interest:旅游景點10. repel=revolt=repulse:使厭惡，憎惡 11. scant=limited=scarce:

16、缺乏的，不足的練習5Topic2: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion?媒體信息一致的缺點：?國際媒體(

17、global media)一般掌握在少數幾個有實力的機構手中( in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations);有了媒體的宣傳(propaganda)后，西方文化成了主流(domineering force),大規模的、有吸引力的廣告 (mass seductive advertising )喚起了落后地區人們對物質新的向往(create fresh desires),經濟聯系增強(strongeconomic ties),西方產品取代了本地產品，使人們更加向往西方的文化；?文化開始融合在一起(mingle),人們被新的價值觀所圍繞

18、(bombarded with new values),對自 己的文化失去信心 和自豪感(confidence and pride),拒絕接受自己的文化傳統(rejection of their cultural heritage)轉而接受西方的文化 習慣(adoption of Western cultural practices);西方 媒體削弱了民族的特征 (ethnic identity)和社會的凝聚力(socialcohesion);因為擔心失去觀眾(a loss of viewers),當地的電視臺也開始播放西方的電視節目( television shows),?國際媒體的普遍會降

19、低世界文化的品質和多樣性( degrade the quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商業 化(commercialized), 些文化產品 (cultural goods),如音樂、 服裝，都 變成了商品 (commodities in the marketplace) o 因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方傳播，它原 來的性質(authenticity)已經喪失。媒體信息一致的優點：?國家之間的頻繁交往會促進文化之間的交流。因此，相互了解和相互認同的可能性(likelihood of mutualunderstanding and mutu

20、al acceptance )就會增加，這是順應全球化的趨勢；?未必一定放棄傳統觀念( not necessarily lead to the abolition of traditional values),事實上媒體 可以起到宣傳和穩 固傳統文化的作用；?主流媒體一般都會反應文化多元性(The dominant media reflect cultural diversity.); 一些外國 節目其實促進了文化多元性 (Most foreign programming is promoting cultural diversity.), 適應 了當地的條件 ( adapt to local

21、 conditions), 注意到了當地文化的敏感性( aware of cultural sensitivity).自我調節來適應市場 (exercise self-censorship to suit the market :)。As international media companies expand across the world, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media programs (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide c

22、oncern. Many people have strong views toward this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalization and cultural homogeneity.The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart cultural diversity. It is no

23、t a secret that international media is owned and operated bya handful of giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional reduction, in the varie

24、ty of programs broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds.In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment comp

25、anies affect cultural diversity by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximization of one's benefi

26、ts and material wealth, rather than communal life and family solidarity, the values and norms previously treasured in" many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed

27、 to those movies and TV programs that portray the success of American individuals or corporations.The loss of media diversity is also responsible for people's narrow sense of ways of life. The ruling class of many countries speaks English, favors Western food, wears Western-style jackets and eve

28、n prefers Western weddings. Young people are captivated by American basketball and some even daubing the names of NBA stars on their school sweatsuits. All these transformations in life are the result of the audience's exposure to Hollywood movies, TV shows and sports reports. The loss of media

29、diversity will lead to degradation of culture and to a minimization of cultural diversity. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to preserve and pass on their valuable heritage to future generations, including lifestyle.As shown above, international media, controlled by a handful

30、 of transnational media corporations, is exporting Western culture worldwide and putting many indigenous cultures at the risk of extinction. The uniformity of media programs has led to that of artworks, norms and ways of life wherever international media goes.近義詞表 1. dominance=domination=power:統治，力量

31、 2. sign=symbol=mark=signal=indication :標志，象征3. thwart=prevent=spoil=ruin:阻止，破壞4. a handful of=a small number of: 少數的 5. contraction-reduction : 減少6. proportional=relative :相對的，成比例的 7. perception=view=opinion:看法8. ideal=value=belief=principle: 觀點，觀念；標準 9. solidarity=unity=harmony=cohesion: 團結10. be

32、captivated by=be obsessed with=be passionate about=be addicted to=be keen on=be enthusiastic about: 被所吸 引11. pass on=give=impart=convey:傳遞，灌輸Topic 3: There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country's identity. What is your opinion?商業

33、和文化的接觸增多會導致一個國家特征的喪失：?影響文化：文化不是靜態的，而是動態的(not static, but dynamic)；一種文化的改變主要是由 于社會環境(social environment)發生了變化。比如說，人們的飲食習慣發生了改變， 這是學習 夕卜界文化的結果(People's eating habits have been changed as the result of learned behaviour.); 快餐文化源自美國， 有些人將此作為財富的象征 (symbols of wealth),從而喜歡快餐；另外，本地的飲食文化會改變，以適應外國人的口味( s

34、uit the tastes of visitors);?影響生活方式：進口商品的增多，對外國產品的喜好(preference fo門mports);人們更加熟悉他國的文化，而忘記自身的特點(sense of identity),社會的團結也有所損害( an erosion of social solidarity);服裝、飲食、娛樂等等 都被兩化了( westernized),比如說，西裝現在是流行的男性服裝(the suit is the most popular outfit for men)；?欠發達國家在技術革新中起到的作用甚微(play a small role in the te

35、chnological revolution), 所 以需要"出賣"自己國家的主權或者利益來獲得國際的幫助(concede sovereignty and interests to other countries for aid);貧富差距加大(widening gap between the richest and poorest parts of the world);?接受西方文化的人們成為一個國家新的統治階級( new ruling class);人們摒棄傳統的觀念 (renouncetraditionally-held beliefs),覺得傳統觀念是過時的和低人

36、一等的( outdated and inferior);主流文化會取代老式的和各 種各樣的文化 ( A dominant culture takes over diverse cultures.), 人們不再尊重傳統文化 ( lose respect older cultures), 而傳統觀念最終成為歷史consigned to history)。商業和文化的接觸增多會加強一個國家的特征：?外來文化讓人們意識到自己文化的特點，從而更加注意維持這種文化；？ 一種特殊文化會引起世界的關注，人們會更加注意保護。范文One of the most conspicuous trends in the

37、21st century is a closer connection between countries, in both economic and cultural aspects. There is a widespread worry that this will lead to the gradual demise of countries'. Thisnssiesshould be viewed and analyzed from multiple perspectives.When a country tends to develop a closer relations

38、hip with the rest of the world, it does not necessarily give up its culture. Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a country. An indigenous culture can distinguish one country from others, attracting foreign visitors and yielding high income. As most tourists travel abroad for learning differ

39、ent cultures and sampling different ways of life, such as Beijing opera in China, Japanese tea culture and Thai temples, many countries have responded with protecting and preserving their cultural identities, in an effort to keep themselves in the list of the most popular destinations. Increased tou

40、rism instills fresh life force into these countries, aiding theconservation of their features.While tourism provides a driving force for cultural conversation, some components of a culture, such as traditionsA customs or taboos might die out over time. It seems that in some countries, the locals hav

41、e become more accustomed to exotic cultures. It reflects the combined effects of the invasion of foreign cultures, either through media or through directbusiness interaction. For example, two decades ago, sex was a taboo subject in China and most Chinese people felt embarrassed to talk openly about

42、it. Over time the Western culture has permeated into the Chinese lifestyle, and the Chinese people have broken many of their time-honoured traditions. It occurs in the rest of the world as well.As outlined above, increased interaction between countries in the domains of business and culture can eith

43、er strengthen or undermine the identities of countries involved, To date there is no definite answer to this question.近義詞表1. conspicuous-noticeable=prominent=striking: 顯箸的, 突出的2. connection=linkage= relation=relationship: 關系，聯系 3. demise=disappearance=vanishing=fading:消失，死亡4. multiple=manifold=numer

44、ous=various=many: 不同的，很多的 5. disgrace=dishonour=shame=humiliation:恥辱6. life force=soul=essence :生命力 7. conservation=protection=preservation:保存，保護8. exotic=bizarre=outlandish=from afar=mysteriously unusual:夕卜來的， 奇異的9. taboo=offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=dishonourable=humiliating: 無禮

45、的， 侮辱性的； 忌諱的10. permeate=seep into=pervade=leak into:滲透 11. time-honoured=age-old=long-established : 歷史悠久的12. interaction=interplay=communication=relationship:相互作用Topic 4: Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others consider that tourism is the o

46、nly way of protecting a culture. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.旅游業有益文化保護(cultural preservation)的論點：?除了自然景觀(landscape)之外，文化和歷史是吸引旅游者去一個國家或者一個旅游景點(tourism site)觀光的最主要原因(motivator);旅游業和文化遺產相結合(integrate tourism and cultural heritage)為文化保護提供了經濟支 持(economic incentives );?在文化領域提供一些旅游選擇(intr

47、oduce the tourism options available with the cultural sectors),如博物館、歷史景點、美食等(including museums, historical sites, events and cuisine), 游客會深入了解當地傳統和習俗( get an insight into local customs and traditions), 感受當地傳統和藝術 (experience local traditions, arts and heritage),從而更加尊重當地社區和周圍的環境(respect the host commu

48、nity and its environment),促進不同國家之間關于自然和文化資源保護的交流與對話(the dialogue over conservation of natural and cultural resources )0 旅游業導致文化破壞cultural destruction )的觀點：?保護的一般是食物、時尚、節日等(preserve food, fashion, festivals and so forth )一些文化的表面一，征(superficialelements of a culture) , ; |各文化定格成表演者(freeze culture as pe

49、rformers),導致了文化、XX、傳統儀式、物質文化和語言的損失( the loss of culture, religion, rituals, material culture and language);將文化商業化 (commercialize the culture),破壞了文化神圣和獨特的本質(erode the sacred and unique nature);雖然很多活動是娛樂活動(entertain, rather than educate tourists),但有些是對當地人的一種羞辱(humiliate the local people);?垃圾、涂鴉、破壞和噪音不

50、斷增加( increasing litter, graffiti, vandalism and noise),游客在沒有被允許的情況下進人建筑物、神殿、神圣的土地(enter buildings, shrines or sacred lands without permission).這都與當地文化相沖突， 是一種文化侮辱(an insult to the local culture )范文There is little room for doubt that tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. Howe

51、ver, its impact on culture remains a source of constant debate. This essay will elaborate on both positive and negative effects of tourism from a cultural perspective.Providing economic incentives for cultural preservation is unarguably one of the main contributions of tourism. To many tourists, cul

52、ture and history are what they first consider when choosing a destination. Their mindset has been recognised by many tourism sites and money has been subsequently directed toward cultural protection, including the maintenance of key historical sites. Tourism is therefore one of the primary forces co

53、ntributing to the preservation of a culture.In addition to raising financing, tourism can make an indigenous culture known to the world and rally support worldwide to protect it. When a historic site or a site that shows a country's cultural heritage is made accessible to the public, visitors fr

54、om all over the world will soon flock there. They will share their experience in the local culture with their friends and families once they return home, assisting this site to gain international fame. Both financial and technological support will flood in for the conservation of natural and cultura

55、l resources.On the negative side, tourism develops sometimes at the expense of part of culture. Food, festivals, costumes and other stimulating elements of a culture are highlighted to entertain tourists, constituting an insult to the locals and causing damage to the unique nature of a culture. More

56、over, cultural commercialization has made the sacred elements of a culture commonplace and tourists are encouraged to attach little importance to a unique tradition, which cannot be found elsewhere.In the light of these facts, one can conclude that tourism is neither a boon nor a bane to cultural pr

57、eservation. While its endeavour lo protect an indigenous culture should be recognized, it has put the integrity of a culture at risk.近義詞表1. unarguably= unquestionably =indisputably=undeniably: 無可置提地，無可否認地2. destination=site=place:地點 3. maintenance=preservation=upholding=protection: 保護，保存4. indigenou

58、s=original=aboriginal :本土的，原始的 5. fame=reputation=recognition=eminence:名氣，名聲6. at the expense of=at the cost of:以犧牲為前提 7. entertain=amuse=keep somebody amused:使愉快8. insult=offence:侮辱 9. commonplace=ordinary:平凡的10. in the light of=in view of=considering=taking into account:考慮至 U11. endeavour=effort=a

59、ttempt:努力，嘗試 12. integrity=entirety=unity: 完整性13. put at risk=endanger=jeopardise:危與，使危險政府投資政府的投資主要有以下用途：?國防(defense):保護一個國家免受攻擊或者其他威脅( Protect a country against attack or other threats.);?保證法律和公共秩序的實施( enforcement of law and public order)以與政府的運作(operation of government);?社會保障(social secuAty)和醫療保健(health care systems);?福利(welfare):為那些不能夠自給自足的人