1、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從句提供有關主語或賓語的重要信息，起限定作用，與被修飾部分的關系緊密，如果省略該從句會使主句語義表達不完整。例如：This is the very person that is wanted by the police .He is the man who /that lives next door .It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time .非限制性定語從句只是用來對被修飾部分作補充性的說明， 與先行詞關系比較松散，先行詞與從句間可以用逗號隔開，從句可略去：

2、He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.The minister , who is to visit our university , is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.The book , which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore , is very useful in improving your spoken English.The busi

3、nessman , whose suitcase has been found by a stranger , has left for Beijing.如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my, his, etc) 或形容詞性指示代詞(this, that,etc) 作限定詞的名詞詞組，其后的定語從句通常為非限制性的。例如：The Thames , which is now clean enough to swim in , was polluted for over a hundred years.My mother , who has been on a visit

4、to Australia , will fly back tomorrow.All of these books, which have been donated by visiting professors , are to be used by the children in Hope School.限制性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞，代詞或名詞性詞組，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞除了是名詞及名詞性 詞組外，還可能是句子的一部分或是整個句子。例如：They say he plays truant, which he doesn 't. which 指代 plays truantThe

5、meeting was put off till next month,as wehoped . as指前面的句子下面的表格歸納了前面已提到的兩者不同之處：表一：限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句1.提供確定或限定主句中 某個名詞的信息。1.提供對確定主句中某個名 詞的非主要附加信息。2.由深層嵌入句派生而 來。2.由兩個獨立的深層嵌入句 派生而來。3 .無分隔定語從句和主句 和停頓或特殊標點符號(逗號/插入語/破折號)。3.書面語中用逗號，口語中 用特殊的停頓和降低聲調來 把定語從句和主句分隔開來。4.不可以修飾整個命題， 只修飾一個名詞。4 .可以修飾一個

6、中心名詞， 或以評價的形式修飾整個命 題。5 .可使用that 和 who(m),which 等關系代 詞。5. That不能當作關系代詞， 只可用wh-代詞。6.不常用來修飾專有名 詞。6.既可修飾普通名詞，也可 修飾專有名詞。7 .可修飾帶有any或 every等類屬限定詞的中 心名詞。7 .不可修飾帶有any或 every等類屬限定詞的中心 名詞。3.2定語從句中的關系代詞3.2.1 關系代詞that, which, who在定語從句中做主語在限制性定語從句中，who 或 that 用于指人，that或 which 用于指物，它們在定語從句中代替名詞性主語或代詞性主語，不能省略。例如：H

7、e is the man who/that lives here . 不能說：XHe is the man who he lives here.The bag which that has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong 3.2.2 who(m), which, that 在定語從句中作賓語表示人的時候用who(m) 或 that, 它們在從句中代替名詞性賓語或賓格代詞，作定語從句賓語的whom/that通常可以省略，在口語中常用who 代替 whom 。例如：He s the man whom / that I met

8、.There are some people here who I want you to meet.表示動物和東西的時候應用which/that:The pieces of music ( that ) he has composed are sung by many pop singers.Taxes consist of money ( that ) people pay to support their government .They re the postcards which I sent from America .3.2.3 who(m), which 或 that 作介詞的

9、賓語，關系代詞可省略。定語從句的介詞的位置非常重要，我們可以說：He is the person to whom I wrote . 非常正 式用法(但不可以說：xto who).或： He is the person who (m ) I wrote to . /He is the person ( whom ) I wrote to .This is the pan in which I boiled the milk . 非常正式用法或： This is the pan which I boiled the milk in . / This is the pan ( that/which

10、 ) I boiled the milk in .-可編輯修改-3.2.4 whose + 名詞關系代詞whose 是既可用于限制性定語從句，也可用于非限制性定語從句，在從句中作定語，一般用來指人，代替所有格形容詞(my, his, your, her, its 等) ，在從句中當定語，沒有陰性、陽性或單數、復數的變化；有時也可指物，指物時可以用of which 代替。例如：The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams.The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now be

11、en repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which was damaged , has now been repaired.Edison is a great inventor whose fame is world-wide .3.2.5 that 的用法1 、 that 只用于限制性定語從句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主語或賓語。(見 3.2.1 、 3.2.2 )2 、當先行詞是all ， much ， little, the one, anything,something, nothing, everything, none 等不定代詞 時，

12、關系代詞只用that 。例如：There is little that can be done about it .That's all that I knew about it .Is there anything that I can do for you ?Have you done everything that is assigned to you ?3 、先行詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only,few, much, no, some, very 等詞修飾時，關系代詞只用 that 。 例如：It is the most interesting

13、film that Ive ever read .The best thing that he could do at present is to leave.This is the first time that he has been there She is the only one that has finished her taskon timemuchAt the very beginning, we have just toowork that needs to be done .4 、 在 there be 句型中， 只用 that, 不用 which 。 例如：There a

14、re some people thatId like tointroduce to you .There is a very interesting story that every child would like to listen to .5 、先行詞既有人，又有物時，用that 。 例如：A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc .The man and his dog that were napping outside the room were photographed by

15、the journalist.6 、在“ It is + 名詞 + 定語從句1 + 定語從句2 ”的強調結構中，從句2 要用 that 。 例如：It is always the mouth which talks too much that incurs troubles.(言多必失。)It is only a man who is quite experienced that can fulfill this task .3.2.6 which 的用法1 、 which 一般只用于指物(a) ，有時也用來指性別不明的嬰兒 (b) 。 例如：a: The tiles which fell o

16、ff the roof caused serious damage.b: The baby which the nurse has just brought in is John s child.2 、 如果指物的關系代詞緊跟在介詞后面，只能用 which ，不能用 that 。例如：This is the house in which she spent her childhood.The agency from which we bought our-可編輯修改-tickets is bankrupt.3、引導非限制性定語從句時，用來指物替代名詞詞組。 例如：This book , whi

17、ch has only been reviewed was published a year ago.4、替代整個句子或句子的一部分：The meeting has been put off till next Friday, which is good news to them.（指代整個主句 ）She said that her son would become a scientist which we thought possible.（ 指代 that 分句）She is very attentive in class , which he rarely is. （指代整個短語）3.2

18、.7 as的用法1、as引導限制性定語從句時，常與 such或the same 連用，構成 the same as; such as 結構， as 用于代 替指人或物的先行詞。例如：I have never eaten such tasty foods as she cooked me .Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 試比較 the same as 和 the same - that :This is the same book

19、as I read last week .（這 和我上周讀的那本書是一樣的。）This is the same book that I read last year （這就是我上周讀的那本書。） 如果先行詞表示抽象概念，則沒有這種區別，例如：She told me the same story as/that she had told you .I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year .疝as/so-as結構中，后面的as也是關系代詞，例如:We took as many men as could be permitted to

20、attend the meeting .You can stay here as long as you like .Things do not go on as smoothly as we hoped . 2 、引導非限制性定語從句關系代詞as 引導非限制性定語從句時，用于代替整個主句， 意思是 “正如 ”， 相當于 and this 或 and that 。 as 從句位置較之which 引導的非限制性定語從句更加靈活，因而as 從句既可以指前面提到的內容，也可以指后面將要提到的內容，which 一般在主句后。例如：As is mentioned abov e, this method

21、aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way.The test is cancelled, as you have hoped .The test, as you have hoped , is cancelled.A semiconductor material, as the name indicates , has poorer conductivity than a conductor. 注 ： as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中做主語時表達 的意思應與主句一致，而且從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，

22、則從句中的關系代詞只能用which. 例如：Hefailedtopass theexamagain,as ispredicted.Hefailedtopass theexamagain,whichannoyed his mother greatly.記住以下的as 結構：as is known to all （眾所周知）， as is often thecase （ 情 況 常 常 如 此 ） ， as the name Indicates suggests （ 顧名思義）， as may be imagined （ 可以想象得出 ）， as often happens （這種情況常常發生），

23、 as hasbeen said before （如前所述）， as has been pointedout （正如已經指由的），as will be shown in （ 將在中 指出 ）， as is hoped （ 正如所希望的）1.1.8 but的用法but用作關系代詞相當于 whonot , whichnot , that not o but既可指人，也可指物，常在定語從句中 充當主語或賓語。but本身含 否定”的意思，它前面的主 句通常有 否定”的詞，如：(no , not , little , few , hardly 等).but引導的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用，達到強烈肯定

24、的修飾效果。例如：There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that /who does not love her own children.) 主語There is scarcely a good movie but he has seen. (=that he has not seen). 賓語There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of.介詞賓語Who is there but commits errors ? but 間或也 可

25、用在疑問句后There is no man but errs. =There is no man who does not err. 主語What he saw in those places but was not miserable (but=which was not )(他所到I之處， 看到的均是凄慘不已的景象。)主語There are very few but admire his talents. (很少 有人不贊賞他的才干的。But=who don't)主語but結構有時可省略。例如：(There is) No rule but has exceptions .(Ther

26、e are ) Few books but have a misprint or two .1.1.9 than的用法關系代詞than 一般用于含有比較級的句子中，兼有 連詞和代詞的性質。例如：You spent more money than was intended to be spent .She has done much more work than was required of her .The question is more complicated than appears on the surface .3.3 介詞 + 關系代詞“ 介詞 + 關系代詞”引導的定語從句既可以

27、是限制性定語從句，又可以是非限制性定語從句，“介詞+ 關系代詞 ”在從句中做主語、賓語、狀語、定語等，介詞的選擇則要根據它與其先行詞的關系或前后名詞、動詞等的搭配關系來決定，同時還應該考慮句子在上下文中要表達的意思。3.3.1 “介詞 + which whom whose ”這時應注意介詞與句中短語的搭配。例如：The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.Oil , of which there are several differenttypes , is used for many purposes by countr

28、ies all over the world.The man,because of whosehelp themurdererwas caught by the police , iscoming to our school tomorrow.介詞放在關系代詞之前的形式的定語從句較之將介詞至于從句之末的定語從句正式，因此多用于書面語當中， 但在口語中有時也會出現；或者將介詞后置，或在介詞后置后用that （人、物）who （人）代替which whom ，并且 that 可省略。例如；Can you lend me a pen or pencil I can write ?Can you le

29、nd mea pen or pencilwith whichthat / which(that ) I canCan you lend me a pen or pencil I can write with ?-可編輯修改-write with ?Who is theWho is the talking to ?Who is the 如果介詞過長，則不適于后置，例如：Sound is amanmanmanto whom you were talking whom / that /who you were(that ) you were talking to ?則不適于后置，例如：tool ,

30、by means of which peoplecommunicate with each other .We may be caught by a fire , in case of which we must find ways to escape .3.3.2 “名詞 + 介詞 + which whom ”引導的定語從句He referred to a person the name of whom slipped by memory at that moment .We had a discussion the purpose of which was to find a soluti

31、on to this problem .在非限定性定語從句中，of which whom 可用來修飾不定代詞all, each, one, many, much, more,most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several, the latter, the former 等。練習時，應該判斷填空的部 分為主句的定語從句還是與主句并列的成分。例如：We have interviewed more than 50 students , only a few of whom gave satisfactory answers to our q

32、uestions. 定語從句 We have interviewed more than 50 students, but only a few of them gave satisfactory answers to our questions.并列Many people came to her graduation party, most of whom were her former classmates. 定語從句Many people came to her graduation party, and most of them were her former classmates.

33、并列 There are 32 students in our class, up to 20 ofwhom are from the south.定語從句3.3.4 “介詞 + which + 名詞 ”引導的定語從句which 是一個代表所有關系的關系代詞，可用來代表一個名詞代詞或句子的一部分，但更多地是來代表整個句子。其中的名詞通常是一個抽象名詞，如case, fact,state, time, point 等。例如：Water boils atl00, at which temperature itchanges into gas .He was about to leave, at w

34、hich moment I came back home .Wei Hua spent four years in the United States, during which period she studied law .Reader's Digest , to which we have just subscribed , has an enormous circulation.3.4 定語從句中的關系副詞關系副詞引導的定語從句(限制性非限制性)在從句中作狀語，意思相當于“介詞 +which ”，常見的引導定語從句的關系副詞有：where, when 和 why 等，不常見的如

35、表示時間的關系副詞：since, after 和 before 。3.4.1 關系副詞where ( = at, in which )引導表示地點的定語從句This is the place where he d most like to live the rest of his life .London is the city where she was born .That is the place where they met for the first time .在表示 “情況、 方面、 狀況 ”等有地點含義的抽象名詞如 case, game, spot, point, condit

36、ions, situation, circumstances 等 作 為 先 行 詞 的 定 語 從 句 時 ， 也 用where 引導 , 其意義相當于under which 。例如：-可編輯修改-。Its a kind of game where you can train your eyesightEveryone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself .I ll show him the point where he failed .Under the circumstances where

37、food shortage is the most serious problem , we must try our best to seek international aid.3.4.2 關系副詞when ( = at, on, during, in which )引導表示時間的定語從句I ll never forget the day when (=on which) I first came to this university .This is the season when (=in which) most fishers will be very busy .That is t

38、he time when many Americans were out of work .Most people like to go there in May , when the flowers are in full bloom .3.4.3 關系副詞why ( = for which ) 引導表示原因的定語從句Do you know the reason why he left the party early that night ?The reason why she missed the train is that she was held up by an accident.3

39、.4.4 其他關系副詞引導的定語從句I miss you every day since I came here .On the day before she got married , her mother handed her the family heirloom.The month after she took the entrance examination was spent in relaxing herself3.5 關系代詞和關系副詞的省略3.5.1 關系代詞的省略1 、關系代詞which, whom, who, that 在定語從句中作直接賓語時可以省略Here is th

40、e man (who/that/whom) you vebeen looking for .The woman ( whom/who/that ) I was talking to is our English teacher.Is there any question(that ) you want to askme?2、當 that 在從句中作補語時可以省略George is not the man ( that ) he used to be .He is all ( that ) a teacher should be .3 、在 there be 結構中出現定語從句，或在定語從句中出

41、現 there be 結構時，用做主語的關系代詞that 可省略There is a man downstairs ( who ) wants to see you .This is the best dictionary ( that ) there is in the library .That s all ( that ) there is to it . (如此而已。)Have you noticed anything(that ) there ishappening in the company ?3.5.2 關系副詞的省略1 、當先行詞是reason ，而且在定語從句中做原因狀語時

42、，關系代詞可用why 或 that ，可以省略The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.That is the reason (why ) I did it .2 、 當先行詞是way ， 且在定語從句中作方式狀語時，關系代詞可用in which 或 that ，可以省略The way (in which/that ) these comrades look-可編輯修改-at problems is wrong.That was the way (in which/that ) she worked the problem ou t.注意

43、：當關系代詞在定語從句中做主語時，不省略。例如：I don t know the way that/which leads to the top of the mountains .3 、 當先行詞表示時間時，關系代詞可用when 或有時用that ，有時也可以省略The second time (that ) I saw him was in 1980.I don t know the exact time ( when/that ) the sports meet will take place .His grandpa still remembers the day (that/when

44、 ) the city was liberated .4、當先行詞表示地點時，關系代詞可用where 或有時用 that ，有時也可以省略This is the village (where/that ) the great man spent his childhood .Do you know the site (where/that ) this ancient tomb was discovered .I know the place (that/where ) she lives .3.6 what 關系代詞3.6.1 “what is ( was ) + 形容詞比較級”結構what

45、泛指上文或下文，意思是 更，尤其”。該結構常為插入語：She is very intelligent, and what s more , very hard-working.Great men are often unknown, or what is worse , misknown.She decided, what was the only choice , that she would keep it a secret.3.6.2 what = 先行詞 + 關系詞what 相當于 the thing ( s) which 或 the person(5) that,既可以指人，也可指物

46、，意思相當于“的(人或物)”，此種情況的what 本身已包含先行詞，因而其前不能再有先行詞。what 在其從句中可以做主語、賓語和表語。例如：This is what you call fashion ?That is exactly what you are told to do ?Never pretend to be what you are not .She is what we call an optimist.3.6.3 “what + 名詞 ” = “all the + 名詞 + that ” what 在從句中作定語。例如：On her death, the old woman

47、 gave what property she had to the young man who stayed with her during the last years of her life. (= all the property that)We will give you what help we can . (= all the help that)He shared what little water he had with his companions. (= all the little water that)What poems we have learned at pre

48、sent are about love. (=all the poems that)3.7 先行詞與其定語從句的分割有時先行詞與其定語從句會被其他的一些語法成分割裂開來，如：狀語、定語或謂語等。例如：We have made a number of creative advances in theoretical research of applied science which are up to advanced world levels.Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when l came to your house and bo

49、rrowed -可編輯修改-a diamond necklace ?During the construction, problems often arise which require design changes.3.8 定語從句與同位語從句的區別（詳見 2.5.2 ）3.9 關系代詞與關系副詞的判斷3.9. 1謂語動詞是否及物用關系代詞還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。從句中如果及物動詞后面接賓語，就必須要用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如：The days when we stayed together areunforgettable. （stay 不及物）I &#

50、39;ll never forget the days which I spent with youin Tokyo . （spend 及物，有賓語）This is the reason why he did not come thatmorning. （come 不及物動詞）This is the reason which/ that he found to excuse for himself. （find 及物動詞）3.9.2先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀）先行詞表示時間、地點或原因時，就選用關系副詞，用when , where或why ,在從句中應該是做狀語，否則的話則應

51、該用 which /that等，that有時可以代替 when , where 或 why ,但 when , where 或 why 中不 能代替that 。例如：1. Is this museum ago?A. where D. the one2. Is this the was held.A. whereyou visited a few daysB. thatC. on whichmuseumthe exhibitionB. thatC. on whichD. the one在句 1 中，所缺部分為賓語，而where ， that ， onwhich 都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the

52、one 既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關系代詞，所以應選D;而在句2中，主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句 子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where ，又因 in themuseum 詞組，可用介詞in which 引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody,anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 時，常用there is 來引導。例如：I don t want to concentrate on anything there is wo

53、rrying me.引導條件從句的連詞引導條件從句的連詞比較多，我們可以把它們分為以下幾個大類：1 、表示 “ 只要、只有” ： as, as (so) far as, as (so) longas, only if, only that, but that ：As (So) long as we don t lose heart , we ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.There s war in so far as there s the earth beneath our feet .But that he is ill , he wo

54、uld stay at home.2 、 表 示 “ 如 果 ” ： if, in case(that),provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing ( that ) 僅用在問句中, in the event (that):If you are not too tired , let s go out for a walk.In the event that our team wins , there will be a big celebration.Send us a message in case you have any difficult

55、y.Suppose (Supposing) we can t get enough food , what shall we do?Provided/Providing （that） you give me a receipt , I will pay the rent.3 、表示 “ 考慮到 ” ： given /granted（that） 正式用法,assuming （that）,Given that x=y, then n （x + a） = n （y + a） must be also true. （多用于論證）4 、表示“ 除非” ： unless （=if not）Let s go

56、 out for a walk unless you are too tired .5 、表示“ 一旦” ： onceOnce （=If once） you smoke , you can t give up smoking.Once she begins to cry , there is no stopping her.6 、各種復雜介詞表示“ 條件是 ” ： on condition that ，on the understanding that, on the assumption/ supposition that, with the proviso/stipulation that, in case of, in the event of 等。 例如：I will give him anything he wants on condition that he will show goo