1、動詞不定式：tO+dO（高二2016.2）動詞不定式由to+動詞原形”組成，是動詞的一種非謂語形式。動詞不定式在句中可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、賓補、主補。1。動詞不定式在句中的語法功能：（1）動詞不定式（短語）作主語Toloveistobeloved.愛別人就是被人愛。Toteachistogive.教書就是奉獻(xiàn)。*todo和v-ing作主語時的區(qū)別：Smokingisabadhabit.（v-ing作主語表示習(xí)慣性動作）Tostayhomeonsuchacoldnightiscomfortable（動詞不定式作主語表示偶然性或一次性的動作）*不定式作主語和目的狀語時的區(qū)別。例如：T

2、ogetupearlydoesgoodtooneshealth早起對身體有好處。（作主語）Togetupearlyonemustgotobedearlyft了早起，必須早睡.（作目的狀語）（2）動詞不定式（短語）作賓語Iwillleaveittoyoutomakethefinaldecision0我將由你來做最后的決定.（it作形式賓語）Shedecidedtoquitherjobatlast最后，她決定辭職。*"疑問詞+動詞不定式短語”作賓語：Idon'tknowwhattodo.我不知道該怎么辦。Thechildrenarelearninghowtoplaythegame

3、.孩子們在學(xué)做游戲。例如（NMET2000）:I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhatinmynewjob。A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects（答案:B）（whattoexpect在句中作know的賓語，而what作不定式toexpect的邏輯賓語。）（四川09）Hetolduswhetherapicnicwasstillunderdiscussion.A.tohaveB。havingC.haveD。had（答案：A）又如：ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorel

4、andthanthegovernmentknowsAoitwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit答案是Cowhattodowithit作knows的賓語。*注意：有些動詞后面必須跟動名詞作賓語，平時要注意區(qū)別、進(jìn)行區(qū)分.*forget,remember,try,regret,mean,stop等動詞后既可跟不定式又可跟動名詞,須根據(jù)其習(xí)慣用法和語境進(jìn)行取舍。例如（MET91）:Thelightintheofficeisstillon。-Oh,Iforgot。AoturningitoffB。turnitoffC.t

5、oturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案是Coforgettodo意為“忘了做（某事）"forgetdoing“忘了做過（某事）"；remember有類似的區(qū)別.類似的還有：trytodo“盡力做"，trydoing“試著做"；regrettosay/tell“很遺憾地說”,regretdoing"后悔做了”；meantodo"意欲/想要做”,meandoing“意味著做"；stoptodo"停下來做另外的事情"，stopdoing"停止正在做的事情”。（3）動詞不定式（短

6、語）作表語ThemostimportantthingfortheUnitedStatestodonowistorescuethewounded現(xiàn)在，對美國來說，最重要的是搶救傷員.*注意:在形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作表語、賓補和定語時,其中形容詞多為表示性質(zhì)的回，如：easy,hard,gooddifficult,interesting等，常常是主動式表被動。例如:Theseapplesaregoodtoeat這些蘋果很好吃。（作表語）Ifinditdifficulttounderstand.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這很難懂.（作賓補）Heisamaneasytogetonwith他是一個容易相處的人。（作定語）T

7、heboxislightenoughtocarry.這盒子輕得可帶走.（作表語）Thefutureishardtotell.未來很難預(yù)測。（作表語）*注意：Allyouhavetodois（to）finishthejobquickly。如果主語部分有個表示不定式內(nèi)容的do,用作表語的不定式可省略to。又如：Wehadnothingtodobut（watch）TVyesterday.（答案:watch）Wedidnothingbut（watch）TVyesterday（答案:watch）（4）動詞不定式（短語）作賓語補足語。SheaskedmetostayhereSheencouragedmet

8、oworkhard.Wedloveyoutogiveusahand我們想讓你幫個忙。注意：1）在一些動詞后，用作賓語補語的動詞不定式符號to要省略掉這類動詞包括感官動詞以及使役動詞，如feel,spot,lookat,listento,observe,see,hearwatch,notice,have,make,let,get等。但如果句子為被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式（短語）為主補時，要帶to。IhadJohnfixmybike。我讓約翰修理我的自行車。Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree-Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetre

9、ePauldoesrithavetobemade.Healwaysworkshard答案:B）AolearnB.tolearnC。learnedD。learning辨析：Iheardhersingasonginthenextroomyesterday（強調(diào)聽歌的整個過程）（=Shewasheardtosingasonginthenextroomyesterday）IheardhersinningasongwhenIpassedby.（強調(diào)動作正在發(fā)生）（=ShewasheardsingingasongwhenIpassedby.）夫see,hear,notice等的賓語后還可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作補語，

10、變成被動語態(tài)時仍保留分詞的形式，表小正在發(fā)生的動作。例如：Themissingboyswerelastseenneartheriver（答案：A）A.playingB。tobeplayingC。playD。toplay（5）動詞不定式（短語）作定語：動詞不定式（短語）作定語需后置。*動詞不定式作定語與分詞作定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞表示云M乍已經(jīng)完成，現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)牛當(dāng)中，而不定式則表示將耍發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。辨析：Themeetingheldisimportant.（表示動作已經(jīng)完成）Themeetingbeingheldisimportant（表示動作正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中）Themeetingto

11、beheldisimportant.（表示動作將要發(fā)生）注意：1）當(dāng)被修飾的是不定代詞如everything,anything,much,httle等，或被修飾的名詞前被形容t最高級，序數(shù)詞，theonly等強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾時，非謂語動詞作定語則用動詞不定式.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有什么要說的嗎？IamafraidIcannotattendyourparty,forIhavetoomanythingstodo.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.他是唯一了解真相的人。Whenthequestionwasout,hewasthefirstonet

12、oraisehishand.他第一個舉起手。Hewasthelasttorealizetheimportanceofthisproblem2）如被修飾的名詞或代詞是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語，且動詞不定式的動詞是不及物動詞，則后面需跟成為搭配的介詞。Whoisthemantotalkto?要談話的人是誰？Heisatoughteachertodealwith他是個很難對付的老師.Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支筆寫字例如:Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtomearule（.上海高考題98）:AotoneverbreakB.nevertobebr

13、okenC。nevertohavebrokenD。nevertobebreaking答案是B,在句中作定語；由于arule是不定式的邏輯賓語，所以不定式用了被動結(jié)構(gòu)。又如：Therearefivepairs,butI'matalosswhichtobu必考題99）A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC。tochooseD.forchoosing答案是B,這是“不定式+介詞”作定語。題意是“從五雙中選一雙工故須在choose后加上介詞from。類似的如achairtositin,apentowhtewith,atopictotalkabout等。（6）動詞不定式（短語）作

14、狀語動詞不定式（短語）作狀語可以表示目的，結(jié)果，原因等.目的狀語Thewholefamilycameouttoseemyperformance全家人出來看我表演.Hecalledtosaygoodbye他打電話來道別。結(jié)果狀語Werushedtotherailwaystationonlytofind（表示出乎意料）thetrainhadjustleft我們匆匆趕到火車站，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車剛剛離開了。Hestudiedhardonlytofail.他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，但卻沒及格。ShewenttoSouthChinafiveyearsago,nevertoretur她五年前去了華南，結(jié)果從未返回。*注意：

15、doing也可以作結(jié)果狀語，但表示自然而然的結(jié)果.Hisparentswerekilledintheaccidentmakinghimanorphan.Theyallleft,leavingmealone.原因狀語動詞不定式（短語）常跟在一些形容詞后面，說明產(chǎn)生這些情緒的原因。這類形容詞有:happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightenedsorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。Iamsorrytointerruptyou.Thefatherwassur

16、prisedtolearnthathissonspentmoneylikewater.得知兒子花錢如流水，父親感到很吃驚.Wewillbeveryhappytoworkonthisprojectwithyou.和您一起合作這個項目，我們感到很高興.（7）動詞不定式（短語）作獨立成分動詞不定式（短語）可以用來作句子的獨立成分。這些短語有：tobeginwith（首先）,totellthetruth（truthtotell）（說實在的），tomakealongstoryshort（長話短說），sotospeak（可以這么說）,tobebrief（簡言之），tobeexact（確切地說）,tobef

17、rank（坦率地說），todosb.justice（說句公道話），toconclude（總而言之）等.Tobeginwith,I'dliketointroducemyselftoyoual首先，我想給你們作一下自我介紹。Tobefrankwithyou,Idon'tloveyouanymore。老實對你說吧，我已經(jīng)不再愛你了.Toconclude,energyisexhaustible,sowehavetopreserveitforourfuturegenerations.總而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我們必須為后代保留一些。2 .動詞不定式中原形動詞的省略為避免重復(fù)，有

18、時可用不定式的符號to來代表動詞不定式。-Wouldyouliketohavesomecoffee?您要來點咖啡嗎？-Yes,I'dliketo.Ifyoudon'twanttobuyit,youdon'tneedto假如你不想買的話，你就不要買。注意：可以這樣省略主要動詞的動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有:hopeto,agreetobewillingto,wantto,refuseto,failto,managetowouldliketo,offerto等.-What'sthematterwithDella?-Well,herparentswouldn'tallow

19、hertogototheparty,butshestill.（江蘇09）AohopestoBohopessoC。hopesnotD.hopesfor（答案：A）一般而言，在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中to必須保留。例如（NMET95）:Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.AonottoBonottodoC。notdoitD。donotto（答案：A）3 .動詞不定式的否定式：not必須置于整個不定式結(jié)構(gòu)之前Wedecidednottogothere我們決定不去那兒了.Iwishednevertoseehimagain.我希望永不

20、再見至岫也。4 .動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)動詞不定式的一般式：todo：表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時發(fā)生或?qū)⒃谄浜蟀l(fā)生的.Theyarelearningtosinganddancer們在學(xué)習(xí)歌舞.WehavetogetsomemoneytobuyaTVset我們得賺些錢來買臺電視機.動詞不定式的進(jìn)行式：tobedoing：表示的動作是與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生的，而且正在進(jìn)行中。該結(jié)構(gòu)也常與always,constantly,rapidly,fast,slowly等副詞連用.Theweatherseemstobeimproving天氣似乎在好轉(zhuǎn)。Comeon,it'stimetob

21、emakingfor（前往，走向）school。好了，是上學(xué)的時候了.Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercame°in動詞不定式的完成式：tohavedone:表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語的動作之前。不定式的完成式常用在besaid,bereportedbeconsidered,appearhope,pretend,seern以及某些情態(tài)動詞后，表示對過去事情的推斷或虛擬假設(shè)，例如（NMET97）:IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoBotoh

22、avegoneC。goingD。havinggone答案是B,表示與過去事實相反的虛擬愿望。Hewassaidtohavestudiedabroadforyears據(jù)說他已經(jīng)在外國留學(xué)多年了。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.彳艮抱歉讓你久等了。Hepretendednottohaveseenmewhenpassingbyyesterday他昨天從我身邊經(jīng)過時假裝沒看到我。語態(tài)不定式的被動式：tobedone如：Heaskedtobesenttothefront.（他請求被派往前線。）Iwishtobeexcused我請求原諒。Thisinfectiousdisease

23、issaidtohavebeenwipedoutmanyyearsago這傳染病據(jù)說好多年前就已經(jīng)滅絕了.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremainswhethertheywillenjoyit。A。toseeB。tobeseenC.seeingD.seen答案是Bo因為不定式的邏輯主語it（指出國旅游這件事）與不定式是被動關(guān)系。LittleTomwouldlovetothetheatrethisevening.（NMET'92）A.tobetakenB.totakeC。beingtakenD。taking（答

24、案A）It'simportantforthefiguresregularly.（北京2011）A.tobeupdatedB.tohavebeenupdatedC。toupdateD.tohaveupdated（答案：A）Heclaimed（聲稱）inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterdayAobeingbadlytreatedB。treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeenbadlytreated根據(jù)題意，該用不定式的完成被動式，表動作發(fā)生在claimed之前，故答案是D.夫*值得注意的是，在下

25、列場合通常用不定式的主動式表被動意義：主語+be+形容詞+動詞不定式當(dāng)作表語的某些形容詞被動詞不定式修飾時，動詞不定式與句子主語之間存在著邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，動詞不定式可以用主動式代替被動式.（閱P1）Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve這個問題很難解決。 there+be句型中，動詞不定式用主動式來表示被動的含義。Therearealotofpeople（forme）tovisitThereisnotimetolose沒有時間可以耽誤。 “have+賓語+動詞不定式（作定語）”結(jié)構(gòu)中當(dāng)have表示"有“，而動詞不定式與賓語之間存在著邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，并且句子的主

26、語是動詞不定式動作的執(zhí)行者時，動詞不定式一般用主動式。Ihavealotofmeetingstoattendthisweek.本周我有許多會議要參加。在“too。-to,“enoughto”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式總是用主動語態(tài)一Thisproblemistooeasytodealwith.這個問題處理起來很簡單。Thisproblemiseasyenoughtodealw讓h.這個問題處理起來彳艮簡單。鞏固練習(xí)1. HeissaidtotohiscountrybecauseanewpresidentcomesintopowerA。beallowedtoreturnB。allowtoreturnC。

27、allowreturningD。beallowedreturning2. HespokeinsuchahighvoiceatthefurtherendoftheroomAastobeheardB.tobeheardC.astohearD.tohear3. Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?-newofficers。AoSelectB.SelectingC。ToselectD。Tohaveselect4. Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasieritmoredifficult。A.notmakeB。nottomakeC

28、.notmakingD.don'tmake5. Toplayfairisasimportantas。AtoplaywellBplaywellC.weplaywellDplayingwell6. WhereshouldIsendmyform?ThePersonnelOfficeistheplaceAforsendingitB.tosendittoC.tosentD.tosentit7. Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneChavedoneitDhavingitdone8. Theboywanttorideh

29、isbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim。A.nottoBnottodoC.notdoitD.donotto9. -Doyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?No,butsometimes,IwishI.AohadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC。havetimetoD.havetime10. IlldowhateverIcanmyEnglishAimproveBtoimproveC.improvingD.toimproving11. oCouldyoutellmethewayyou'vethoughtof?A.to

30、doitB.doingitCdoitDhastodoit12. Hewasoftenlistenedinthenextroom.A.singBsungCtosingD.tosinging13. WouldyoubeshutthewindowItssocold。AenoughkindtoBkindenoughnottoCkindenoughtoDsokindenoughasto14. Don'ttakethemedicine,itcan'thelp_rid°ofyourcoldAgettingBtogetCtogettingD.gets15. Mygrandmother

31、seemstohavealot_0A.worryaboutB.toworryCtobeworriedD.toworryabout16. Everyminutesismadefullofourlessons.A.touse,studyB.use,studyingC。useful,tostudyD。use,tostudy17. IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareportA.togoBtohavegoneCgoingDhavinggone18. Youshouldn'tallowgamesnearth

32、eclassroom,forit'stoonoisy.A.studentplayingBplayCstudentstoplayDtoplay19. Thewaiterwasmade_totheguestA。apologizeB。apologizingC.toapologizeD.tobeapologizing20. Whomwouldyourather_thework?A.tohavetodoB。tohavedoC。havetodoD.havedo21. oIhadmeantonyou,butIwassobusy.A.callBtocallC.callingD.becalling22.

33、 DoyouoftenhavesomeoneyourclothesYes,IoftenhavethemA.wash,towashB。towash,washedC。washed,washD。wash,washed23. Sheactuallyheardaboutit,buthepretended_AtohearnotB.nothearingC.tonothearD.notto24. AllIwantistreatedasachildbytheteachersandparentsAonotbeB。beingc.nottobeD。tobenot25. Thelastman_thedisappoint

34、ingnewswasthepatient'ssickfather.A.knewBknowsCtoknowD.knowing26. -Whydidheletyourepeathisinstructiontimeandtimeover?-thatIrememberwhatwas_afterhewentout.AoTomakesuretodoB.Makingsure,tobedoneC.Toseeto注意，留意，關(guān)照）it,tobedoneD.Seeingto,done27. Piecesofbambooorwoodbooksbetween2ndand5thcenturyAD.A.usedt

35、oformedBusedtoformCwereusedtoformD.usedtobeforming28. oAmiddle-agedwomancametothebusstoponlythebushadgone.A.torun,findingB.running,tofindC.andran,foundD.running,find29. SmithappearsalongtimeHeisimpatientformyarrival。AtowaitBtobewaitingCtohavewaitedDtohavebeenwaiting30. Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfro

36、maboard.Heseemshistripverymuch.A.toenjoyBtohaveenjoyedCtobeenjoyingDtohavebeenenjoying31o-WhyhasJacknotcomeyetnowAnythingwrongwithhim?-Hedidn'tpassthetestbuthles>t.A.hopessoB.hopesthatC.hopestoD。hopesit32 。ThehousesarefortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoonA.builtBtobebuiltC。tobuild

37、D。beingbuilt33 Thelastpersonthesinkingshipwasthecaptain.AoleftBoleaveC。toleaveD。tobeleaving34 .Whywashefined?-HehappenedtoseveralflowersintheparkA.beseenpickBbeseenpickingC.becaughttopickD.catchpicking35.Itisimpossibleforanyonethesephotographsbefore,becauseMr.Newmanhadthemdevelopedtoday.A.havingseenB.tohaveseenCtoseeD.seeing1-5AACBA6-10BAAAB11-15ACCBD16-20DBCCD2125BD