1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit 1 safety management system專心-專注-專業Accident causation models 事故致因理論Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物質條件Machine guarding 機械保護裝置House-keeping 工作場所管理Top management 高層管理人員Human errors 人因失誤Accident-proneness models 事故傾向模型Munitions factory 軍工廠Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒險行為

2、Corporate culture 企業文化Loss prevention 損失預防Process industry 制造工業Hazard control 危險控制Intensive study 廣泛研究Organizational performance 企業績效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官員Safety committee 安全委員會Shop-floor 生產區Unionized company集團公司Seniority 資歷、工齡Local culture 當地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 權力關系S

3、tatus review 狀態審查Lower-level management低層管理者Business performance組織績效Most senior executive高級主管Supervisory level 監督層Safety principle 安全規則Wall-board 公告欄Implement plan 執行計劃Hazard identification危險辨識Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Sch

4、ein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to

5、 new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”譯文：Schein給出了組織文化的廣泛定義，他認為組織文化是由若干基本假設組成的一種模式，這些假設是由某個特定團體在處理外部適應問題與內部整合問題的過程中發明、發現或完善的。由于以這種模式工作的有效性得到了認可，因此將它作為一種正確的方法傳授給新成員，讓他們以此來認識、思考和解決問題指適應外部與整合內部的過程中的問題。The safety culture of an organization is the prod

6、uct of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organizations health and safety management.譯文：組織的安全文化由以下幾項內容組成：個人和群體的價值觀、態度、觀念、能力和行為方式。這種行為方式決定了個人或團體對組織健康安全管理的責任，以及組織健康安全管理的形式和熟

7、練程度。Unit 2 System Safety EngineeringSystem safety engineering系統安全工程By-product 附帶產生的結果Engineering practice 工程實踐Safety problem 安全問題Accelerating technology快速發展的技術Safety effort 安全投入Systems life cycle 系統的生命周期System effectiveness系統有效性Logical reasoning 邏輯推理Potential accident 潛在事故Accident cause 事故原因Logical

8、programming合理的規劃System hazard系統危害Safety input安全投入Inherently safe system本質安全系統Schedule delays進度拖延Concept phase初步計劃階段Safety criteria安全標準Government regulations 政府管制System operation系統運行System analysis系統分析System design系統設計Aid in有助于Equipment specifications設備說明Maintenance plans 維護計劃Safety problems安全問題Devel

9、opment phase發展階段Operation phase運行階段Performance reviews績效評估Disposal phase處理階段Intuitive process直覺過程Make decisions做決定Hazard control危險控制Protective apparel防護服Engineering solutions工程方法/手段Protective devices保護裝置Warning devices報警裝置Incorrect interpretation誤解Hazardous material危險物質Work area layout工業區布局Education

10、al solutions教育方法/手段Training sessions培訓會議Safety promotion programs安全促進項目Administrative solutions行政方法/手段Personnel selection人員選擇Safety shoes安全鞋Safety belt安全帶Safety glasses防護眼鏡Accident prevention事故預防Technical system技術系統Responsible official負責人Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis t

11、o be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough, working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis tech

12、nique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and comprehensive hazard information is obtained.譯文：危險分析過程不是憑直覺就能完成的。對于一個有意義的分析，必須在有效的假設基礎上對系統進行合理的、準確的描述。它的成功主要取決于進行分析的人所具有的技能與知識。只要對被研

13、究的系統和用于分析的技術有全面的了解，任何人都可以進行危險分析。在實踐過程中，要想獲得全面而有價值的危險信息，必須要一些具有不同知識背景的人共同努力才行。System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention. Its concepts and techniques have evolved from efforts to improve the safety of the complex technical systems that are common in todays society.

14、It is based on the ideas that accidents result from a number of interacting causes within a system, and that each cause and interaction can be logically identified, evaluated, and controlled. Through the logical application of scientific and management principles over the life cycle of a system, sys

15、tem safety engineering attempts to achieve an optimum degree of safety.譯文：安全系統工程是一個相對較新的預防事故的方法。它的概念和相關技術是在人們提高當今普遍存在的復雜技術系統安全性的各種努力過程中逐漸發展而來的。它基于這樣一個思想，即所有的事故都是系統內大量相互作用的原因造成的，理論上，各種原因及相互作用都能被識別、評估，并得到控制。通過在系統的生命周期內合理的應用科學的管理原則，系統安全工程就有望獲得最佳的安全程度。The efforts necessary to achieve the desired degree

16、of safety are usually organized into formal programs. The objective of such programs is to assure that system hazards are eliminated or otherwise controlled as early in the life cycle as possible. Most of the detail work involved in a system safety program is in the performance of hazard analyses. W

17、ith the information provided by analysis, responsible officials can determine the safest, most efficient means of controlling the hazards identified.譯文：要想獲得所期望的安全程度，所有必須做的工作都應編制成正式的計劃。這些計劃的目標就是確保系統里的危險被消除，或者使危險在系統生命周期內盡早的得到控制。系統安全計劃中的大量具體工作在危險分析的過程中得以執行。通過分析提供的信息，負責人就能選擇最安全、最有效的方式來控制被識別出來的危險。Unit 3

18、The ergonomics Processergonomics process人機工程過程MSDs （are injuries and illnesses of the safe tissue and nervous system that affect your bodys: Muscles, Nerves, Tendons(經脈), Ligaments(韌帶 ), Joints）由肌肉組織或神經系統引起的傷害或疾病Upper echelons上層、高層hourly employee鐘點工Job sites 工地Ergonomics committee人機工程委員會Medical mana

19、gement醫療管理Musculoskeletal stressors 肌肉骨骼緊張性刺激Ergonomics input人機工程投入Management commitment管理承諾/行為Manufacturing engineers制造業工程師Plant manager工廠經理Process engineer生產工程師Human resource manager人力資源經理Safety manager安全經理Sub-committee分委員會Overseeing body 監督主體low back disorder腰部疾病Active and passive surveillance 主動

20、和被動監督Job stressors工作壓力源Follow-up后續工作Ergonomics awareness人機工程意識Follows through實現，把進行到底Chain of command指揮鏈Hit list黑名單You must assess the outcome of the hazard identification process and determine if immediate action is necessary or if, in fact, there is an actual hazard involved. When you do not view

21、a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to the ongoing process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why. This will insure the continued cooperation of workers in hazard identification.你必須對危險辨識過程中得到的結果進行評估，并決定在實際危險存在時是否需要立刻采取措施。當你不把一個已被報告的危險當做一個實際存在的

22、危險時，你必須在工作過程中告訴工人你沒把這個被報告的危險當做一個真正的危險，并解釋原因。這將確保工人們在危險識別過程中進行持續合作。Unit 4 Hazard identificationHazard identification危險識別Outcome后果Ongoing process正在進行的過程Place on重視Exposure limit暴露極限Ventilation system通風系統Budgetary constraint預算約束Jobsite safety inspection工作場所安全檢查Accident investigation事故調查Labor management

23、committee勞動管理委員會Accident incidence事故發生率Severity rate嚴重事故率Industrial accident工業事故Work procedure工作/操作程序Walk-round inspection巡視Overexertion 用力過度Carpal tunnel syndrome腕管綜合癥Extreme temperature極限溫度Worker-oriented以人為本的Mitigate 減輕/緩和Abatement 降低/消除This approach to hazard identification does not require that

24、 someone with special training conduct it. It can usually be accomplished by the use of a short fill-in-the-blank questionnaire. This hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce. The most time-consuming port

25、ion of this process is analyzing the assessment and response regarding potential hazards identified. Empowering workers to identify hazards, make recommendations on abatement of the hazards, and then suggest how management can respond to these potential hazards is essential.這種危險辨識的方法不需要經過特需訓練的人來執行。通

26、常經過一個簡短的問卷調查就能完成。在一些管理比較開放、真心關心工人安全和健康的地方，這種危險辨識方法能起到很好的作用。這個過程中最耗時的部分就是對識別的潛在的危險進行分析評估和反饋。賦予工人識別危險、對減小危險提出建議并提出如何對這些潛在的危險進行管理的權利是必須的。Unit 5 What is an OHSMSOHSMS職業健康安全管理體系Legacy 遺產，留給后人的東西In practice在實踐中Allow for考慮到Regulatory system監管體系Review phase審查階段Specific objective特殊目標Corrective action糾正措施Be c

27、entral to極為重要Systematic approach系統方法Systemic linkage體系聯動Inter-linked相互鏈接Feedback loop反饋環Specific program element詳細計劃Mandatory 強制的Arise from由。引起Strategic objective戰略目標Commercial pressure商業壓力Principal contractor總承包商Hybrid method混合方法Market-based基于市場的Formalised prescription 正式的法規/規定Mandated principle明文規

28、定的原則Stem from起源于，來自于Regulatory framework規章制度European Union Framework Directive歐盟框架指令All-encompassing approach包羅萬象的方法Sparingly 少量的Home grown國產的/自己制定Chamber of Commerce and Industry工商會/工商聯Framing 編制/制定Emergency planning應急計劃Planning and accountability計劃與職責Managerialist and participative models經理主導模式和參與

29、模式bureaucratic model官僚模式Top down由上而下Trace to追溯到Empirical test經驗實驗 Mutually exclusive相互排斥的Quality levels質量標準Expand upon詳述/進一步闡述Level of achievement成就水平 Performance level執行標準Graduating up逐漸變化At the behest of在。命令/要求下Set out闡述、陳列Conversely, an alternative participative model of “management systems” can

30、be traced to socio-technical systems theory, which emphasises organisational interventions based on analysis of the inter-relationships of technology, environment, the orientation of participants, and organisational structure.相反，一個可選擇來使用的“管理系統”模型可以追溯到社會-技術系統理論，該理論強調組織干預，這種組織干預是建立在對技術、環境、參與者的定位及組織結構之

31、間的相互關系進行分析的基礎上的。So far, we have shown that OHSMS can vary upon a number of dimensions relating to method of implementation, system characteristics, and degree of implementation. Such variance is important because it affects evaluation and measurement of OHSMS performance. Measures appropriate for on

32、e dimension of a system will be irrelevant to another. Evaluation of OHSMS effectiveness may need to take account of what systems are expected to do. Are they to meet complex system or simple design standards? Are they implemented at the behest of management or external OHS authorities? Are objectiv

33、es the simple ones such as reducing direct lost-time injuries or do they include satisfying multiple stakeholders? Are they at an early or established stage of development; and which of several different configurations of control strategy and management structure/style is adopted? 到目前為止，我們已經表明OHSMS能

34、呈現多樣性的特征，這些特征與執行方法、系統特征和執行程度相關。這種多樣性的變化非常重要，因為它對OHSMS性能的評價和測量有影響。對一個體系的某種特征適合的方法可能對另一個特征不合適。OHSMS有效性的評價需要考慮到底期望這個體系來干什么？它們滿足復雜的體系呢還是只是一個簡單的設計標準？它們是不是在管理者或者外界OHS權威人士的要求下被執行的？它們的目標是這種簡單的（比如減少直接的時間損失傷害）還是使多數風險金管理機構滿意？它們是在處于形成的早期還是在建立時期？采取哪一種不同控制策略的形態和管理結構/形式？Unit 6 Industrial HygieneIndustrial hygiene工

35、業衛生Physical hazards 物理危害、物質危害Nonionizing radiation非電離輻射Adverse effects副作用、壞的影響Loud noise嘈雜的聲音Chemical bum化學燒傷Live electrical circuits帶電電路Confined space密閉空間Hearing loss聽力喪失Physical or mental disturbance身體或精神障礙Annoyance 煩惱Grinder 砂輪機Power tools電動工具Narrow band noise窄帶噪聲Impulse 脈沖Sound level meter噪聲計Thr

36、eshold of pain痛覺閾Jet engine噴氣式發動機Time-weighted average時間加權平均Snap捻手指的聲音Heat stress熱威脅、熱應力Extremity 四肢Shivering 顫抖Hard labor辛苦工作Fatigued 疲乏的Living tissue活組織Plastic sealer塑料密封機Biological Hazards生物危害Mold 霉菌Potable water飲用水Sewage 污水Physical contact身體接觸Allergic reaction過敏反應Insect scale介殼蟲Severe pain劇烈的疼痛M

37、anual handling手工處理Disk injuries椎間盤傷害Airborne 空中的On a daily basis每天Hazard Communications Standard危害通識規定Stipulation 規定、條款Trade name商標名Hydrogen cyanide氰化氫Chemical asphyxiant化學窒息物質Central nervous system中樞神經系統Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recogni

38、tion, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community”.工業衛生被定義為：“致力于預測、識別、評估和控制環境因素或壓力的科學與技術

39、，這些壓力產生或來自于工作場所，能夠造成疾病、損害人們的幸福安康、或使工人或社區居民的工作效率不高，并使他們感覺到很不舒服”。Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest, relaxation, or sleep. Noise is any undesired

40、sound and is usually a sound that bears no information with varying intensity. It interferes with the perception of wanted sound, and is likely to be harmful, cause annoyance, and/or interfere with speech.當噪音導致暫時或永久的聽力喪失，使身體或精神發生紊亂，對語言交流產生干擾，或對工作、休息、放松、睡覺產生干擾時，它是一種非常嚴重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的聲音，它通常是一種強度變化但不包括

41、任何信息的聲音。它干擾人們對正常聲音的辨別，可能是有害的，能使人煩惱，并（或）干擾人們說話。Unit 9 Accident InvestigationAccident Investigation事故調查After-the-fact事實背后的Take an investigation進行調查Fact-finding process尋找事實的過程Insurance carrier保險公司/承保人Place blame推卸責任Permanent total disability永久全部勞動力喪失For simplicity為簡單起見Accident prevention事故預防Investigati

42、ve procedures調查過程Fact finding尋找事實Operating procedures flow diagrams操作過程流程圖Maintenance chart維修圖表Bound notebook活頁筆記本Physical or chemical law物理或化學定律Table of contents目錄Narrative 敘事的Counter-measure干預措施Investigator collects evidence from many sources during an investigation, gets information from witnesse

43、s and observation as well as by reports, interviews witnesses as soon as possible after an accident, inspects the accident site before any changes occur, takes photographs and makes sketches of accident scene, records all pertinent data on maps, and gets copies of all reports. Documents containing n

44、ormal operating procedures flow diagrams, maintenance charts or reports of difficulties or abnormalities are particularly useful. Keep complete and accurate notes in a bound notebook. Record pre-accident conditions, the accident sequence and post-accident conditions. In addition, document the locati

45、on of victims, witnesses, machinery, energy sources, and hazardous materials.調查人員在調查過程中從各方面收集證據，從證人、旁觀者及一些相關報道中得到信息，在事故發生后盡快的找目擊證人談話，在事故現場遭到改變前進行檢查，對事故場景進行拍照并繪制草圖，記錄與地形相關的所有數據，并將所有的報道復印保存。記錄常規的操作流程圖、維修圖表或對困難、異?，F象的報告等非常有用。在活頁筆記本中完整準確的記錄。記錄事故發生前的環境、事故順序及事故發生后的環境情況等。另外，記錄傷者、證人、機械、能量來源和危害物質的位置。Unit 10 S

46、afety ElectricitySafety electricity安全用電Electrical equipment電力設備Fuse puller保險絲夾Break contact斷開接點/觸電Hot side高壓端Load side負荷端Line side線路/火線端Groundfault circuit interrupt漏電保護器Ground fault接地故障Receptacle 電源插座Hot bubs熱水澡桶Underwater lighting水底照明Fountains 人工噴泉Ungrounded (hot)conductor未接地(高壓)導體/火線Neutral condu

47、ctor中性導體Fault current故障電流Load center載荷中心Panelboard配電板Branch-circuit分支電路CB一種多功能插座Plug-in插入式Electrical shock電擊/電擊事故Take chance冒險Labored 困難的Ventricular fibrillation心室顫動Twitching 顫搐Ventricle 心室Artificial respiration人工呼吸Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation心肺復蘇術Cardiac arrest心跳停止Heart stoppage心臟驟停Lockout 上鎖Tago

48、ut 掛牌Bypassing回避/繞過Jammed 卡住的/堵塞的Ball valves球形閥ANSI美國國家標準協會Color coded色標/彩色編碼Keyed 鍵控制的Rust-resistant防銹的Shackle 鐐銬/鉤鏈Kit成套設備/裝備Lockout/tagout kits are also available. A lockout/tagout kit contains items required to comply with the OSHA lockout/tagout standards. Lockout/tagout kits contain reusable d

49、anger tags, tag ties, multiple lockouts, locks, magnetic signs, and information on lockout/tagout procedures. Be sure the source of electricity remains open or disconnected when returning to work whenever leaving a job for any reason or whenever the job cannot be completed the same day.上鎖/掛牌成套設備也是可用

50、的。上鎖/掛牌套件中包含有必須滿足OSHA上鎖/掛牌標準的組件。上鎖/掛牌套件中包含有可重復使用的危險標簽、臨時懸掛標志、各種閉鎖、鎖、磁性標志、及與上鎖/掛牌相關的信息。無論什么原因停下工作或當天不能完成工作時，在返回工作的時候都要確保電源保持斷開或非連接狀態。Unit 11 Machinery equipment safetyMachinery Equipment Safety機械設備安全Presses沖床Lifting plant起吊設備Scald 燙傷Fragmentation 破碎/爆炸Temporary staff臨時人員Dumper truck翻斗車Power presses壓力

51、機Lift truck升降式裝卸車Elevating work platform升降臺CE markedCE認證標志Subcontractor 中間商/轉包商Interlocked guard聯鎖保護裝置Jig模具Push stick推桿Competent person能勝任安全工作的人Working order正常運轉狀態Brake function制動功能Enter a contract簽訂合同Power pressure沖床Gearbox變速箱Chock 用墊木墊阻Hot work高溫作業Cutting/welding torch切割火炬/氣焊噴燈Retract 縮回/縮進Gang or

52、 radial drills排式鉆機/搖臂鉆床Lathes 車床Turret 轉臺Flying chips飛屑Coolant 冷卻劑Chuck wrench卡盤扳手Milling machine磨削機Toll cutter刀具Grinding machine研磨機Peripheral 外圍的Unit 12 Accident analysis in constructionConstruction work建筑工程Ill-health不健康Set out陳述/闡明Roof work屋頂工作Erection 安裝/架設Safety hazard安全隱患Monetary incentive金錢鼓勵Re