1、Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AGSteel making and key quality points of steel material SMS Siemag ChinaTrainingConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AGTighten the source quality controll Aiming to tighten the source quality control of steel material, the speech shows: steel making

2、 and key quality points of steel material.Introduce how clean steel are melt and refined by modern metallurgy equipment.Focus on key quality points through cases.The better steel, the better machines.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AGContentu 1. steel making1.1 Metallurgy workflow 1.2 Me

3、tallurgy function1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD1.3.2 refining furnace1.3.3 Caster1.3.4 EAF deviceu 2. Key quality points of steel material2.1 Chemical composition2.2 Mechanical properties2.3 Further requirements to steelConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AGMain steel factories in ChinaCon

4、fidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowTechnology of metallurgy workflow guide the project and programming of steel factory.It relates to billions of investment and countless labor in tens of years.Mr. Yin Ruiyu teaches us the technology.Confidential All rights reserved SM

5、S Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow In order to build a modern steel factory in 2007, 220 items of technology were put into use, including 21 items for coke, 68 items for (iron) puddling, 53 items for steelmaking, 22 items for hot rolling, 46 items for cold rolling, 10 items for accessory equipment.

6、Not easy!Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowFrom molten iron pretreatment to CC in this speechConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowuTime flow In large-scale mechaniz

7、ed industry, BF, LD, refining equipment and CCM, rolling machines should have the same flow and meter in time. uMatter flow Interface between equipment is just like interference fit in mechanics. uTemperature flow In the whole steelmaking line, heating liquid steel in furnaces struggles with cooling

8、. Therefore people must keep the temperature in control.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowLong work flow steel making; output=6 Mt/yShort work flow steel making; output=2 Mt/yConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow EAF factoryConfident

9、ial All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowSettings: EAF *1 LF *1 (VD*1) CCM*1 Hot roll line*1-Call it “short work flow” steel makingConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow LD factoryConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow

10、LD workshopConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowSettings:MiningMineral separationSinteringCokeBF*2Converter*3LF*3 + RH *2CCM*3Hot roll lineCold roll lineProcessing line-Call it “Long work flow steel making” steel makingConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1

11、 Metallurgy workflow 鋼鐵生產的鋼鐵生產的目的目的就是用化學和物理的方法就是用化學和物理的方法把氧化鐵中的鐵元素置換出來，然后按照把氧化鐵中的鐵元素置換出來，然后按照人們的需要再次進行合金化，并進行深加人們的需要再次進行合金化，并進行深加工從而得到我們需要的材料；工從而得到我們需要的材料； 所有鋼鐵生產的設備都是圍繞此目的設計所有鋼鐵生產的設備都是圍繞此目的設計并制造出來的。并制造出來的。Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowRequirement to liquid iro

12、n:Temperature: higher than 1400Chemical component:C=3.54.5Si=0.30Mn=0.200.80p0.20S0.05 (for clean steel, S0.005)Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowu煉鋼的煉鋼的目的目的，將通過煉鐵生產得到的生鐵進一步提純凈化，去掉，將通過煉鐵生產得到的生鐵進一步提純凈化，去掉有害雜質并按照需要進行合金化；有害雜質并按照需要進行合金化；u轉爐煉鋼的基本原理是轉爐煉鋼的基本原理是化學反應化學反應，即通

13、過向轉爐內吹入高壓純氧，即通過向轉爐內吹入高壓純氧，利用碳氧反應產生的高溫創造一個強氧化氣氛，將生鐵中的碳，利用碳氧反應產生的高溫創造一個強氧化氣氛，將生鐵中的碳，硅，磷，硅，磷， 硫等雜質氧化并適時加入各種造渣原料，使之發生硫等雜質氧化并適時加入各種造渣原料，使之發生反應形成爐渣與鐵元素分離，從而得到純度更高的鐵碳合金。反應形成爐渣與鐵元素分離，從而得到純度更高的鐵碳合金。u電爐生產電爐生產初期初期是物理反應，即通過電極加熱廢鋼，使之熔融，從是物理反應，即通過電極加熱廢鋼，使之熔融，從而得到鋼水而得到鋼水；然后造渣，通過化學反應除去磷；然后造渣，通過化學反應除去磷。Confidential

14、All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowClean steel in the whole workflow:Desulfurization, dephosphorization and dislodging silicon in liquid iron is executed.Converter or EAF works together with refining equipment to provide pure liquid steel to CCMConfidential All rights reserved S

15、MS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflowu Metallurgy is a complex process and operation.u Steelmaking equipment and their function should be optimized for profit of the whole metallurgy workflow.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AGEquipment, devices should provide profit to customersJust like C

16、SP: SMS Siemagu58% investment of traditional hot rolling line;u50% energy consumption of traditional hot rolling line;u78% production cost of traditional hot rolling line;u101.8% yield rate of traditional hot rolling line;u39% maintaining charge of traditional hot rolling line.Confidential All right

17、s reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow CSP IntroduceExample:Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow Steel mills want suitable and modern devices.For EAF, I think that its most suitable and modern development is usage of eccentric bottom pouring device since EAF

18、 was invented in 1899.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow Green factoryuSteel factory will not only make steel but also exchange energy and absorb wastage for more contribution to human life. uSteel factory output water team and electric power besides consumption it

19、self. uOnly doing that, the citizen will confirm steel factory! The population, waste of energy and iron ore, limestone, coal should not be behaviors of steel factory! Therefore, what should we do as a supplier of steel factory?Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.1 Metallurgy workflow St

20、eel plant in the eveningConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy functionKnowledge of steel making base on:lChemistrylPhysicslMetallurgy physics chemistryConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy functionMaterials Used For Steelmaking iron ore Metallurgical Coa

21、l O2 limestone waste steelConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy functionBut, those materials includetoo much sulfur;too much phosphorus;too much Carbon;too much Si;too much H, N and so on.We must remove the harmful component through function of steel making.Confidential All ri

22、ghts reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy functionwhat steel making processes do:deoxidization and augment Carbondecarbonizationdesulfurizationdephosphorizationdislodge silicontemperature risedeoxidationdislodge gas from steel bathdislodge inclusionalloyinghomogenizationConfidential All rights reser

23、ved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function DeoxidizationWhy? Before deoxidization, can not cast; Pore and loose, inclusion in steel; Increase red shortness;How? Deposit deoxidization Diffusion deoxidization Vacuum deoxidizationConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function Decar

24、bonizationWhy? Decrease ductility of steel.How?COOC221)( ,274.411393940molJTGCOOC)( ,386.38221860molJTGCOFeFeOC)(Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function DesulfurizationWhy? Red shortness. Decrease corrosion resistance Crack, pore and loose in welding seamHow? S+(CaO)=(C

25、aS)+O S+(CaO)=(CaS)+O G G0 0=98474-22.82T=98474-22.82T S+(MnO)=(MnS)+O S+(MnO)=(MnS)+O G G0 0=133224-33.49T=133224-33.49T S+(MgO)=(MgS)+O S+(MgO)=(MgS)+O G G0 0=191462-32.70T =191462-32.70T Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function DephosphorizationWhy? Cold shortness Dec

26、rease crack-resistant propertyHow? 2P+5(FeO)+4(CaO)=(4CaO2P+5(FeO)+4(CaO)=(4CaOP P2 2O O5 5)+5Fe)+5Fe 2P+5(FeO)+3(CaO)=(3CaO2P+5(FeO)+3(CaO)=(3CaOP P2 2O O5 5)+5Fe)+5FeConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function Dislodge inclusionWhy? Crack Decrease ductility of steel Block

27、 casting flowHow? Pour out it with slag Change inclusion formConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function Purity steel requires dislodging inclusion Deoxidation by Al should be limited! Especially in module casting process, this deoxidation method provides a lot of (AL2O3) i

28、nclusion in steel and result of rejection of rotor (a casting / forging part). It had made great loss of money and reputation of THI Company. Deoxidation by Al wastes the function of vacuum refining since THI have used vacuum furnace to refine rotor steel! It should use carbon to dioxide in vacuum c

29、ondition instead of Al. Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy function Purity steel requires dislodging inclusion In steel making operation, an important thing is melting slag to dislodge inclusion and for desulfurization, dephosphorization. So, there is an idiom as “steel mak

30、ing is slag melting”.An idiom:Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.2 Metallurgy functionMetallurgy function for steel quality:Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipmentEquipment list:1.3.1 LD1.3.2 refining equipment LF/DH/RH/VD1.3.3 Caster1.3.4 EAF deviceConfid

31、ential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD Workshop轉爐車間轉爐車間的主要設備分為的主要設備分為4大系統大系統： 原料系統原料系統：如運輸存儲設備混鐵爐，魚雷罐車，鐵水罐，鋼水罐：如運輸存儲設備混鐵爐，魚雷罐車，鐵水罐，鋼水罐；鐵水預處理設備，廢鋼篩選及裝爐設備；散裝物料設備如皮帶；鐵水預處理設備，廢鋼篩選及裝爐設備；散裝物料設備如皮帶機，料倉料斗以及轉爐爐渣的清理和運輸設備機，料倉料斗以及轉爐爐渣的清理和運輸設備； 爐體系統爐體系統：轉爐爐殼，轉爐托圈及爐體傾動設備：轉爐爐殼，轉爐托

32、圈及爐體傾動設備； 供氧系統供氧系統：氧槍：氧槍，供氧管道及閥門，測溫取樣槍供氧管道及閥門，測溫取樣槍； 除塵系統除塵系統：供水，蒸汽，煙道，燃燒室，集塵室，風機，除塵器：供水，蒸汽，煙道，燃燒室，集塵室，風機，除塵器Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD WorkshopTorpedo car transports liquid iron to LDConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equ

33、ipment1.3.1 LD Workshopumolten iron pretreatment are actively used in all of modern steel factories for the benefit of quality and high productivity.umolten iron pretreatment could be taken place in Torpedo car.uDesulfurization, dephosphorization and dislodging silicon are function of molten iron pr

34、etreatment.Molten iron pretreatment Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD WorkshopConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD WorkshopLD ProcessConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD W

35、orkshopConverter (LD-Q-BOP)Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3 Metallurgy equipment1.3.1 LD WorkshopNow, function of converter has changed:The number one LD focuses on dephosphorization;The next LD focuses on decarbonization.It is the result of optimized Unit Operation and equipment in

36、 metallurgy industry.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment Deoxidization and augment Carbon O Decarbonization Desulfurization Dephosphorization O/X Dislodge silicon X Temperature rise /O Deoxidation Dislodge gas from steel bath Dislodge inclusion Alloying Homogenizat

37、ion How useful LF/VD/RH are! let us appraise them! What function LF/VD/RH can do?Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment 目的功能攪拌噴粉添加合金氣氛調整（密閉）減壓或真空 加熱1，均勻溫度成分OOOXO2，成分調整OOO3，脫碳XX4，脫氣（H， N， CO）OX5，脫氧OO6，脫硫X7，脫磷 X8，溫度調整XXXXX9，夾雜物的形態控制XXGoal and working actions in refining

38、Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment Development of refiningConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment LF furnace:Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment LF furnaceConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag

39、 AG1.3.2 Refining equipment LF furnace:出鋼出鋼鋼包車吹氬鋼包車吹氬鋼包到等待位置鋼包到等待位置處理渣處理渣吹 氬 攪吹 氬 攪拌拌出 鋼 過出 鋼 過多多出 鋼 帶出 鋼 帶渣渣正常正常顏色顏色流動性流動性初 煉 爐初 煉 爐渣渣正常正常ABCDEF鋼包取樣鋼包取樣加入合金，均勻化及調加入合金，均勻化及調節溫度節溫度喂入喂入Ca-Si絲絲鋼 包 取樣停氬停氬吊往連鑄吊往連鑄臺臺鋼液成鋼液成分未按分未按規定改規定改變變正正常常GHIJKLM加合金與喂加合金與喂CaSi線間時間不線間時間不足；喂足；喂CaSi線后吹氬時間不線后吹氬時間不足；加入足；加入CaS

40、i不正確；成分不正確；成分不合；溫度不合適不合；溫度不合適NConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment LF furnaceu According to wt% of Als, add Al into LFu For desulfurization and dislodging inclusion, melt white slag and blow Argon in LF;u Electric arc heats liquid steel to target temperature;u Blow

41、argon to make temperature uniform;u According to target chemical component, add alloy into LF.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment LF furnace LF is a revolutionary improvement for refining steel. LF builds the production system of “rough meltingrefining” various ste

42、el grand with high quality. LF makes the difference of LD and EAF disappear.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment DHDoetmund Hoerder Huetten union (named by a German company)Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment RH(by a developing Ger

43、man company named) Ruhrstahl Rheinstahl ATH CompanyConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment RHConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment uDo you want face plate of Benz car? Please use RH to produce IF steel.uDo you want DI steel for ring-pul

44、l can to drink bear? Please use RH.uDo you want electrics steel for watching TV? ? Please use RH .Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 refining equipment VD Vacuum Degas equipment provides a cheaper degassing way than RH and has a good result of degassing. Therefore VD is wildly used.

45、Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.2 Refining equipment p SMS Group is developing those steel refining devices today! SMS MevacConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 Caster But, which device is the core segment in steel industry today?CCM is the core segment for steel qua

46、lity.CCM is the core segment for economical production of steel.CCM is the core segment of product types.So, LD, EAF and refining furnace have to serve CCM.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterConfidential All rights rese

47、rved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 Casteru連續鑄鋼簡稱連鑄，是把液態鋼水用連鑄機澆連續鑄鋼簡稱連鑄，是把液態鋼水用連鑄機澆注、冷凝、切割而直接得到鑄坯的工藝。它是注、冷凝、切割而直接得到鑄坯的工藝。它是連接煉鋼和軋鋼的中間環節，是煉鋼廠的重要連接煉鋼和軋鋼的中間環節，是煉鋼廠的重要組成部分。組成部分。凡是具有獨立的拉矯和傳動系統，可以單獨運凡是具有獨立的拉矯和傳動系統，可以單獨運行的一組連鑄設備，稱作為連鑄機的一機。行的一組連鑄設備，稱作為連鑄機的一機。中間包

48、內的鋼水可以同時澆注的鑄坯根數（結中間包內的鋼水可以同時澆注的鑄坯根數（結晶器數）稱作連鑄機的流數晶器數）稱作連鑄機的流數Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 Casteru連鑄的原理是將液態鋼水連續注入通水冷卻的結晶器，并在結晶連鑄的原理是將液態鋼水連續注入通水冷卻的結晶器，并在結晶器內冷卻凝固而形成坯殼；結晶器安裝在振動臺上，通過不間斷器內冷卻凝固而形成坯殼；結晶器安裝在振動臺上，通過不間斷的振動使坯殼與結晶器銅板分離，并在結晶器下端連續不斷的拉的振動使坯殼與結晶器銅板分離，并在結晶器下端連續不斷的拉出，液芯坯殼再經過在扇形

49、段內的二次冷卻，最終凝固成我們需出，液芯坯殼再經過在扇形段內的二次冷卻，最終凝固成我們需要的最終形狀要的最終形狀。現在世界各國使用的連鑄機有立式、立彎式、弧形、旋轉式、輪現在世界各國使用的連鑄機有立式、立彎式、弧形、旋轉式、輪帶式和水平式等帶式和水平式等6種類型。種類型。其中應用最廣泛的是其中應用最廣泛的是弧形弧形和和立彎立彎式式。Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 Caster連鑄機的主體設備連鑄機的主體設備 回轉臺。回轉臺。 中間包。中間包。 中包車。中包車。 結晶器：結晶器： 結晶器的振動機構。結晶器的振動機構。負滑脫（

50、或稱負滑動）負滑脫（或稱負滑動）:當結晶器下振的速度大于當結晶器下振的速度大于拉坯速度時，鑄坯對結晶器的相對運動為向上，拉坯速度時，鑄坯對結晶器的相對運動為向上，即逆拉坯方向的運動，這種運動稱負滑脫或稱負即逆拉坯方向的運動，這種運動稱負滑脫或稱負滑動。滑動。 二次冷卻系統。二次冷卻系統。 拉坯矯直機。如果采用多輥拉矯機時，二冷區拉坯矯直機。如果采用多輥拉矯機時，二冷區的部分夾輥本身又是驅動輥，起到拉坯的作用。的部分夾輥本身又是驅動輥，起到拉坯的作用。 切割機，切割方法有火焰切割和機械剪切切割機，切割方法有火焰切割和機械剪切Confidential All rights reserved SMS

51、 Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 Caster連鑄的主要工藝參數連鑄的主要工藝參數 鑄坯斷面：主要根據連鑄機澆注的實際可能和軋機對坯料斷面的要求。我廠鑄坯斷面：主要根據連鑄機澆注的實際可能和軋機對坯料斷面的要求。我廠現有斷面：方坯：現有斷面：方坯：130130173mm173mm；板坯：；板坯：150150、180180、200200350350710mm710mm。冶金長度：鑄機的冶金長度是指從結晶器內鋼液面到拉矯機最后一對輥子中冶金長度：鑄機的冶金長度是指從結晶器內鋼液面到拉矯

52、機最后一對輥子中心線的實際長度，即鑄機長度。心線的實際長度，即鑄機長度。拉坯速度：指連鑄機每一流單位時間拉出鑄坯的長度（拉坯速度：指連鑄機每一流單位時間拉出鑄坯的長度（m/minm/min），或每一流單），或每一流單位時間拉出鑄坯的重量（位時間拉出鑄坯的重量（t/mint/min），后者也有稱為澆注速度的。拉速主要受鋼），后者也有稱為澆注速度的。拉速主要受鋼種、斷面形狀和尺寸、注溫及鋼中硫磷含量的影響。種、斷面形狀和尺寸、注溫及鋼中硫磷含量的影響。圓弧半徑：指鑄坯彎曲時的外弧半徑（圓弧半徑：指鑄坯彎曲時的外弧半徑（m m）。）。比給水量：二次冷卻強度可用比給水量：二次冷卻強度可用“比給水量比給

53、水量”來表示，其含義是單位時間冷卻來表示，其含義是單位時間冷卻水耗量（升）和通過二冷區鑄坯質量（水耗量（升）和通過二冷區鑄坯質量（kgkg）的比值，其單位為）的比值，其單位為l/kgl/kg。結晶器倒錐度：是結晶器上下口尺寸差值與其長度之比值。過大坯殼脫模困結晶器倒錐度：是結晶器上下口尺寸差值與其長度之比值。過大坯殼脫模困難；過小可使坯殼過早脫離銅壁產生氣隙，使坯殼較早失去結晶器支撐，并難；過小可使坯殼過早脫離銅壁產生氣隙，使坯殼較早失去結晶器支撐，并不利于傳熱不利于傳熱Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterInte

54、rmediate ladleConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterIntermediate ladleIt is a refractory matter vessel. It receives liquid steelfrom ladle, and then distributes liquid steel tocasting molds through its water gaps.We should not only take it as a distribution vessel.We must use int

55、ermediate ladle to get clean steel.So, there is a new idiom named intermediate ladlemetallurgy. There is a patent of new type intermediate ladle.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterIntermediate ladleexplanation in the next pagesConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.

56、3 CasterIntermediate ladleNotice the walls in the Intermediate ladle in Page 70.The walls prevent inclusion to flow in caster and are very, very important for quality of steel!Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.3 CasterIntermediate ladleKey quality point: prevent immixture slag into m

57、old.waving of liquid height in Intermediate ladle must be less than 5mm.For IF steel as face plate of Benz Car, waving of liquid height in Intermediate ladle 95% slag in furnace is good for the next steel bath. Save power.Decrease temperature of melting steel to save power.Decrease oxide in steel wh

58、en pouring steel.Increase life of steel ladles.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.4 EAF deviceSMS Siemag is working on X-MeltX-Melt technology includes LD, (DC or AC) EAF and CONARC (LD with electric arc heating steel). Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.4 EAF deviceLet

59、 us see the ARCCESS S/EAFConfidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.4 EAF deviceSMS:ARCCESS Steady EAFARCCESS Steady EAF（S/EAF）can continuouslyrun one week (148 hours), 30% capacity increased.The newest SIS（SMS Injection System）Electrode slide device.Used in PT. Gunung Company in Bekasi, Indo

60、nesia,recently.Confidential All rights reserved SMS Siemag AG1.3.4 EAF device List of ARCCESS Steady EAFStart CustomerCapacity /t2010Peiner Trager GmbH, Germany1252010OKO Kemz(Maxi Group), Russia1202009OKO Taganrog Metallurgical Works, Russia1352009Forpost Energu, Russia1202009Fervouralsky New Pipe Works(PNTZ), Ru