1、Unit 3 Life in the futureLearning about LanguagePast participle (3)used as Adverbial & Attribute過去分詞過去分詞 過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式, ,表示完成和被動的表示完成和被動的動作。它在句子中可以充當狀語、定語等成分。動作。它在句子中可以充當狀語、定語等成分。過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語 過去分詞表完成、被動過去分詞表完成、被動, 作狀語時作狀語時,其邏輯主語是主句其邏輯主語是主句的主語的主語, 且與主語之間存在著被動關系。過去分詞作狀語可且與主語之間存在著被動關

2、系。過去分詞作狀語可表時間、原因、讓步、結果、方式、條件等。表時間、原因、讓步、結果、方式、條件等。觀察下列句子觀察下列句子Once published, his works (=Once his works were published, ) became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line. 過去分詞作時間狀語過去分詞作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語從句。有時過去分相當于一個時間狀語從句。有時過去分詞前可加連詞詞前可加連詞when或或while來強調時間概念。來強調時間概念。過去分詞作時間狀語過去分詞作時間狀語1.

3、When it is heated, ice will be changed into water. When heated, ice will be changed into water.2. When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 過去分詞作原因狀語過去分詞作原因狀語1. Since/ As she wa

4、s given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.2. Because it was done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes. Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.過去分詞作條件或假設狀語過去分詞作條件或假設狀語1.If

5、 they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.2. If we are compared with you, we still have a long way to go. Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.過去分詞作方式或伴隨狀語過去分詞作方式或伴隨狀語1. The hunter left his house

6、, and he was followed by his dog.The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. 2. She sat by the window, and she was lost in thought.She sat by the window, lost in thought. Summary1) 過去分詞在句子中可以作時間狀語、原因狀語、伴隨過去分詞在句子中可以作時間狀語、原因狀語、伴隨 狀狀語、條件狀語和讓步狀語等。語、條件狀語和讓步狀語等。2) 過去分詞作狀語時過去分詞作狀語時, ,其邏輯主語與句子主語一致。其邏輯主語

7、與句子主語一致。過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語過去分詞有兩大特點：過去分詞有兩大特點：1. 表示被動的動作；表示被動的動作；2. 表示已經完成的動作。表示已經完成的動作。因此因此,當過去分詞作狀語的時候一定要搞清楚分詞與主語當過去分詞作狀語的時候一定要搞清楚分詞與主語的邏輯關系。例如的邏輯關系。例如:1. United we stand, divided we fail. If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fail.2. Asked what had happened, he told us about

8、 it. When he was asked what had happened, he told us about it.3. Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.Because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.4. Given more time, we would be able to do the work much bet

9、ter. If we were given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. 5. Once translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers. Once it was translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.6. Deeply interested in medicine, she decided

10、 to become a doctor. Because she was deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.7. Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all. Although he was left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all.用過去分詞作狀語來改寫句子用過去分詞作狀語來改寫句子1.As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled

11、 for the first few days. _ , I was unsettled for the first few days.Worried about the journey2. If he is given time, hell make a first-class tennis player. _ , hell make a first-class tennis player.3. As I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. _, I was hit by the

12、lack of fresh air.Given timeConfused by the new surroundings4.When he was questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense. _, he became tense. Questioned by the police about the fireAttention過去分詞與現在分詞作狀語過去分詞與現在分詞作狀語 過去分詞表完成過去分詞表完成、被動被動,與主句主語之間是被動關系與主句主語之間是被動關系;現在現在分詞表進行、主動分詞表進行、主動,與主句主語之間是主

13、動關系。如果一個被與主句主語之間是主動關系。如果一個被動的動作發生在謂語動作之前動的動作發生在謂語動作之前,則可使用現在分詞的完成被動則可使用現在分詞的完成被動式或過去分詞。式或過去分詞。Compare1. Following the old man, we went upstairs.(we followed) (跟著那個老人跟著那個老人, 我們上樓我們上樓了了。)2. Followed by the old man, we went upstairs. (we were followed) (被那個老人跟著被那個老人跟著, 我們上樓我們上樓了了。)3. 從上面看從上面看,體育場好像一個鳥巢

14、。體育場好像一個鳥巢。_ from the top, the stadium looks like a birds nest. A. Seeing B. Seen4. 從太空看從太空看, 宇航員看不到長城。宇航員看不到長城。 _ from the space, the astronaut cannot discover the Great Wall. A. Seeing B. SeenDifference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle_ for a long time, the book looks old.由于用

15、了很長時間由于用了很長時間, 這本書看上去很舊。這本書看上去很舊。_ the book, I find it very useful. 在使用的過程中在使用的過程中, 我發現這本書很有用。我發現這本書很有用。 UsedUsing_ at her, he jumped with joy.看著她看著她, 他欣喜地跳了起來。他欣喜地跳了起來。_at by her, he jumped with joy.被她注視著被她注視著, 他欣喜地跳了起來。他欣喜地跳了起來。LookingLooked注意：注意：選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞, 關鍵看主句的主語。如關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作

16、是主句的主語發出分詞的動作是主句的主語發出, 分詞就選用現在分詞，反之分詞就選用現在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。就用過去分詞。Complete each sentence using the Past Participle of the right verb.frighten trap follow shoot1._ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dared to sleep in her room.2. The lady returned home, _ by two policemen.Frightenedfollowed3. If _

17、in a burning building, you should send for help.4. Although _ in the leg, he continued firing at the police.trapped shot過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語 過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的被動關系的被動關系,且表示該動作已經完成。單個的過去分詞作且表示該動作已經完成。單個的過去分詞作定語定語,通常置于被修飾詞的前面通常置于被修飾詞的前面,而分詞短語作定語而分詞短語作定語,則須置則須置于被修飾詞的后面。于被修飾詞的后面。1.

18、Last Sunday we went on an organized trip to the forest. 上星期天我們組織了一次去森林的旅行。上星期天我們組織了一次去森林的旅行。2. A letter posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow. 今天發出的信他后天就能收到。今天發出的信他后天就能收到。分詞作分詞作定語定語可以轉換成定語從句可以轉換成定語從句:This is a picture painted by my father. (被動被動) =This is a picture which was painted by

19、my father.The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. (已完已完成成) =The letter which was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.過去分詞短語有時亦可用作非限制性定語，前后常有逗號。過去分詞短語有時亦可用作非限制性定語，前后常有逗號。Some of them, born and brought up in country villages, had never seen a train.他們當中有一些人他們當中有一些人, 生長在農村，從未見過火車。生長

20、在農村，從未見過火車。 過去分詞作定語有前置和后置兩種情況過去分詞作定語有前置和后置兩種情況:1.前置定語前置定語 單個的過去分詞作定語單個的過去分詞作定語, 通常放在被修飾的名詞之前通常放在被修飾的名詞之前, 表示表示被動和完成意義。被動和完成意義。A.被動意義被動意義an honored guest _(受傷的工人受傷的工人)are now being taken good care of in the hospital.B.完成意義完成意義a retired teacherThey are cleaning _ (落葉落葉) in the yard.一位受尊敬的客人一位受尊敬的客人The

21、 injured workers一位退休的教師一位退休的教師the fallen leaves2.后置定語后置定語過去分詞短語作定語時過去分詞短語作定語時, 通常放在被修飾的名詞之后通常放在被修飾的名詞之后, 它它的作用相當于一個定語從句。的作用相當于一個定語從句。This will be the best novel of its kind ever written.(= )Who were the so-called guests invited (= ) to your party last night?that has ever been writtenwho had been inv

22、ited注意注意: : 如果被修飾的詞是由如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所構成的復合代詞或指示代詞所構成的復合代詞或指示代詞those等時，即使一個單等時，即使一個單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。 例如：例如： Is there anything unsolved? 還有什么未解決的嗎？還有什么未解決的嗎？ There is nothing changed here since I left this town. 自從我離開后，這個城鎮沒有任何變化。自從我離開后，這個城鎮沒有任何變

23、化。 【即學即練即學即練】1. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing【解析解析】選選C。 首先首先,根據語法分析可知根據語法分析可知,待選部分是一個作定待選部分是一個作定語、修飾語、修飾 The Olympic Games的后置分詞短語的后置分詞短語;再根據再根據 The Olympic Games 對于動詞對于動詞 play 來說只能是被動承受來說只能是被

24、動承受,且已完成且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此。因此,該題應選該題應選C。2. （2012 泉州高二檢測）泉州高二檢測）Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak【解析解析】選選B。考查。考查過去分詞作后置定語表過去分詞作后置定語表被動被動,等于定語從等于定語從句句 which is spoken。3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite

25、 C. being invited D. had been invited【解析解析】選選A。考查。考查過去分詞作后置定語表被動過去分詞作后置定語表被動, 等于定語從等于定語從句句who were invited。4. The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened【解析解析】選選D。考查。考查過去分詞短語作定語放在所修飾的名詞后過去分詞短語作定語放在所修飾的名詞后,可以用非限制性定

26、語從句可以用非限制性定語從句“which was opened last year”代替。代替。5. （ 2012 濰坊高二檢測）濰坊高二檢測）The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 【解析解析】選選D。考查。考查過去分詞作后置定語表被動過去分詞作后置定語表被動,等于定語從等于定語從句句which were written

27、。 另外另外,分詞作狀語時分詞作狀語時,如果其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語如果其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致不一致, 需要用獨立主格結構或需要用獨立主格結構或 with 復合結構來替代。復合結構來替代。(此時此時,也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補足語。也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補足語。)例如例如: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied【解析解析】選選D。待選部分的邏輯主語是。待選部分的邏輯主語是 his hand

28、s,而不是句而不是句子的主語子的主語 The murderer, his hands 對于動詞對于動詞 tie來說來說,只能是只能是被動承受。因此被動承受。因此,該題應選該題應選D。 6. When _ if she would request a rise, the actress said that money was not important. A. asked B. asking C. having asked D. being asked7. Yesterday I saw in the newspaper a teaching post _ at a school close t

29、o my home and I wanted to apply for it. A. advertises B. advertising C. advertised D. to advertiseFill in the blanks.1. I like reading the novels _ (write ) by Zhang Ailing.2. The girl _ (write) a letter in the study is my cousin.3.There is something wrong with my car and I have to get it _ (repair)

30、.writtenwritingrepaired4. I want the doors of my new house _ (paint) white.5. There was a _ (surprise) look on his face.6. He was _ (excite) at the good news. 7. The story was so _ (move) that he was _ (move) to tears.paintedsurprisedexcitedmovingmoved用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空 1. _ (use) in thi

31、s way, the word shouldnt be taken as a verb. 2. _ (arm) with special guns, knives and brushes, two space walking astronauts practiced fixing the spacecraft. 3. Though _ (catch) in a traffic jam, we managed to arrive at the airport. UsedArmedcaught4. Susan is not easy to get along with. But once _ (gain), her friendship will last forever. 5. Henry didnt attend the party _ (hold) at Toms house last night, for he was busy preparin