1、主要文學作品流派主要文學流派及其代表作Classicism古典主義Asacriticalterm,abodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomancultureparticularlyinliterature,philosophy,artorcriticism.Classicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreeksandRomansord

2、evelopedthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Theseincluderestraint,restrictedscope,dominanceofreason,senseofform,unityofdesignandaim,clarity,simplicity,balance,attentiontostructureandlogicalorganization,chastenessinstyle,severityofoutline,moderation,self-control,intellectualism,decorum,respec

3、tfortradition,imitation,conservatismandgoodsense.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksinclude:JohnBunyan:ThePilgrim'sProgress(1678).Neoclassicism新古典主義Itmainlyappliestotheclassicaltendencywhichdominatedtheliteratureofthe17thcenturyand18thcentury.Itwas,atleast,theresultofareactionagainstthefiresofp

4、assionwhichhadblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyinthemetaphysical(十七世紀詩體的)poetry.AndNeoclassicismesteemedobjectivity,harmony,rationality,dignity,proportion,andmoderation,stressedartisticsystemsandtechnicalcorrelationofstylisticcomponents,admiredconciseness,elegance,goodtasteandwit,combinedpleasur

5、ewithinstructionandmatchedcontenttostyle.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:JohnDryden(1631-1700):TheWorldWellLost(1678);AlexanderPope(1688-1744):TheRapeoftheLock(1714),TheDunciad(1742).EarlyRomanticism浪漫主義Romanticism,asaliterarytrend,occurredanddevelopedinEuropeandAmericaattheturnofthe18thand1

6、9thcenturiesunderthehistoricalbackgroundoftheIndustrialRevolution.Romanticismstressesindividualandcreativefunctionofimagination.Itplacesindividualattheverycenterofalllifeandallexperienceandatthecenterofart.Itscharacteristicsare:(1)Romanticismisarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.(2)Forroman

7、tics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsaremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.(3)RomanticsdonotthinkoftheworldasatickingwatchmadebyGod(4)Theyemphasizeindividualism,placingtheindividualagainsttheagainstthegroup,againstauthority.(5)Theyaffirmtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwanteachpersontobefreetodevelopand

8、expresshisowninnerthoughts(6)Theycherishstronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.(7)Theyareinterestedinvarietyandattractedbythewild,theirregular,theindefinite,remote,themysterious,andthestrange.(8)AmericanRomanticismpresentsanentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture,andproduceafeelingofnewne

9、sswhichhasinspiredtheromanticimagination.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:WordsworthandColeridge:LyricalBallads(1798);WashingtonIrving:TheSketchBook(1820)HighRomanticsAmericanromanticismreachesitspeakwiththeappearanceofthemajorauthorsofthe19thCentury,suchasEdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanandEmilyDic

10、kinsoninpoetry,andNathanielHawthorneandHermanMelvilleinfiction.Theytooktheirdeparturefromthecomplacentromanticimpulseoftheearly19thcenturyandcreatedforthemselvesnewliterarypersonalities.Theyestablishedfirmgroundfortheirartinwell-conceivedliterarytheoriesandwell-structuredliteraryforms.Itsrepresentat

11、ivesandtheirmajorworksEdgarAllanPoe:TheRaven(1845);WaltWhitman:LeavesofGrass(1855);NathanielHawthorne:TheScarletLetterHermanMelville:MobyDick(1851).RealismRealismisbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistseverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factma

12、nneronprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonestyandademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Asaliterarymovement,realismreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccuredatthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.Itsmajorfeaturesare:(1)Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylif

13、eandeverydaysensesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.(2)Inrealistfictioncharactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.(3)Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.(4)Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyignoredbythearts.(5)Rea

14、lismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.(6)Romanticismpresentsmoralvisions.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:WilliamDeanHowell:AModernInstance(1882)MarkTwain:TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)GeorgeEliot:AdamBede(1859)TheMillonth

15、eFloss(1860)NaturalismNaturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofiction.Itviewshumanbeingsanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives,overnoneofwhichtheyhavecontrolandnoneofwhichtheyfullyunderstand.Herearethreemajorconceptsofliterarynaturalisminth

16、ebroadabstractway:(1)Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredityandenvironment.(2)Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.(3)Theliterarynaturalistshaveamajordifferencefromtherealists:thedifferenceisrestraint,notactionitself;naturalistcharactersactoutofasimilarsetofmotivesanddesires,and

17、theydifferfromtheirrealistcounterpartsonlyinbeingunabletoresisttheconditionsthatpressuponthem.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:StephenCrane:Maggie,aGirloftheStreets(1893),TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895);TheodoreDreiser:SisterCarrie(1899),AnAmericanTragedy(1925)ModernismFrom1890stoearly1940s,modern

18、ismbecameaninternationaltendencyagainstpositivismandrepresentationalartandliterature.Theessenceofmodernismisabreakwiththepastanditalsofosteresabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulf川ment.Modernismtakesshapeinaconvergenceoftendenciesinmodernculture,accidentalcircumstancesandconcertseffortsonth

19、epastofinfluentialwriters,somepoliticallyconservativeandsomeradical.Itincludesawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,futurism,imagism,vorticism,expressionism,dada,andsurrealism.Itsmajorfeaturesare:(1)Modernismdramatizesdiscontinuityandimminentseverancefromthe

20、pastwhilemakingdeterminedeffortstousethepast,itsvaluesandartisticforms,layemphasisonincorporatingtheminnewliteraryproduction.(2)Modernistshaveasenseoffragmentationinsocialcommunitiesandthefragmentationwithintheindividualhimself.(3)Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismisitsstrongandconsciousbreakw

21、ithtraditionalperceptionsandtechniquesofexpression,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageallaspectsofitsmedium.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:ThomasStearnsEliot:TheHollowMen(1922)AshWednesday(1930);ErnestHemingway:AFarewelltoArms(1929),TheOldManandtheSea(1952)PostwarRealismPostwarrealismisdifferent

22、fromthenormativerealismofthe19thcentury.Ithasbeensearchforvisionthatcanrelateanoppressedresponsetosocietyandhistorytoanawarenessofindividuallonelinessandmoralandtranscendentalhungerbothtodifferentiateandreunitetheselfandthesocietyanditisnotmerelyareturntotheoldtraditionofrealism.Postwarrealismembodi

23、esgreatchangesinliteraturealongwiththegreatchangesinsociety.Postwarrealistwritersfocusmoreonspiritualaspectsofhumanlifewhilerevealingdenouncingthedarkforcesinsociety.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:JamesThurber:NewYorker(1925-1933);Updike:TheCentaur(1964)Postmodernism1963isidentifiedasthebeg

24、inningofPostmodernism.Itischaracterizedbyamultiplicityofindividualvoices.Andpostmodernfictionsharesacommonsensethatacrisisisathandforsocietyandforliteratureandthatallformsofdogma,convention,ideologyneedtobereexaminedandreplacedifnecessarybyfreshersystemsmoresuitabletothetimes.Itsmajorfeaturesare:(1)

25、Postmodernwritersbroodoverwhattheyperceivetobeabsenceofanswersandcontinuitybyemphasizingrandomnessanddiscontinuityandbyblurringthedistinctionbetweenauthorandfictionalcharacter.Theyinsistondrawingthereaderintotheconfidencethatthetextistheonlyreality.(2)Postmodernfictionseekstoshowtheformratherthanthe

26、contentofAmericanreality.(3)Thefundamentalruleofthepostmodernfictionistheabsurdandthearbitrary.(4)Postmodernwritersholdthattherealityofmodernlifeistooelusiveanduncertainforpeopletorationalizeandidealize(5)Thedistrustoftraditionalmimeticgenres,alliedtothephilosophicalclimateofstructuralismanddeconstruction,hasencouragedpostmodernismtoembracepopularforms,suchasdetectivefiction,sciencefiction,andfairytale.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:KurtVonnegut:TheSirensofTitan(1959)