1、【經典資料，woRD文檔，可編輯修改】【經典考試資料，答案附后，看后必過，WORD文檔，可修改】YoungFemaleChimpsOutlearnTheirBrothersYoungfemalechimpsarefasterandbetterlearnersthanyoungmalechimps,suggestsanewstudy,echoinglearningdifferencesseeninhumangirlsandboys.Whileyoungmalechimpspasstheirtimeplaying.Youngfemalechimpscarefullystudytheirmother

2、s.Asaresult,theylearnhowtofishfortastytermitesnacksovertwoyearsbeforetheboys.ElizabethLonsdorf,nowatLincolnParkZooinChicago,US,andcolleaguesattheUniversityofMinnesota,SaintPaulspentfouryearswatchinghowyoungchimpanzeesintheGombeNationalParkinTanzanialearnedaculturalbehavior”.Thesexdifferencesinlearni

3、ngbehaviorwereaconsistentandstrikinglyapparent”,saystheteam.Theresearcherspointoutthatsimilardifferencesareseeninhumanchildrenwithregardto?skillssuchaswriting."Asex-basedlearningdifferencesmaythereforedatebackatleasttothelastcommonancestorofchimpanzeesandhumans."theywriteinthejournalNature

4、.Chimpsmakeflexibletoolsfromvegetationandtheninsertthemintotermitemounds,extractthemandthenmunchthetermitesclingingontothetool.Theresearchersusedvideocamerastorecordthisfeedingbehaviorandfoundthateachchimpmotherhadherowntechnique,suchashowsheusedtoolsofdifferentlengths.Analysisofthesixinfantswhoseag

5、eswereknownshowedthatgirlchimpswereanaverageof31monthsoldwhentheysucceededinfishingouttheirtermites,wheretheboychimpswereaged58monthsonaverage.Femaleswerealsomoreskillfulatgettingoutmoretermiteswitheverydipandusedtechniquessimilartotheirmotherswhilemalesdidnot.Insteadofstudyingtheirmothers,theboychi

6、mpsspentasignificantlygreateramountoftimefrolickingaroundthetermitemound.Behaviorssuchasplayingorswingingmighthelpthemaleinfantslaterinlifewhentypicallymaleactivitieslikehuntingorfightingfordominancebecomeimportant,suggesttheresearchers.Lonsdorfaddsthattherejusttwomainsourcesofanimalproteinforchimps

7、thetermitesorcolobusmonkeys."Maturemalesoftenhuntmonkeysuptrees,butfemalesarealmostalwayseitherpregnantorburdenedwithaclinginginfant.Thismakeshuntingdifficult,“shesays."Adultfemalesspendmoretimefishingfortermitesthanmales."Sobecomingproficientattermitefishingcouldmeanadultfemaleseatbe

8、tter,“Theycanwatchtheiroffspringatthesametime.Theyoungofbothsexesseentopursueactivitiesrelatedtotheiradultsexroles10ataveryyoungage.練習:1. Whydoyoungfemalechimpslearnfasterthanyoungmalechimpsatfishingfortermites?ABecauseyoungfemalechimpsdon'tplaywiththeirbrothers.BBecauseyoungfemalechimpsbegintos

9、tudytheirmothersearlier.CBecauseyoungmalechimpsneverlearntofishfortermites.DBecauseyoungmalechimpsarenotinterestedintermites.2. Whatarethetoolswithwhichchimpsfishfortermites?ATreebranches.BVegetation.CFruits.DGrass.3. WhichoftheFollowingistrueaboutchimpsfishingfortermitesaccordingtoparagraph6?AMales

10、oftencompetewithfemalesinfishingfortermites.BMalescouldgetoutmoretermiteswitheverydip.CFemalescouldgetoutmoretermiteswitheverydip.DMalesaregoodatmasteringtechniqueforfishingfortermites.4. Howdidtheresearchersexplainthefactthatboychimpsspentmoretimeonplaying?ATheylikehunting.?BTheyenjoyfighting.CIthe

11、lpsthemtostayfit.DItwillmakethemgoodfightersandhuntersinthefuture.5. Accordingtothelastparagrnph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?AAdultchimpshuntmonkeyswhileyoungchimpsfishfortermites.BThemainsourceofanimalproteinformalechimpsiscolobusmonkeys.CThemainsourceofanimalproteinforfemalechimpsistermites.DFema

12、lechimpsfishfortermiteswhilewatchingtheirchildren.答案與題解1. B根據第二段的內容，雄性小猩猩將時間用來玩要，而雌性小猩猩則研究她們母親的行為，因此，她們比雄性小猩猩早兩年學會捕食白蟻。A、D文中沒有提到，C與、可題沒有關系。2. B第五段的第一個句子告訴我們，猩猩用植物作成方便的工具，用來捕食白蟻。A、C和D均是錯誤的。3. C該段告訴我們，對六只小猩猩的分析表明，雌性小猩狠不但較早學會捕食白蟻.而且能比雄性小猩猩更為熟練地捕食到更多的白蟻。所以，B和D都不是正確選項。A項內容文中沒有提到。4. DA、B和C都是錯誤的，因為文中沒有捉到雄性

13、小猩猩喜歡獵食和打斗，也沒有提及玩耍能使他們更健康。D是正確答案。第七段日勻后一句說，他們喜歡玩耍的行為有助于他們長大后的生活，因為，到那時，他們要獵食和爭權奪位。5. A根據日勻后一段的內容，成年雄猩猩主要獵食生活在樹上的一種叫做colobus（疣猴）的猴子，而雌性猩猩捕食白蟻。所以A是正確選項。B、C和D的內容均可在該段中找到。譯文：第十篇？?？年輕雌猩猩學習優于她們的弟兄一項新的研究顯示，與年輕雄性相比，年輕雌黑猩猩是更快更好的學習者，這與人類的兩性學習差異相仿。在小雄猩猩玩樂嬉鬧時候，雌猩猩卻在悉心向母親學習。結果她們比“男孩們”提早兩年學會捕獲美味小吃一一白蟻。美國芝加哥林肯公司動物

14、園的ElizabethLonsdorf和她在圣保羅市明尼蘇達大學的同事們用了4年時間觀察坦桑尼亞Gombe自然公園的年輕黑猩猩學習它們的“文化行為”。學習行為的性別差異是“一貫和驚人顯著的“，觀察小組報告說。研究人員指出，類似的差別也存在于人類兒童寫作等技巧的學習過程。他們在自然雜志中寫道，“基于性別的學習差異因而可以上溯到人類和黑猩猩最近的共同始祖。"黑猩猩用植物制造靈巧的工具，將它們插入蟻丘把白蟻驅趕出來，再津津有味地享用粘在工具上的白蟻。研究人員用攝像機記錄下這種捕食行為，發現每位猩猩母親在諸如怎樣使用不同長度的工具等方面都有她們自己的訣竅。分析研究六只已知年齡的幼猩猩顯示，雌猩猩在平均31個月大時就能成功捕獲白蟻，而雄猩猩則需要到58個月時才能學會。雌性每次都能熟練地收獲更多的白蟻，并能采用與母親相似的技巧，而雄性卻做不到。“男孩們”不向母親學習，卻花費大量