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1、英語詞性的分類及用法一、詞性的分類詞類又叫詞性,英語單詞根據其在句子中的功用,可以分成十個大類。 1 名詞 noun n. student 學生 2 代詞 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容詞 adjective adj. happy 高興的4 副詞 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 動詞 verb v. cut 砍、割6 數詞 numeral num. three 三7 冠詞 article art. a 一個8 介詞 preposition prep. at 在.9 連詞 conjunction conj. and 和10 感嘆詞 interjection in

2、terj. oh 哦前六類叫實詞,后四類叫虛詞。二、名詞名詞概論名詞專有名詞普通名詞個體名詞可數名詞集體名詞物質名詞不可數名詞抽象名詞名詞復數的規則變化 情況構成方法例詞一般情況加 -smap-maps bag-bagscar-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的詞加 -esbus-buses watch-watchesce, se, ze, (d)ge等結尾的詞加 -slicense-licenses以輔音字母+y結尾的詞變y 為i再加esbaby-babies其它名詞復數的規則變化 1) 以y結尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時,直接加s變復數:如:two Marys

3、the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2) 以o 結尾的名詞,變復數時:a. 加s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes3) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時: a. 加s,如: belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wi

4、fe-wives life-lives thief-thieves; 名詞復數的不規則變化 1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)單復同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為復數。如: people police cattle 等本身就是復數,不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the B

5、ritish,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作復數用。4)以s結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如:maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,為不可數名詞,是單數。news 是不可數名詞。 不同國家的人的單復數 名稱總稱(謂語用復數)一個人兩個人中國人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亞人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄國人the Russiansa Russia

6、ntwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法國人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美國人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德國人the Germansa Germanstwo Germa

7、ns英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes名詞的格 在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下:1) 單數名詞詞尾加"'s",復數名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。2) 若名詞已有復數詞尾-s ,只加"&

8、#39;",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗爭。3) 凡不能加"'s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理發店。5) 如果兩個名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個's,則表示'共有'。 如:John's and Mary'

9、s room(兩間)John and Mary's room(一間)6) 復合名詞或短語,'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。 如:a month or two's absence三、代詞人稱代詞的用法: I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her做賓語,them做介詞賓語,her作主補) a. - Who broke the vase?-誰打碎了花瓶? b. - Me.-我。(me作主語補語= It's me.) 并列人稱代詞的排列順序 1) 單數人稱代詞并列作

10、主語時,其順序為:第二人稱 > 第三人稱 > 第一人稱you > he/she; it -> I2) 復數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為:第一人稱 > 第二人稱 > 第三人稱we>you >They 反身代詞 1) Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself指示代詞 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和復數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞, 疑問代詞 指人: who, wh

11、om, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 代詞比較辯異one, that和it one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個。I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個)I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物) 四、冠詞不定冠詞的用法 不定冠詞a (a

12、n)與數詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。 定冠詞的用法 定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思。1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把藥吃了。2)上文提到過的人或事: He bought a house. I've been to the house.3)指世上獨一物二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)單數名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富

13、人; the living 生者。5)用在序數詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二層。6)與復數名詞連用,指整個群體:They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教師)7)表示所有,相當于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階

14、級、等專有名詞前:the People's Republic of China中華人民共和國9)用在表示樂器的名詞之前:She plays the piano.她會彈鋼琴。10) 用在姓氏的復數名詞之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)11) 用在慣用語中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country)in the da

15、rk, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 零冠詞的用法 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構 1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。 He raises a black and a white cat.他養了一只黑貓和一只白貓。2) 如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他養了一只花貓。 冠詞位置 1) 不定冠詞位置 不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意:a. 位于下列形

16、容詞之后: such,what,many,half,such an animal; Many a manb. 當名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.c. quite,rather與單數名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。但當rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引導的讓步狀語從句中,當標語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞后: Brave a man

17、though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 當名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。2) 定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后,名詞之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有學生都出去了。 五、數詞表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞;表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。數詞的用法1)倍數表示法 a. 主語+謂語+倍數(或分數)+ as + adj. + asI have three ti

18、mes as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ the size (amount,length) ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d. 還可以用by+倍數,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by fo

19、ur times this year.2)分數表示法構成:基數詞代表分子,序數詞代表分母。分子大于1時,分子的序數詞用單數,分母序數詞用復數:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths六、形容詞及其用法 形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如:something nice 以-ly結尾的形容詞 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。 d

20、aily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.用形容詞表示類別和整體 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序 限定詞-數詞-描繪詞-(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) -出處-材料性質,類別-名詞 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old

21、 brown shirt;a famous German medical school典型例題:1) Tony is going camping with _ boys.A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案:C。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese ston

22、e old答案A. 3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。 七、副詞及其基本用法副詞的排列順序:時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I don't know

23、him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 兼有兩種形式的副詞 1) close與closelyclose意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地"He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 與lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"You have come too

24、late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep與deeply deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide與

25、widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free與freelyfree的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地"You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 形容詞與副詞的比較級 1) 規則變化單音節詞

26、和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。構成法原級比較級最高級一般單音節詞未尾加-er,-esttall(高的) great(巨大的)tallergreatertallestgreatest以不發音的e結尾的單音詞和少數以- le結尾的雙音節詞只加-r,-stnice(好的)large(大的)able(有能力的)nicerlargerablernicestlargestablest以一個輔音字母結尾的閉音節單音節詞,雙寫結尾的輔音字母,再加-er,-estbig(大的)hot (熱的)biggerhotterbiggesthottest"以輔音字母+y"

27、結尾的雙音節詞,改y為i,再加-er,-esteasy(容易的)busy(忙的)easierbusiereasiest busiest少數以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節詞未尾加-er,-estclever(聰明的)narrow(窄的)cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他雙音節詞和多音節詞,在前面加more,most來構成比較級和最高級。important(重要的)easily(容易地)more importantmore easilymost importantmost easily2) 不規則變化原級比較級最高級good(好的)well(健康的)better

28、bestbad (壞的)ill(有病的)worseworstold (老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (遠的)farther/furtherfarthest/furthest可修飾比較級的詞a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等典型例題:1)- Are you feeling _? - Yes,I'm fine now.A. an

29、y well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better答案:B. any 可修飾比較級,quite修飾原級,well的比較級為better. 2)The experiment was_ easier than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案:C. much可修飾比較級,因此B,C都說得通,但easier本身已是比較級,不需more,因此C為正確答案。3)If there were no examinations, we should have _ at scho

30、ol.A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案:D。 和more有關的詞組1) the more the more越就越The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.2) more B than A與其說A不如說BHe is more lazy than slow at his work.3) no more than 與一樣,不比多The officials could see no mo

31、re than the Emperor.no less than與一樣He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是,非常She is more than kind to us all.典型例題1)The weather in China is different from_.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案:D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家,C不能選。A沒有名詞,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的on

32、e常用來代替可數名詞,而that可車以代替不可數或抽象名詞,所以選D。2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C

33、。This ruler is three times as long as that one八、動詞動詞根據其后是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動詞(Intransitive Verb),縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。 系動詞 1)狀態系動詞:用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:He is a teacher. 2)持續系動詞:用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他開會時總保持沉默。3

34、)表像系動詞:用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired.他看起來很累。4)感官系動詞:感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.5)變化系動詞:這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣,變化系動詞有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,

35、他瘋了。6)終止系動詞:表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, turn out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,例如:The search proved difficult.搜查證實很難。 非謂語動詞1)不定式時態語態主動被動一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done2)動名詞時態語態主動被動一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3)分詞時態語態主動被動一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been

36、done否定形式: not +不定式,not + 動名詞,not + 現在分詞九、特殊詞精講stop doing/to do stop to do停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. I must stop smoking.典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest答案:C。 forget

37、 doing/to do forget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.He forgot turning the light off. 典型例題- The light in the office is still on.- Oh,I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案:C。remember d

38、oing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.Don't you remember seeing the man before? regret doing/to do regret to do對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.I don't regret telling

39、 her what I thought.典型例題-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案:D。regret having done sth. 對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔,因此選D。 try doing/to do try to do努力,企圖做某事。try doing試驗,試著做某

40、事。You must try to be more careful. I tried gardening but didn't succeed. go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。go on doing繼續做原來做的事。After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. be afraid doing/to do be afraid t

41、o do不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀上的原因不去做,意為"怕";be afraid of doing擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。 doing 是客觀上造成的,為"生怕,恐怕"。She was afraid to wake her husband. She was afraid of waking her husband mean doing/to do mean to do打算、想mean doing意味著I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.To raise wage means incr

42、easing purchasing power. 十、連詞連詞是一種虛詞, 它不能獨立擔任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞,短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and)then等等。 notbut 意思為"不是而是" not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。 The

43、y were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 比較so和 such其規律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞,修飾名詞或名詞詞組,so是副詞,只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數量的形容詞many,few,much, little連用,形成固定搭配。so + adj.such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. 不可數such +n

44、. 不可數so foolish ;such a fool so nice a flower;such a nice flowerso many/ few flowers;such nice flowers so much/little money;such rapid progressso many people ;such a lot of people 十一、介詞介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關系的虛詞,在句中不能單獨作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當于名詞的其他詞類,短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構成介詞詞組,在句中作狀語,表語,補語或介詞賓語。介詞可以分為時間介詞、

45、地點介詞、方式介詞、原因介詞和其他介詞,一、概念:1)介詞(是prepositions,簡稱prep),又稱前置詞,是英語中最活躍的詞類之一,連接主語和表語。特別是一些常用介詞的搭配力特別強,可以用來表示各種不同的意思。英語里大部分習語都是由介詞和其他詞構成的。介詞在句中一般不重讀。在定語從句“介詞+who/which”的結構中,不能用that 代替who/which。She is a good student from who we should learn. 2)介詞的種類 介詞分簡單介詞和短語介詞兩種,簡單介詞及單個介詞,如 in ,under ,on ,for ,after ,等,短語

46、介詞指多個單詞構成的介詞,如in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。 二.相關知識點精講介詞口訣:自從以當為按照,由于對于為了到;和跟把比在關于,除了同對向往朝;用在名詞代詞前,修飾名代要記牢。. 1.表示地點位置的介詞1)at ,in, on, to at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在附近,旁邊” in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在范圍之內”。 on 表示毗鄰,接壤,“在上面”。 to 表示在范圍外,不強調是否接壤;或“到” 2)above, over, on 在上 above 表示一個物體高過另一個物

47、體,不強調是否垂直,與 below相對; over一個物體在另一個物體的垂直上方,與under相對,但over與物體有一定的空間,不直接接觸。 on表示一個物體在另一個物體表面上,并且兩個物體互相接觸。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He puts his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在下面 under表示在正下方 below表示在下,不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your

48、name below the line. 4)in front frantof, in the front of在前面 in front of意思是“在前面”,指甲物在乙物之前,兩者互不包括;其反義詞是behind(在的后面)。 There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在.的前部”,即甲物在乙物的內部.反義詞是at the back of(在范圍內的后部)。 There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我們的教室前邊有一

49、塊黑板。 Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我們的老師站在教室前.(老師在教室里) 5)beside,behind beside 表示在旁邊 behind 表示在后面 2.表示時間的介詞1)in , on,at 在時 in表示較長時間,如世紀、朝代、時代、年、季節、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in ones life , in ones thirties

50、等。 on表示具體某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Years Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一時刻或較短暫的時間,或泛指圣誕節,復活節等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of , at the age of , at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意:在

51、last, next, this, that, some, every 等詞之前一律不用介詞。如:We meet every day. 2)in, after 在之后 “in +段時間”表示將來的一段時間以后;由How soon 對其提問。(for+一段時間,動詞用延續性動詞。由How often 對其提問。) “after+段時間”表示過去的一段時間以后; “after+將來的時間點”表示將來的某一時刻以后。 3)from, since 自從 from僅說明什么時候開始,不說明某動作或情況持續多久; since表示某動作或情況持續至說話時刻,通常與完成時連用。since表示"自(某具體時間)以來",常用作完成時態謂語的時間狀語。 since liberation(1980)自從解放(1980年)以來 They have been close friends since

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