1、英語學科業務學習材料中山小學 葉桂伶一名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞II. 名詞的數：1. 規則名詞的復數形式：名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es?，F將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下：規則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf

2、-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結

3、尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months,

4、path-paths,2. 不規則名詞復數：英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下：規則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復數相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復數形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數people, police, ca

5、ttle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復數形式表示特別含義customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), r

6、uins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變為復數sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分

7、變為復數women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構成：單數名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復數名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規則復數名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結尾的人名所有格加s或者D

8、ickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday

9、2表示自然現象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a s

10、tones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly

11、.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a wa

12、lk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind

13、 opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United S, , , tates, the Communist Party of Chin, , a, the French9用于表示發明物的單數

14、名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /  Whose purse is this?3季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lin