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1、淺談英語非謂語動詞的用法本文力圖通過對英語中非謂語動詞的歸類整理,主要從非謂語動詞的構成,及在句子中充當的主要成分,通過橫向及縱向的比較,使之更具有條理性,還結合一些特殊動詞的慣用法及口訣記憶的方法提高英語學習的科學性,趣味性。并結合歷年來的高考題突出其中的重點,難點使整個非謂語動詞的用法更加有實踐性。 一、英語非謂語動詞及其構成 (一) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞 英語動詞有謂語動詞與非謂語動詞之分,在句子中充當謂語的動詞,是動詞的謂語形式,也叫謂語動詞(finite verb)。如:
2、60; He is writing a letter. 他正在寫信。 而在句子中充當其他成分的(如主語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語等)的動詞,是動詞的非謂語形式,稱為非謂語動詞(non-finite form of verb) Smoking is not good for your health. 吸煙對你的身體有害(主語) He found those novels hard to read.
3、 他發現那些小說很難讀。(狀語) (二) 非謂語動詞的分類 英語的非謂語動詞有三種: 1. 不定式(infinitive); 2. -ing 分詞(-ing participle); 其中又分為現在分詞與動名詞 3. -ed 分詞(-ed participle)。也就是我們通常所說的過去分詞 (三)、非謂語動詞的構成 1、不定式
4、160; (1) 不定式的構成 不定式就是在動詞的原形前加“to”。如: to serve, to work to, to study 有時也可不加“to”,叫做“不帶 to 的動詞不定式”。如 Serve, work, study . 二、非謂語動詞在句法中的作用 1不定式的句法功能: (1)作主語: To finish the w
5、ork in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式: It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. (2)作表語: Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. (
6、3)作賓語:常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補足語,則用 it 作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)后置,放在賓語補足語后面,例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如: I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothin
7、g last Sunday but repair his bike. 動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English. (4)作賓語補足語: 在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外,介詞有時也與這種
8、復合賓語連用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema有些動詞如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等與不帶有 to 的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加 to, 如: I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. (5)作定語:動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關系: 動賓關系:
9、0; I have a meeting to attend.注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with? 如果不定式修飾 time, place, way,可以省略介詞:He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修
10、飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent? 說明所修飾名詞的內容:We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:He is the first to get here. (6)作狀語: 表目的:He worked day and night to get
11、 the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.right:To save money, he has tried every means.wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 表結果:He ar
12、rived late to find the train gone.常用 only 放在不定式前表示強調:I visited him only to find him out. 表原因:They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度:It“'s too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer. (7)作獨立成分: To tell you the tr
13、uth, I don't like the way he talked. (8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. (9)不定式的并列:第二個不定式可省略 to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 2. -ing 分詞的句法功能 -ing 分詞又分為動名詞及現在分詞。 (
14、1) 動名詞的句法功能: 作主語: Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。 當動名詞短語作主語時常用 it 作形式主語。It's no use quarrelling. 爭吵是沒用的。 作表語: In the ant city, the queen
15、39;s job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國,蟻后的工作是產卵。 作賓語: They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語 it,例如: We f
16、ound it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。 要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:resist(抵抗),mind(介意),suggest(建議),delay(推遲),keep(on) (保持),look forward to (期昐),enjoy(喜歡),include(包括),appreciate(欣賞),imagine(想象),practise(實踐),finish(完成),consider(考慮),can't help(不禁),miss(錯過)以上動詞及短語可以通過口訣進行記憶:抗議(意)
17、推辭(遲)昐喜報,心(欣)想事(實)成考不錯。 作定語: He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎? 作同位語: The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
18、0; His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。 (2) 現在分詞的句法功能: 作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。 The man speaking
19、 to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。現在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher 可改為 the man who is speaking to the teacher. 現在分詞作表語: The film being shown in the cinema i
20、s exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。 The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在于 be + doing 表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特征時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。 作賓語補足語:如下動詞后可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:see, let, make, listen, hear, have, watch, notice, feel, look at 等。例如:
21、160; Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎? 以上動詞同樣也可以通過口訣進行記憶:三讓(make,let,have),三看(see,look at, watch),兩聽(listen, hear),注意感覺(notice, feel) 現在分詞作狀語: a. 作時間狀語: (While) Working in the factory, he was an ad
22、vanced worker. 在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。 b.作原因狀語:Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。 c.作方式狀語,表示伴隨:He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。 d.作條件狀語:(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,
23、你就會浪費寶貴的時間。 e.作結果狀語:He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。 f.作目的狀語:He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。 g.作讓步狀語:Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。 h.與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:I waitin
24、g for the bus, a bird fell on my heard我等汽車時,一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。有時也可用 with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+ 分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
25、0; i.作獨立成分:udging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看,他一定是個演員。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。 3. -ed 分詞(過去分詞)的句法功能: (1) 過去分詞作定語: Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的
26、旅行。 Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用于名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當于一個被動語態的定語從句。 (2) 過去分詞作表語: The window is broken. 窗戶破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的
27、景象感到很害怕。 注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別: The window is broken.(系表) The window was broken by the boy.(被動) 有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如: boiled water(開水)fallen leaves(落葉)newly arrived goods(新到的貨)
28、0; the risen sun(升起的太陽)the changed world(變了的世界) 這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed 等。 (3) 過去分詞作賓語補足語: I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。 有時過去分詞做 with 短語中
29、的賓語補足語:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。 (4) 過去分詞作狀語: Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因) Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間) Giv
30、en more time, I“'ll be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件) Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步) Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。 三、非謂語動詞
31、用法比較與高考題 (一) 動詞不定式和動名詞作主語比較動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動作,不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動作,特別是將來的動作。例如: _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old(MET 1992) AThe walk BWalking CTo walk DWalk(Key:B) (二) 動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞作表語比較 (1)不定式
32、和動名詞作表語的區別同作主語一樣。 His job is building houses Our task now is to increase food production (2)動詞不定式和動名詞作表語說明主語的內容,現在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特征,過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態。 The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customersThe mo
33、st important thing is to put theory into practiceThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult(NMET 1999) Anot make Bnot to make Cnot making Ddo not make (Key:B) (三) 動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語比較 &
34、#160; (1)有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語,如:want,wish,hope,manage,de- mand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect 等。 We agreed _ here,but so far she hasn't turned up yet(NMET 1995) Ahaving met Bmeeting Cto meet
35、; Dto have met (Key:C) (2)有些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語,前文中已有提及 I would appreciate _ back this afternoon(MET 1992) Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyou“'
36、;re calling(Key:C) (3)有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞,意義上無多大區別,如:love, like,hate,prefer,intend,start, continue 等。 I intend to finishfinish- ing the task this morning (4)有些動詞后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟動名詞,但意義上有區別,如:forget,remember, mean,regret,stop,try 等。
37、 The light in the office is still onOh,I forgot _(MET 1991) Aturning it off Bturn it off Cto turn it off Dhaving turned it off(Key:C) forget to do something:忘記去做某事 forget doing something:忘記曾經做過某事 You were
38、 brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well,now I regret _ that(NMET 1995) Ato do Bto be doing Cto have done Dhaving done(Key:D) regre
39、t doing something: 后悔做過某事 (四) 動詞不定式、分詞作賓語補足語和主語補足語比較 (1)有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語補足語或主語補足語,如:ask,tell,order,want,wish,warn, allow,advise,permit,forbid 等。 The patientwas warned _ oily food after the operation(NMET 1996) Ato eat not
40、0; Beating not Cnot to eat Dnot eating(Key:C) (2)有些動詞后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟分詞作賓語補足語或主語補足語,但意義不同,如:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,have, make 等,且不定式不帶 to,但在被動結構中必須帶 to。不定式指動作的全過程;現在分詞指正在進行的動作的一部分,且表主動意義;過去分詞指已經完成的動作,且表被動意義。 Paul doesn't have t
41、o be made _He always works hard(NMET 1995) Alearn Bto learn Clearned Dlearning(Key:B) made sb do sth.,與 be made to do sth. 是固定用法本句的意思是:沒有必要強迫保羅學習,他總是努力學習。The manager discussed the plan that th
42、ey would like to see _ the next year(NMET 2000) Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out(Key:C) plan 后接定語從句,在從句中,關系代詞 that 指代 plan 作謂語動詞 see 的賓語,由于表示被動,要用過去分詞短語 carried out 做賓補。 (五) 不定式、動名詞、分詞作定語比較 (1)不定式作定語表示“將要”,現在分詞表示“正在”或主動,過去分詞表示“已經”。 The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C.,did not include women players unti
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