1、The Attributive Clause定義：用作定語的從句叫做定語從句。一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。這個名詞或代詞叫做先行詞（antecedent）。（以完整的句子出現，修飾一個名詞或代詞的句子， 稱為定語從句也叫形容詞性從句）e.g. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.語序：定語從句只用陳述句的語序e.g. Do you know the boy whose leg was broken when he fell out of tree. 分類：定語從句分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。e.g. Do

2、you know the man who came to see Mr Zhang this morning?This note was left by Xiao Huang, Who was here a moment ago. He has a son who serves in the army. He has a son, who serves in the army. 分隔定語從句： 定語從句一般直接放在先行詞之后， 但有時也被一個較短的定語或謂語動詞將它與先行詞分隔開來， 這是被稱為分隔定語從句。I was the only person in my office who was

3、invited. 限制性定語從句:對先行詞起修飾，限制與確定的作用， 若去掉它，先行詞便不能明確表示其所指對象， 所以限制性定語從句和它的先行詞所指意義有著不可分割的聯系。另外限制性定語從句不能用逗號與先行詞分開。非限制性定語：對先行詞或整個主句加以補充說明，即使省去， 也不影響主句的意思。 它和先行詞或主句間常用逗號分開，可獨立翻譯。(Which 和whom作賓語時也不能省略) The weather turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect. (NMET 94)A. what B. which C. that D.

4、 it謂語的數：關系代詞如在定語從句中作主語，其謂語在人稱和數方面須與它所修飾的先行詞保持一致。e.g. He is one of the students who come late often . He is the one (the only one. Only one) of the students who often comes late.She wanted to buy a new TV set_ a bigger screen.A. that has B. that it has C. that have D. it has 重復和遺漏：關系代（副）詞在從句中要充當一定的句子

5、成分，因此既不能重復使用已被代之詞，又不能誤失先行詞。e.g. Is this school some Americans visited yesterday?(須在some前加 the one為先行詞，that在句中作賓語省略)I dont know the man you were talking to him. (him重復 因whom作賓語被省略)This is the room in which they lived in five years ago.（第二個in重復）I found the pen which you were looking for it (it重復)謂語 +

6、賓語 + 系動詞 + 表語 + 主語 + 謂語 + 結構：主語引導詞 + 謂語 + 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 定語從句 主語 +系動詞 +名詞或代詞作的表語 + 定從e.g. John and his dog _ were here a moment ago disappeared. A. that B. who C.which. D. whose.There is nothing in the world _ can frighten him .A. that B. who C. which D. where.I can still remember the sitting-room _

7、 my mother and I used t sit in the evening. (MET 86)A. that B. which C. what D. where. 引導詞及其作用：（分關系代詞和關系副詞） 指代對象，詞形，格，作用 人物人+物地點時間原因方式主who that Whichthatthat Which thatWhichthat賓whomthatWhichthatthatWhich thatWhich that所屬whose/of whom.Whose/Of which狀Where/介詞+whichWhen/介詞+whichWhy/for whichin /by whi

8、ch關系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose,as，在從句中做主語、賓語、定語、表語。 關系副詞：when, where, why等，在從句中做狀語，表時間，地點，原因等。注意：1引導詞的含義等于先行詞的含義 2 引導詞必須在定從中作成分 3關系代詞起名詞作用，可作從句的主語，賓語，表語或定語。關系副詞起副詞或介詞短語的作用，可作從句的狀語。After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. (MET 96) A. which B.

9、 where C. that D. whenIn fact the Swede didnt understand the three questions_were asked in French. (MET 85) A. where B. who C. in which D. which關系詞的省略：某些引導限制性定語從句的關系詞，有時可省略，但as不能省略.1 如關系代詞作賓語， 且前面無介詞時The house (that/which )we live in is not large.=The house in which we live is not large.*介詞的選用要根據從句中

10、動詞、形容詞等與介詞的習慣搭配而定。即把關系詞所代表的先行詞放在從句謂語動詞后，看在動詞與先行詞之間用什么介詞合適。In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. (MNT 92)A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom= In the dark street, there wasnt a single person (who/whom /that )she could turn to for help.Is this the dictionary_ you

11、 paid for five dollars? A. to which B. for which C. on which D. that. = Is this the dictionary (that /which) you paid for five dollars for?2 在某些表示時間的名詞后的關系副詞可省略。如the time, every time, each time, the moment, the instant, the minute ,e.g. By the time he was fourteen years old he had learned advanced m

12、athematics all by himself. ( when)3. 在某些表示地點的名詞后的關系副詞可省略。如 the placee.g. Thats the place he stayed when he was in Paris. 4. 先行詞the reason 后的關系副詞可省略。 (Why = for which )e.g. Thats the reason I asked you to come. 5. 先行詞the way后的關系副詞可省略。 ( that = in which )e.g. That was the way she looked after us. 基本技巧

13、：運用“分立，加減， 合并”三步驟，學習定語從句，使之化難為易，化繁為簡，且準確性高。“分立”即把定語從句和主句分開，使之成為獨立的兩個單句。“加減”即把“分立”后的兩句中處于從屬地位的句子中和另一句中相同的詞先減去，再在減去的地方加上一定的引導詞來代之。“合并”即把經過“加減”以后的兩個“分立”句， 按定語從句的“位置”合并起來， 成為一個主從復合句。如：那個正在看報的人是我的老師1 分立： A. 那人是我的老師The man is my teacher.B. 那人正在看報The man is reading a newapaper.2 加減：A. The man is my teacher

14、.B. Who is reading a newapaper.先減去處于從屬地位那句中的the man ,因為它和另一句中的the man相同，在加上引導詞who,因為who在從句中作主語。3. 合并:按定語從句須位于先行詞之后的規律， 將其合并起來。 The man who is reading a newapaper is my teacher. 我們昨天參觀了他父親工作過的學校1 A. We visited the school yesterday. B. His father worked in the school 2. A. Yesterday we visited the sch

15、ool B. His father worked in which. 3. = Yesterday we visited the school which his father worked in.That 做關聯詞既可做主語又可做賓語，既可指人又可指物。在現代英語里多用來指物 1 Is he the man that sells eggs? 主語指人 2 Water that is impure often causes serious illness.主語指物3 Have you everything （that） you need? 賓語可省必須用that 的幾種情況1 The pass

16、engers and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. *先行詞指人又指物2 Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?Which was the hotel that was recommended to you?*以who, which 開頭的疑問句,用that3 Thats the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. *先行詞前有the

17、same, the very, the only, little, each, all, few, much, every, no, some, any.修飾時用4 The composition is the first that I have written in English.Here is the second essay that he has written. *先行詞本身是序數詞或受 序數詞修飾時。 5. This is the best film that I have seen this year. *先行詞有最高級修飾時6All that glitters 閃光is no

18、t gold. 不定代詞作先行詞.e.g. all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, few, much，none, few, the one 等e.g. Is there anything that I can do for you? Is this school the one that you graduated from?7.It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. * 強調結構用8.主句是there be句型時 There

19、is a seat in the corner that is still free.9. 先行詞本身是數詞時。 I bought five books last year, now you can see the five that are new.10若主句是否定句。 定從修飾主句中的表語，且關系代詞在從句中也作表語。常用that. e.g. That is not the man that he was ten years ago .Which 做關聯詞一般指物，可用做主語也可用做賓語（可省）1 She was not on the train which arrived just no

20、w. 做主語2 The dog which was lost has been found. 做主語3 This is the book (which ) you wanted.從句中做賓語可省必須用which 的幾種情況1 Jack drove too fast, which was dangerous.2 He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.*指前面的一個句子或其部分意義(即先行詞可是一個詞，詞組或整個主句) She heard a terrible noise, _brought her heart

21、into her mouth. (NMET 91) A. it B. which C. this D. that3.Larry told her the story of the young airman(=pilot) which I narrated(=told) at the beginning of this book.*離先行詞較遠時常用which ,如用that 則有airman 是先行詞的嫌疑。 E.g. Larry told her the story of the young airman that I narrated at the beginning of this bo

22、ok.3 A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.*Those +復數名詞 后多用which4 I have that which you gave me. *避免重復(即：先行詞本身是that時)5 Beijing, which was Chinas capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural.*非限制定語從句一般用which不能用that.6 This is the story in which I am interested.*介詞后須用which不用

23、that指物=This is the story (which /that) Im interested in.He never forgets the day on which he joined the Party.Please give me some paper on which I can write some sentences. Do you know the man that he is talking to ?That is the man about whom we have talked, 8 當主句的主語為that. this 且定語從句修飾這個句子的表語時。This

24、is the pen which I bought yesterday. 但如前有the only, the very, the last , the biggest等修飾的除外9當先行詞后面有插入語的時候Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English10.如果同時有兩個定語從句， 其中一個用了that，另一個就用 which.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never be

25、en seen before. Who的用法：關聯詞，主，只可指人A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. *who在從句中指人 做主語Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing. *who在從句中做主語The man (who/whom/that） I saw is called Smith. *在非正式英語中主格who代替了賓格， 亦可省略不用。 Theres no one who works harder than you.*who在從句中做主語who與

26、 that的區別1 All who heard the story were amazed*代詞如he, they, any, all, one ,those等為先行詞之后用who一般不用that Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.2 I will pardon him, who is honest.*非限制性定語從句用who 3 I think it is you who/that should prove to me.*在強調句型中指人用who 4. Who is

27、 the person that is standing at the gate?* 以who 開頭的疑問句 5. There is a man who wants to see you. *在there be結構中 Whom 是 who的賓格，只用于指人，在從句中一般做賓語，非正式文體中常可省略。I have just met a lady (whom/who/that) I saw last week.*Whom在限制性定語從句中做賓語，可略去。Whose 表所屬， 指人也指物，于定從中作定語。即應放置于名詞前。= of which / of whom e.g. The doctor, w

28、hose name was Johnson, lived in Thorby, a small town in the north of England. ( = the name of whom was ,)Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black. ( = the cover of which is black.)He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. (NMET90)A. the

29、se B. those C. that D. which.Here are players from Japan, some of _ are our old friends.A. them B. which C. whom D. who = Here are players from Japan and some of them are our old friends. 關系代詞as 常用于suchas /the sameas /asas 結構中e.g. This is not such a book as I expected (= wanted). *As在此作賓語the same as

30、 和the same that 的異同eg. This is the same tool as I used last time.（這和我上次用的是同一種工具the same as 意為“和是同一類”） This is the same tool that I used last time.（這和我上次用的是同一把工具the same that 意為“和是同一個”）*引導非限制性定語從句時as 與which的異同as 和which 的相同點：1 都引導非限制性定語從句2 先行詞都可指整個主句3 都可在從句中作主語、賓語、表語as 和which 的不同點：1 which引導非限制性定語從句，可代

31、表從句中的某個具體的詞，而as則不能這樣用。e.g. Please look at the building , in front of which there are some trees. 2. as 引導的非限制性定語從句可位于句首或句末，并用逗號和主句隔開而which引導的非限制性定語從句只可放在句末e.g. As anybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. （as是“這一點”“這件事”）This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. They said they were Fre

32、nch, which wasnt true. (which 是“這”)*as引導的非限制性定語從句，代表整個主句的意思，表示說話人對主句所陳述的事情的看法、態度、依據、解釋或評論，一般譯為“正如”“就像”“這一點”該定語從句可位于主句之后、之前、主句的主謂之間，用逗號分開，as與定從中可作主語、賓語、表語.。作賓語時，從句謂語常是表示心理活動的動詞，并有時和情態動詞連用常用動詞有understand, know, see, hear, say ,remember, tell ，as在從句中作主語時，從句謂語常用被動語態或系動詞。e.g. The elephant is tall and rou

33、nd like a tree, as anybody can see. As you know, a feather and a stone falls to the ground at the same speed unless the air holds them back .Zhu Ziqing, as we all know , wrote proses. He came late again, as was expected. He has married again, as seemed natural. *Which引導的非限制性定語從句，代表整個主句的意思，陳述一個情況， 對主

34、句所陳述的事情進行補充說明，表明事情、事物的狀態或結果，在定從中一般只作主語，常譯為“這”，“這件事”，一般位于主句之后。用逗號分開，該從句謂語常是 含使動意義的動詞，它和主句之間有直接的因果關系，常用動詞有make, please, surprise, satisfy, discouragee.g. He didnt come to our party, which made us very angry.He has made great progress this term, which satisfied his parents.關系副詞when ，where ，why 的用法 注意：當

35、先行詞雖然表示時間、地點或原因， 而關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語而不是狀語，不可用when, where, why而應該用that或which.e.g. Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.Ill never the day that /which we spent together.You may have some spare time when (during which) you can learn French at home. He will pay a visit to Harerbin in July, wh

36、ich is the best season there. In the old days, when I was a little child, the people in this village lived a hard life. Hangzhou is a city_ there is a beautiful lake. ( where )Hangzhou is a city _ has a beautiful lake. (which/that)The reason _ he gave isnt believable. (which/that/ /)The reason_ he d

37、idnt come to school yesterday is that he was ill. (why)關系副詞多可變為“介詞+which”e.g. Ill never forget the day on which (=when) I first came to Beijing. Hangzhou is a city in which (=where) there is a beautiful lake. That is the reason why (=for which) I told the lie. 在非正式文體中，常用that代替why或被省略e.g. Thats the r

38、eason ( that ) she looks so old. * The reason why is that e.g The reason why he was late was that his wife was in hospital. The way that (=in which) you answer the questions is very good. Do you know the way she looked after us?They will fly to Guiling, where ( in which) they plan to spend their hol

39、iday. Where不能作從句的主語和賓語， 但常用于 from之后。e.g. His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he could see nothing but trees.He hid himself behind the door, from where he could observe the thief clearly.強調句型：It is /was + that/whoIt was only when I reread this poems recently_ I began to appreciate th

40、eir beauty.(NMET 98)A. until B. that C. then D. so It was about 600 years ago_ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. (NMET97)A. that B. until C. before D. whenWas it during the Second World War _ he died? A. that B. while C. in which D. thenIt is I who am wrong. It was Lucy and Lily

41、 who were late for school this morning. *It is /was not untilthat e.g. It was not until 1920_ regular radio broadcasts began. (NMET95)A. while B. which C. that D. since.It was not _ she took off her dark glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star. (NMET92) A. when; that B. until; that C. until;

42、 when D. when; then 專練部分：1The doctor did all _ he could to save the wounded soldier. A. which B. what C. / D. about2. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_, of course, made the others unhappy. (2000) A. who B. which C. this D. what.3. It is the best book _ I have ever read. A.

43、 which B. that C. who D. whom4. John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_ was true. (2003春招) A. he B. this C. which D who5. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_ was very reasonable. (2000上海)A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose ( 15: C ;B ;B ;C ;

44、B )6. All _ is needed is a supply of oil (NMET 89) A. the thing B. that C. what D. which7. Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police. (NMET87) A. after B. what C. whatever D. that8. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor. (NMET88) A. of whom B. whom C. of

45、 whose D. whose9. Is this the reason_ you are in favour of the proposal. A. which B. what C. why D. for that10. He is a man of great experience,_ much can be learned. A. who B. that C from which D. from whom ( 9 10:B ; D ;D ;C ;D )11. She has two daughters, and _ are nurses. A. all of them B. both o

46、f them C both of whom D. all of whom12. In the library there are tables, _you can sit there to read . A. at which B. in which C. where D. and13. I, _ your friend , tell you so . A. that am B who am C. that is D. who 14. _ we know, more than seventy percent of the earth is covered with water. A. Whic

47、h B. As C. Because D That15. I have bought the same watch _ you have. A. that B. which C. as D. it (11 15: B ;D ;B ;B ;C) 16. I will provide you with such things_ you may need. A. that B. which C. as D. whose 17. There are different ways _ people try to deal with the problem of energy. A. how B wher

48、e C which D. in which18. Is this museum _ some German friends visited yesterday? A. which B. that C. where D. the one19. I will invite_ my daughter loves. A. whoever B. whomever C whichever D. whatever.20. The reason _ he didnt come to school yesterday is that he was ill. A. that B. why C. which D.

49、of which (16 20: C ;D ;D ;B ;B )21. He didnt tell the reason_ might explain his absence. A. that B. / C. why D. how22. Any person _ lives near the sea is lucky. A. whom B. which C whose D. that23. Tom gave his parents the little money_ he had got. A. which B. that C .whose D. what24. He is the only

50、student_ can speak two foreign language. A. that B. what C which D whom 25. She has never heard such a terrible story_ he told. A. as B. like C. that D. which (21 25 A ;D ;B ;A;A )26. Do you know the man_ I shook hands just now? A. with that B. with who C. which D. with whom27. This is the school_ T

51、om studied ten years ago. A. which B. where C. to which D. in that28. This is the very book _ she wants to buy. A. it B. which C. that D. what29. The place_ interests children most is Childrens palace. A. that B. there C. in which D. what30. All_ she told me is not true. A. who B. whom C. that D. wh

52、ich (2630 D; B ;C ;A ;C )31. Is this man _ you met in the street yesterday.? A. that B. who C. the one D. whom32. Which of the subjects_ you are studying is the most difficult? A. which B. that C. in which D. in that33. We used t live in a room_ faces south. A. that of the window B. which of the win

53、dow C. the window of which D. the window of that34. Is this the same tool_ you used yesterday? A. like B. that C. which D. the one35. This is the first time _ I have been in China. A. when B. on which C. that D. which (31 35 C; B; C; B; C)36. Such idoms _ he has learned _ _ used nowadays. A. that, are widely B. as , is wide C that , is wide D. as ,are widely37. you may take_ you need. A. all what B. that C. all that D. all whic