1、大學(xué)英語跨文化交際所有CASE答案作者:日期:大學(xué)英語跨文化交際所有CASE答案！是WORD格式不是PDF格式的！Case 1:AnInterviewinIndiaCaseanalysis:ThecaseisaboutaninterviewbetweenanAmericanprogramhostandanIndianinterviewee.TheytalkaboutsomeaspectsofIndiancultureandthechangesoccurredtheseyears.Thecasereflectssomebasicculturalelementspeoplemayfindinall

2、cultures:language,familypattern,marriage,weddingceremony,foodandthewaytoeatfood,etc.Fromthiscase,guidethestudentsinculturestudyandculturecomparison.Thestudentsshouldrealizethattherearebothsimilaritiesanddifferencesinculture.Cultureisinfactverydynamicandpervasive.Case 2:WhiteDressCaseanalysis:TheIndi

3、anwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonyisafuneraliftheyseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.Thecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsinthetext.Cultureislikeaniceberg:wecanidentifythecolorofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:peopleweardressofdi

4、fferentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.Case 3:TheFrenchinNorthAmericaCaseanalysis:TheFrenchwereabletoseeIndianbehavioronlyinthelightoftheirownhierarchicalsocialsystem,whereitisnaturalforthefewtocommandandthemanytoobey.Socialsystemsthatworkedonotherprincipleswere

5、literallyunimaginable.Case 4:Coconut-skatingCaseanalysis:Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveanditslearned.Peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromherownculture.Case

6、 5:ABlackGirlsIdentityCaseanalysis:Althoughwemaysaythatidentitiesareconstitutedbyourcommunication,itisobviousfromthecasethatwecannotsimplychooseatanymomentwhatouridentitywillberegardlessofthecontext.First,weoftendonotsharetherecipeforcertainidentitieswithothersevenifwebelongtothesameethnicity,gender

7、,ornationality.Understandingthiscanhelpusavoidsomeofthebroadassumptionsmadeaboutgroupsofpeoplebasedonthereflectivewayofthinking.Second,aswelearnedintheveryfirstchapter,allmeaningincommunicationistosomeextentsituational.Thus,thecontextmediateswhatidentitieswecanchoose.Sometimesthingsonemayhavenocontr

8、olover,suchasageorskincolor,areseenasessentialpartsofhowonecommunicatesanidentity.Case 6:HippiesCaseanalysis:Hippiescouldbedefinedasasubgroup,asthehippiesculturetendstobetemporary.InmodernAmericansociety,hippiesculturecouldalsofindtraits,butithaswidespreadinfluenceonAmericanvaluesystem.CleanuptheBat

9、hroom!Caseanalysis:Culturaldifferencesdecidethetwostudentsaregoingtocommunicateindifferentways.TheChinesestudentwantstheAmericanstudenttounderstandtheunderlyingmeansofhiswords,buttheAmericanstudentisusedtothedirectstyleofcommunication.Thisisdecidedbyculture.InChineseculture,peoplewanttosavefaceofbot

10、hthemselvesandothers,sotheywouldnotexpresstheirideasdirectly.However,intheUnitedStates,unlessyouexpressyourselfclearlyanddirectly,theotherscannotunderstandyou.Case 8:SheHasThreeHandsThiscasecanreflectthedifferentcommunicationstylesbetweenChineseandCanadians.Inwesterncultures,communicationisthemeanso

11、ftransmittingideas.Westernpeopleusuallycommunicatedirectlywitheachother.ThatiswhytheCanadianinthiscasesayswhatisinhisminddirectlyinfrontoftheChinesewomanwithouthidinganything.WhileChineseculturestressesharmonyandemphasizestherelationshipsbetweenthecommunicators.Chinesepeopleviewcommunicationasaproce

12、sswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.SotheChinesewomaninthiscasetriesnottoarguewiththeCanadianfacetofacetokeeptheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenthem.Case 9:APieceofCakeThiscasewantsustorecognizesomecomponentsofcommunication.Sender/sourcereferstothepersonwhotransmitsames

13、sage.Receiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.Contextreferstoasettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace.Inthiscase,MarilynandRichardaresimultaneouslythesendersandreceivers.Andtheirroom,wherethecommunicationeventhappensandwhichmakesthecouplefeelcomfortableandrelaxed,isjus

14、tthecontext.Case 10:ThePlacetoHaveLunchThiscasereflectsthatcommunicationiscontextual,whichmeansthatcommunicationdoesnothappeninisolationanditmusthappenwithinasettingorcontext.Whetherthiscontextisquietornoisyisimportanttothesmoothnessofcommunication.Whenthecommunicationeventisdisturbedbynoise,thecomm

15、unicationcannotgosmoothly.Inthiscase,Case11:MakinganAppointmentThiscasecanreflecthowcultureaffectsitscommunicationstyle.Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communication

16、stylesincludemannerisms,phrases,rituals,andcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarioussituationsinaculture.Inthiscase,knowingthecommunicationstyleoftheAmericanswhichischaracterizedbydirect,exactingandinstrumental,theexportermanagerfulfillshisjobsuccessfully.Case 12:WhyDontYouEatthePizza?Thiscasecanref

17、lecttheproblemsappearingduringinterculturalcommunicationandhowignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.InMalaysia,wheremostpeopleareMuslims,peoplethinkthelefthandisusedonlyforcleaningthebodyandthusitisdirtyandcannotbeusedtopassfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudent

18、putshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.Case 13:WeandThey?Thiscasereflectsthatininterculturalcommunication,peoplealwaysregardthemselvesasthebestgroupintheworld.Thisisactuallyinappropriateandshouldbeavoided.Case 14:PerceptionofWarThiscasecanreflectdifferentculturescangivedifferentinfluencesonhumanpercep

19、tion.Peoplecanhaveverydifferentperceptionsevenonthesameobjectorphenomenonbecausetheyhavedifferentculturesandarelivinginthedifferentsocialrealities.Inthiscase,JimandOlgahaveverydifferentattitudesandperceptionstowardshistoricaleventsbecausetheirnationsdifferentexperiencesandhistories.Case 15:Observati

20、onsonaSoldierThiscasecanreflectthebasicmodelofhumanperception.Humanbeingisequippedtosensetheoutsidestimuliandperceivetheoutsideworld.Andtheperceptionfollowsacertainmodelafterbeinggainedthroughthefivebasicsenses,informationisprocessedthroughselection,organizationandinterpretation.Inthiscase,SherlockH

21、olmesandMycroftdidobservationsonthesoldieraccordingtothebasicmodelofhumanperception.Theyselectedsomeusefulinformationwhichtheygainedfromoutsideworldthroughtheirfivebasicsenses,organizeditinareasonablelogicandthenattachedmeaningstoit.Case 16:DifferentResponsestoNoiseThiscasecanreflectdifferentculture

22、cangivedifferentinfluencesonhumansensation.Notwoofpeoplecanassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycomefromdifferentcultures.Differentsocialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.Soitisverycommonforthemtohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecon

23、dition.Inthiscase,theGermanprofessorandJapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproducedbythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.Case 17:WhatIsBlack?Thiscasecanreflectwehavesomebarrierstoaccurateperceptionininterculturalcommunication.Wehavetheabilitytoperceiv

24、etheoutsideworld,butwecannotalwaysgettheaccurateperceptions,especiallywhenwedotheperceptiononothercultures,weoftengivetheinaccurateandnegativeperceptions.Inthiscase,ondiscussingtheimpersonalcolorblack”,wegivesomanybadandnegativemeaningswhileblackpupilscangivesomeobjectivedescriptionsandassociationsa

25、boutthecolor.Thebarrierscanincludeignoringdetails,over-generalizing,holdingontopreconceptionsandstereotypesimposingconsistency,preconnectingcausesandeffects,preferringsimpleexplanations,ignoringcircumstances,creditingirrelevantinformationandfocusingonthenegative.Case 18:ArePerceptionsAlwaysRight?Thi

26、scasecanreflectourperceptionsonoutsideworldarenotalwaysright,especiallywhenwedoperceptionsonothercultures.Weusuallyperceiveothersaccordingtoourownculture.Thiscanleadtoineffectiveinterculturalcommunication.InthiscasePatandChrisgaveinaccurateandnegativeperceptionsonAkiraandMichikojustbecauseoftheirIrr

27、esponsiblejudgmentandtheyalsogavecompletelypositiveperceptionsonMariejustbecauseoftheirsimpleexpectations.Inordertoavoidtheinaccurateperceptions,weneedsomeskills,includingincreaseyourunderstandingoftheperceptualprocess;increaseyourobservationalacuity;recognizetheelementstowhichyouattributemeaning;ch

28、eckyourperceptions;increaseyourAwarenessofperceptualinaccuraciesandcompensateforthem;increaseyourawarenessofothersperceptionsofyou;anddevelopsocialdecentering,empathy,andother-orientation.Case 20:ChineseHospitalityOverdoneThiscasereflectsthatsometimespeopleunconsciouslyassumethatpeoplefromanothercul

29、turemaybehaveinawaywhichissimilartotheirs.TheChineseusuallyattachalotofimportancetotakingcareoftheirguests.Whenitcomestoaforeignvisitor,ChinesehospitalityisusuallymorethanwhatcanbeunderstoodbyaWesterner,whoisuncomfortablewhenheisalwayssurroundedbypeopleattemptingtobekind.Concerningthiscase,Hongtried

30、torespecthertraditionsandherfriendbydoingmorethanshecouldreallyaffordtodoforJoesvisit,havingnoideathatJoeendedupfeelingfrustrated.Case 21:ADanishWomaninNewYorkThiscasecanreflectassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Whencommunicatingwithpeoplefromanotherculture,oneislikelytoregardandtreatotherpeoplea

31、shispeople“andtoassumetheremustbeonlyonewayofdoingthings:thatishisway”.Inthiscase,theDanishwomanassumesthatherbehaviorofleavingthebabyalone,whichiscommoninDenmark,isalsoappropriateinNewYork.Here,sheassumeswhatissuitableinherowncultureisalsoindisputableinanotherculture.Thatiswhythesmallconflicthappen

32、s.Case 22:AmbiguousTimeThiscasecanreflectethnocentrism.Culturestraintheirmemberstousethecategoriesoftheirownculturalexperienceswhenjudgingtheexperiencesofpeoplefromothercultures.Theywillbelievethattheircultureisthecenteroftheworldandtheirstandardshouldbetherolemodelfortherestoftheworld.Concerningthi

33、scase,somehowChinesepeoplehavehabituallyreferred12:00a.m.asthetimearoundlunchtime,making12:00p.m.midnight.Fortunately,thewaytheytellothertimesarethesameasthatusedintheStates,sotheresusuallynomisunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromthetwocultures.However,thereisthisonedifferenceandFanlearnsitbypayingafinesi

34、nceshemayholdthathercultureisthecenteroftheworld.Case 23: Girl-nessThiscasecanreflectoneofthetranslationproblems:thelackofconceptualequivalence,whichreferstoabstractideasthatmaynotexistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.Differentculturesmayattachdifferentmeaningstothesamethingorperson.Concerningth

35、iscase,weshouldknowwhatyoungfemalescallthemselvesisverydifferentinChinafromtheStates.InChina,girlmeanssomeonewhoisyoungandsingle.Inaway,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.Formostpeople,womanmeanssomeonewhoismarriedandwhoprobablyisnotyoung.Infact,mostsingleChinesefemales,

36、suchasuniversitystudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalledwomen.WhileintheWest,informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanywomanwhoispastpubertyawoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.Thisterminologybecamewidespreadduringthewomenslibera

37、tionmovementinthe1960s”.Thetermgirlissometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful.Case 24:AnUnfairDecisionThiscasereflectsprejudice,whichinvolvesanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.Inthiscase,Mr.Biasdecidedtoselectsomeoneelse,insteadofapplicantfromthecountryLevadel,fo

38、rtheposition.ThatisjustbecauseheholdsprejudicetowardspeoplefromthecountryLevadel.Case 25:SuccessStoryOneofthesourcesofthefrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballyrelevant.Inthiscase,Marywasexpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.Ms.Goshima,howeve

39、r,wasuncomfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeveryindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestybeforerevealingtheanswertothequestion.IfMaryhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallyheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallypayingattentionwhenitfinallycamebecauseshefeltthatMs.Goshimascomm

40、entswerentreallyrelevanttoherquery.Case 26:SlogansandtheImportanceofLanguageTheinterculturalencountersweexperiencearenotonlyinfluencedbylanguageandperceptualdifferences,andlanguagechoicebasedonrestrictedandelaboratedsocialsituations,butalsoonlanguageandhowitistranslatedformembersofaculture.Formanyre

41、asonslinguisticinterpretationandsemanticsprovidethesourceofnumerousmisunderstandings.Forinstance,aninsurancecompanydiscoveredthatfiresinadvertentlyoccurredbecausewarehouseemployeesactedcarelesslyaroundemptybarrelsofgasoline,althoughtheypreviouslyhadexercisedgreatcautionaroundfulldrumsofgasoline.Thet

42、ermsfullandemptyseemtomasktherealdangerinworkingwithgasolinedrums.Emptydrumsareextremelycombustible,whilefulldrumsposefarlessthreat.Thelinguisticperceptionofthewordemptyinthegeneralculturesignifiednullorvoid,butintheworkcultureofvolatileproductslikegasolinethesemanticinterpretationwasdisastrous.Asto

43、ryistoldofaChristianScientistwhorefusedtotakevitamins,sincetherecommenderdescribedthemasmedicine.However,thesamepersongladlytookthevitaminswhenhewastoldtheywerefood.Case28:TwoDifferentCommunicationStylesThedialoguetakesplacebetweenayoungcouplewhohavebeendatingforashorttime.ThemanisaU.S.student,andth

44、ewomanisfromanAsianculture.Notethemisunderstandingthatresultsasaconsequenceoftheuseofdirectandindirectmodesofcommunication.Inalllikelihood,JimisnotgoingtogetmuchofananswerfromMichiko.ShecontinuesthroughoutthedialogueusingrathergeneralanswerstoJimsveryspecificanddirectquestionsaboutherfeelingstowardt

45、heUnitedStates.MichikomightbelievethatJimisbeingfartoodirectandinvadingherprivacy.Besides,thefactthatshehastraveledhalfwayaroundtheworldshouldlieindicativeofherdesiretobehere,right?TheremusthesomethingabouttheUnitedStatesthatattractedher.MichikocannotpossiblysaysomethingcriticalabouttheUnitedStatesb

46、ecauseshewouldloseface,aswouldJim,asanative.Shereliesonimpreciseandindefiniteanswers.Case29:MisunderstandingIdiomsaresimplystatementsthatarenotstrictlytrue,buttheirmeaningisunderstoodbyagroupofpeople.IfyouaskwhathappenedtoMarthaandpeoplesay,Shekickedthebucket,itdoesnotmeanthatsheliterallydidthis;itm

47、eansshedied.JustlikeinthecasemystudentsfrienddidnotliterallymeanthatShangshouldgetoutoftheapartment.Idiomsarecommoninallcultures,butwhenusedininterculturalsettingstheycancreatealotofconfusion.Onepotentialareaofmisunderstandingrelatedtoidiomsiswhentousethemandwithwhom.Forexample,Iwouldnotusethekickth

48、ebucketidiomjustanysettingorwithjustanyperson.IfIamtalkingwithmygrandmotherandIamgoingtotellheraboutsomeonewhohasdied,Imayusewhatisoftenperceivedasagentleridiomandsaythepersonhaspassedaway.Understandingthecontextofwhenanidiomisappropriateorsensibleispartofinterculturalknowledge.Case 31:GoingOuttoEat

49、Intheinteraction,Jimisastudentatalocaluniversity.HewasbornandraisedintheUnitedStates.AkiraisanexchangestudentfromJapan.JimandAkiraareeatingdinnertogetherinalocalrestaurant.Theyhaveknowneachotherforonlyashorttime.NotonlyisJimsstyleofcommunicationovertlypersonal,buthesalsoquitedirect.Jimistryingtoinvo

50、lveAkiraintheconversationbyrelatingtohimhispersonalexperiencesandpreferences.JimusesthefirstpersonInofewerthaneleventimesandevenreferstoAkiraasBuddy.Akiraneverreferstohimselfinthefirstperson;AkiragenerallydeferstoJimandsayslittle,evenaddressingJimasMr.Jim.Asaforeigner,AkiraprobablyseesJimassociallys

51、uperiorandusesaformaltitle.Moreover,ratherthantalkingabouthispersonalpreferences,AkiramentionsthatJapanesepeopleenjoyrestaurants.Case 32:WhatIsWrongwiththeInteraction?Thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationdiffersacco

52、rdingtodifferentcultures.Peoplemighthavedifferentopinionsabouttheproperspace,time,bodylanguageandparalanguage.Ifwedontpayattentiontointerculturalnonverbalcommunication,wewillhavesomemisunderstandingandconflict.Inthiscase,Jim(anAmerican),MitsukoandAkira(twoJapanese)belongtototallydifferentcultures;th

53、eyhaveverydifferentopinionsaboutthespaceandbodylanguages.Therefore,MitsukoandAkirafeltuncomfortablewhenJimgavesomeexaggeratedbodylanguageandkeptclosespacedistanceincommunication.Case 33:AreAmericansIndifferent?Thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcomm

54、unication,especiallyfacialexpressiondifferaccordingtodifferentcultures.ComparedtomostChinese,Americansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialexpressionsintheirdailylives,eventhoughtheyhavesomemisfortune.Inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalcommunication,th

55、eAmericanladytalkedaboutherfatherssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaytoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaytotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbytheChinese.Case34:WhatIsSuesProblem?Thiscasecanreflectnonverbalinterculturalcommunicationshouldbeaccordingtothedifferentcontext,too.C

56、ontextreferstotheactualsettingwhencommunicationoccursandisalsoimportantinnonverbalcommunication.Inthiscase,SueknewhowtowaiandsheknewthatbowingwasgenerallyimportantintheThaiculture,but,asissoeasytodoinanewenvironment,sheforgottoconsiderthecontext.RelationalhierarchyisveryimportantinThailand.Suesdefer

57、entialactionsmayhaveappropriateincertainsettings,butgivenherstatusofeldervisitorsuchactionsdirectedtowardthechildrenwereextremelyconfusinganduncomfortableforthestudentsandteachersalike.Case 35:AQuarrelThiscasecanreflectthedifferentuseandunderstandingofsilencecaninfluencetheactualinterculturalcommuni

58、cation.Differentculturemighthavedifferentinterpretationstothesilence.TheEasterncultureusuallyattachesmoremeaningstosilence,whilethemostwesternculturesconsidersilencetobeabsenceofcommunicationandmostrudecommunicativebehavior.Inthiscase,LiHuawantedtoprovidetheopportunityforthemtocalmdownandthinkaboutt

59、hematterscarefullyandsoshekeptsilence,whilethissilencewasmisunderstoodbySmithastheabsenceofcommunicationandhemightthinkLiHualookeddownuponhimandbecameangrier.Case 36:DontPutYourHandonMyArmThiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.Differentcultureshaveverydifferentopinion