1、英語語法語法復習一：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復合句 一、桓子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次 要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在 there be結構、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態動詞后面。主語可由名詞、 代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more pop

2、ular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數詞）To swimin the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English testnas not been decided.（主語從句）It is necess

3、ary to master a foreign language（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式） （三）i胃語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放 在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復合謂語：（1）由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：You may keep the bookfor two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構成。如： We are students（四）表語：表語用

4、以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態，它一般位于系動詞（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、 代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、 動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數詞）His job is to teach English

5、.（不定式）His hobby （愛好）is playing football （動名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over （副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad （表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition （展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to scho

6、ol on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five （數詞）They helped the_oJd with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me （不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music （動名詞短語）I think （that） he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語 +直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, p

7、lease. （2）復合賓語（賓語 + 賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustn ' t force hito

8、 lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room （現在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order （介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developedcountry.

9、（分詞）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom （不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English （介詞短語）（A）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞

10、或整個句子，說明動作或狀態特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly （副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination（不定式短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下

11、：How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語）Last night she didn ' t go to the danbeparts e of the rain （原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesn '.可啕俳狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order

12、to catch up with the others I must work harder.（目 的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately （結果狀語）She works very hard though she is 01d （讓步狀語）I am taller than he is （比較狀語）二、簡單句、弁列句和復合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1） 陳述句（肯定、否定） ：He is six years old; She didn' t hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特

13、殊、選擇、反意）:Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can ' t she?3）祈使句:Be careful, boys; Do n' t talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結構可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American bo

14、ys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2） 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or 等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign v

15、isitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g. He is a student.2、主語+不及物動詞：e.g. We work.3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）： e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動詞+復合賓語（賓語+賓補） ： e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這

16、一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構成。（三）并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用 and, not only but also ，neither偌旌接othene.g. The teacher s name is Smith, and the student s name is John.2、表示選擇， 常用的連詞有 or, either or ，otherWisee.g. Hurry up, or you ' ll miss the train.3） 表示轉折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when 等。 e.g. He was a

17、 little manwith thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4） 表示因果關系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore 等。 e.g. August is the time of the year forrive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考點探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時需借助于劃分句子成分去理

18、解，在書面表達中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句 結合于一體來考查。一個題目，幾個考點，是近幾年命題的發展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復合句的考查常表現在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while ，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關聯詞。4、各種主從復合句的考查常常與動詞的時態聯系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯， 時間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點在高考中經常考查。如： We will go o

19、uting if it doesn t rain to。 morrow名詞性從句名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。它的功能相當于名詞，引導名詞性從句的引導詞歸納起來可分為以下三類連接詞that:不做成分，無意思，不可省（賓語從句除外）Whether: 不做成分,具備意思,不可省What/how 等特殊疑問詞:做成分,具備意思,不可省that 1.That he will come is certain.2 .The truth is that I have never been there3 .They pretended (that) they were reading

20、 in the room.4 .The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us.His teacher said (that) the book was very interesting and that it was worth readingWhether1.Whether she is coming or not doesnmatter toot much.2.Our first question is whether you like music.3.I wonder whether it is true or n

21、ot.4.The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been decided.Whether/ ifwhether 和 if 引導的賓語從句：whether 和 if 引導賓語從句時可以互換使用，但下列情況只用whether 不用 if:( 1 ) 在 whether or not 結構中I don t know whether or not he ll come.I wonder whether it is true or not. 2) 2) "介詞 +賓語從句”Everything depends on wheth

22、er the situation will improve. 3) whether + to doPlease tell me whether to go or not.4)引導主語從句,表語從句及同位語從句Whether we ll go depends on the weather.The question is whether it is worth doingWhat/ how 等特殊疑問詞引導的名詞性從句1 .Where she has gone is not known yet.2 .That is why she was absent yesterday.3 .I didn t

23、know what they were talking about.4.1 have no idea when he will be back名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses) 。 名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組 , 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一、 主語從句主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主語和it 引導強調句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句

24、，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it 引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人時也可用who/whom 。例如：It is a pity that you didn t go to see the film.It doesn t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2. 用 it 作形式主語的結構(1) It is

25、名詞 從句It is a fact that事實是It is an honor that非常榮幸It is common knowledge that是常識(2) It is 形容詞 從句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是一(3) It is 不及物動詞 從句It seems that 似乎 It hapened that碰巧It appears that 似乎(4) It 過去分詞 從句It is reported that 據報道 一； It has been proved that 已證實 一 It is said that 據說一

26、3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：( 1 ) if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。(2) It is said /reported結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(3) It happens/occurs結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

27、That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(4) It doesn' t matter how/whether結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It doesn t matter whether he is wrong or not.Whether he is wrong or not doesn t matter.(5) 5) 含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rainin the evening?Is that will rain in the even

28、ing likely?4. what 與 that 在引導主語從句時的區別what 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如：1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation二 賓語從句賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞) 或介詞之后。 1. 作動詞的賓語(1) 由 that 引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army.(2) 由 w

29、hat, whether (if) 引導的賓語從句，例如：She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3) 動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介詞的賓語，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容詞的賓語，例如：I am afraid (that) I ve m

30、ade a mistake.注意： that 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。 也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。、4. it 可以作為形式賓語it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句

31、尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。例如： We heard it that she would get married next month.5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help,take, forgive 等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that 引導的賓語從句。如：I admire their winning the match.I admire that they won the mat

32、ch.6. 不可用 that 從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于“動詞+間接賓語+ that從句“結構中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate 等。例如：He impressed the manager as an honest man.He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉移： 主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect,

33、 fancy, guess, imagine等， 其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：I don t think this dress fits you well. 我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。三 . 表語從句表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語連系動詞+表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because等結構。例如：1) The question is wheth

34、er we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we can t get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四 . 同位語從句同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1. 同位語從句的功能同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名

35、詞的具體內容，一般由that 引導，例如：1) The king s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語從句

36、與定語從句的區別(1) 定語從句中的that 既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that 是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。 ) (第一個that 引導的從句是定語從句，that 在從句中作賓語)2)The news that Tom

37、 would go abroad is told by him. (湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。) (同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分)語法復習二、主謂一致在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。(一) 語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復數形式上保持一致。1、以單數名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為復數時，謂語動詞用復數形式。如： His father is working on the farm. / Tos

38、tudy English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意 ：由 what 引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是復數或 what 從句是一個帶有復數意義的并列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。如：WhatI bought were three English books. / What I

39、 say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由連接詞and或bothan連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。如： Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語動詞就應用單數 形式。如：The writer and artist h

40、as come.; / 由 and 連接的并列單數主語前如果分別有no,each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：Every studentand every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.3、 主語為單數名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as,rather than, more than, no less than, besides, includin

41、g 等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數形式；若主語為復數，謂語用復數形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has cometo China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、 either, neither, each, every 或 no +單數名詞和由some, any, no, every 構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數看待。如：Each of us has a new book.

42、/ Everything around us is matter.注意：在口語中當either或neither后跟有“of+復數名詞(或代詞)”作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復數。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若 none of 后面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數；若它后面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定語從句時，關系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。如：He is one

43、 of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of myfriends who is working hard.6、如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復數形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience 等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意 ： people, poli

44、ce, cattle 等名詞一般都用作復數。如： The police are looking for the lostchild.7、 由 “ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞” 構成的短語以及由 “分 數或百分數+名詞”構成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中后面名詞的數而定。如： There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students i

45、n our class are girls.注意：a number of "許多"，作定語修飾復數名詞，謂語用復數；the number of "的數量”，主語是number,謂語用單數。8、 在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其后的主語一致。如： There comes the bus./ On the wallare many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.（二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數必須和主語的意義一致（因有時主語形式為單數，但意義為復數；有時形式為復數，但意義為單

46、數）。1、 what, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數，主要靠意思來決定。如： Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“時間、重量、長度、價值”等的名詞的復數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式， 這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體，如： Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形

47、式。如：“ The Arabian Nights is”an interesting story-book.4、表數量的短語“ one and a half”后接復數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞可用單數形式（也可用復數。如：One and a half apples is （are） left on the table.5、 算式中表示數目（字） 的主語通常作單數看待，其謂語動詞采用單數形式。如： Twelveplus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、些學科名詞是以-ics 結尾，如： mathematics, po

48、litics, physics 以及 news, works等，都屬于形式上是復數的名詞，實際意義為單數名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn t easy to study.7、 trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a（the） pair of 等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoesunder the bed is

49、his.8、 “定冠詞 the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時，動詞用復數。（三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時謂語動詞的人稱和數與最近的主語保持一致。1、當兩個主語由 either or, neither nor, whether or ，not On限時， but also 謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如： Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither theynor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2、there be句型b

50、e動詞單復數取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意 ： Here 引導的句子用法同上。語法復習三：名詞性從句名詞性從句相當于名詞，可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。（一）引導名詞性從句的連接詞1、連接代詞：who, whose, whom, what, which 。有詞義，在從句中擔任成分，如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。2、連接副詞：when, where, why, how 。有詞義，

51、在從句中擔任成分，作狀語。3、連接詞：that, whether, if, as if。 that 無詞義，在從句中不擔任成分，有時可省略；if（whether）, as if 雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔任成分。注意 ：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當句子成分，連接詞 whether和if （是否），as if （好象）在從句中不充當句子成分，只起連接作用。根據句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、 if 和 as if都用不上時，才用that作連接詞（that本身無任何含義）。（二）主語從句1、主語從句在復合句作主語。e.g.

52、 Who will go is not important.2、用it 作形式主語，主語從句放在句末。e.g. It doesn t matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引導主語從句時，不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（三）表語從句1、表語從句在復合句中作表語，位于系動詞之后。e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引導表語從句的連接詞that 有時可省去。e.g. My idea is （

53、that） we can get more comrades to help in the work.（四）賓語從句1、賓語從句在復合句中作賓語。引導賓語從句的連詞that 一般可省略。e.g. I hope （that） everything is all right.2、介詞之后的賓語從句，不可用which 或 if 連接，要分別用what 或whether。e.g. I m interested in whether you ve finished the work.I m interested in what you ve said.3、 whether 與 if 都可以引導賓語從句，

54、常可互換。但下面情況不能互換。賓語從句是否定句時，只用 if,不用whetheroe.g. I wonder if it doesn t rain.用 if 會引起誤解，就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（ 此句如果把whether 改成 if， 容易當成條件句理解）賓語從句中的 whether與or not直接連用，就不能換成if;不直接連用，可換。e.g. I don t know whether or not the report is true.I don t knowwhether/ if the re

55、port is true or not.介詞后的賓語從句要用 whether引導。whether可與不定式連用。whether也可引導主 語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，還可引導讓步狀語從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導條件從句時，只能用if,而不能用 whetheroe.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.They don t know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.（五）同位語從句同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，一般位于該名詞（如： news, fa

56、ct, idea, suggestion,promise 等）之后，說明該名詞的具體內容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.語法復習四：定語從句（一）定語從句一般由關系代詞和關系副詞引導1、關系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as2、關系副詞：when, where, why關系代詞和關系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用，同時在從句中又充當句子成分。e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（關系代詞 who 在從句中作主語）The comrade with whom I came knows French. （whom 在從句中作介詞 with 的賓語）3、關系代詞和關系副詞的用法：1）當先行詞為人時用 who作主語，whom作賓語；2）當先行詞為物或整個句子時用which ,可作主語或賓語；3）先行詞為人、物時用that ,可作主語或賓語；4） whose用作定語