1、中考英語語法（名詞篇）語法總述：詞類、句子成分和構詞法：1、詞類： 名詞、形容詞、代詞、數詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, ball, class, orange, clock, 合成名詞：8-year-olds, groun-ups, passers-by, e-mail, 2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容詞(adj.)：表示人或事物的性質或特征。如：good, right, white, orange, ugly, sweet, fa

2、r, 合成形容詞：8-year-old, hard-working, 4、數詞(num.)： 表示數量或事物的順序。基數詞：one, two, three, hundred, 序數詞：first, second, third, 量詞：a piece of, two bottles of, three basket of, four bowls of, five cups of, six pairs of,5、動詞(v.)： 表示動作或狀態。系詞：am, is,are,半系詞：look, sound, feel, get, become, keep, stay, taste, smell, tu

3、rn, 實意動詞：have, see , think, beat, walk,助動詞：輔助動詞構成否定、疑問等語氣，輔助東西構成時態語態等。如：be, do, does, did, will, can, should, may,6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, home, upstairs, hard, very, really, 7、冠詞(art.)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：a, an, the.8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in

4、, on, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to,短語介詞：next to, in front of, at the age of, 9、連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, unless, until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if, 10、感嘆詞(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello2、句

5、子成分：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態,回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。如：He

6、can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數詞等擔任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如：He works ha

7、rd .(他工作努力)7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學法語)同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學湯姆在哪里？)3、構詞法：英語構詞法主要有：合成法、派生法

8、和轉換法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：動詞+er/or 動詞+ing 動詞+(t)ion 形容詞+ness 其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容詞：名詞+y 名詞+ful 動詞+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 國名+(i)an 如：snowy, s

9、unny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副詞：形容詞+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、轉換法：(1)形容詞動詞,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。(2)動詞名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名詞動詞,如：hand(手)(傳遞),fac

10、e(臉)(面對)等等。(4)形容詞副詞,如：earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副詞連詞,如：when(什么時候)(當時候),等等。(6)介詞副詞,如：in(到里)(在里面；在家),on(在上)(進行,繼續),等等。名詞篇：名詞的種類：英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：專有名詞普通名詞國名,地名,人名,團體,機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫。如：Jilin, Tom, China, (1)零冠詞，如Yale University,Beijing Railway

11、Station,是由專有名詞+普通名詞組成，往往為并列關系。(2)定冠詞，如the United States，the Great Wall,由形容詞+普通名詞組成。(3) 姓氏名如果采用復數形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。普通名詞又可進一步分為四類 1) 個體名稱: 表示單個的人和事物。 house 馬car 汽車room 房間apple 蘋果fun 風扇picture 照片 2) 集體名稱: 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。 people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊government 政府 g

12、roup 集團 3) 物質名詞:表示物質或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的物質。 fire 火 steel 鋼air 空氣water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名詞:表示動作,狀態,品質或其他抽象概念。 labour 勞動health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力3. 普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。可數名詞是可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞,如： box, child, orange；不可數名詞是不可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population, information .4、英語可數名詞的單復數：英語可數名詞有單

13、數和復數兩種形式。1. 規則名詞的復數形式：規則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dishdishes, benchbenches, glasses, dresses, wishes, faxes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives, shelfshe

14、lves, wolfwolves, lifelives, half-halves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs,4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities, baby-babies, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries5以元音字母

15、加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways6以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros /zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcano

16、s7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,9單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或s。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs2. 不規則名詞復數：英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下：規則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mi

17、ce, manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, toothteeth, childchildren, goosegeese2單復數相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復數形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數（表整體）也可以作復數（表其中的人或者成員）audience, class, fam

18、ily, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party, police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員6復數形式表示特別含義customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-s

19、Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish,以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變為復數sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches9名詞

20、作定語把主要名詞變成復數, 做定語的名詞一把用單數a boy student- some boy students， an apple tree-some apple trees, a shoe factory- some shoe factories, an eight-year-old boy,名詞作定語將兩部分都變為復數a woman singer-women singers, a man teacher-men teachers,名詞作定語，a sports bag-two sports bag, a clothes store-two clothes stores10常以復數形式出現

21、scissors 剪刀 goods 貨物 trousers 褲子glasses 玻璃杯people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks11單復數意義不同fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞5、名詞所有

22、格：名詞在句中表示所屬關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格，相當于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。所有格分三種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。三是雙重所有格。1. s所有格的構成：單數名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, Jims bed , the mans wife, the foxs tail復數名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, Childerns Day, 不規則復數名詞后加sthe chi

23、ldrens toys, womens rights, 以s結尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house, the students books, Teachers Day, my boss office, a girls dormitory表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father, Lu

24、cy and Lilys bedroom表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the barbers, the tailors, my uncles my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所)2. s所有格的用法：有些表示時間、距離、度量衡、價值、自然現象、國家、城鎮等無生命東西的名詞，也可以加s構成所有格。表示時間表示自然現象表示國家城市等地方的名詞表示工作群體表示度量衡及價值todays newspaper, five weeks holiday the earths atmosphere, the trees branchesthe countrys plan, the w

25、orlds population, Chinas industrythe ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victorya miles journey, five dollars worth of apples2與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot3某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經提到過，往往可以省略，以免重復。Whose pen is this? Its Toms.這是誰的鋼

26、筆？是湯姆的。The bike is not mine, but Toms.這輛自行車不是我的，是Tom的。3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book, a map of the world , the story of a hero , the windows of the room , the title of the film用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students某些of所有格和s所有格可以互換。the son of a

27、 poor peasanta poor peasants son一個貧農的兒子但有時含義卻不相同，請比較下面的例子：an old womans story(一個老婦人講自己的身世) the story of an old woman(別人講一個老婦人的身世)4. 雙重所有格在意義上與one of.相似：1of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友) =one of my fathers friends,a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)=one of my friends此外，不定冠詞、數詞、某些不定代詞(some, any,

28、 many, no, few等)以及which等限定詞，采用of所有格或雙重所有格形式。例如：most of the students學生中的大多數three of them他們中的三個人I like reading some books of his.我喜歡讀他的一些書。Which book of Qiong Yaos do you like best?你最喜歡瓊瑤的哪一本書？5. s所有格、of所有格和雙重所有格三者之間的細微區別請仔細比較下面三句話：1.She is Marys brothers friend. 2.She is a friend of Marys brother. 3.

29、She is a friend of Marys brothers. 1句用的是s所有格，側重說明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友關系，突出friend一詞。2句用的是of所有格，側重說明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友關系，強調突出了Marys brother。3句用的是雙重所有格，側重說明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一個，她只是其中的一個。6、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題：1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復數的一致,即：主語是是單數或者不可數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數形式。主語是復數時，謂語動詞用復數。如：The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)T

30、he water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)。The students are working hard.2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國地圖)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep,

31、people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用復數。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數,因此謂語仍用單數：The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數形式,故謂語用復數。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take the

32、m.(褲子很便宜,我想買)6、a lot of, some既可以修飾可數名詞，也可以修飾不可數名詞。單復數看后邊名詞。如：Some students are playing baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數, 但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物或者表示一個人或事物的兩個身份時,謂語則用單數。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果)

33、 / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)。The teacher and writer is coming.（這教師兼作家馬上要來了。）8、 there be 句型中be的單復數一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)9、用bothand連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)10、主語中含有with的短語

34、時,謂語單復數由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)11、eitheror或者 neithernor連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段時間，距離，金錢等度量衡時，謂語一般用單數。如：Two m

35、onths is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)。Two thousand dollars isnt a large amount of money. (兩千美元不是一筆大數目)13、主語中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等詞語時,謂語的單復數由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is

36、in English.(因特網上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被污染了)(被動句) 有的單詞有兩種含義，既可數，也不可數，根據意思鑒別：Whats the population of China?(中國人口是多少？)(人口，強調數量，單數) / Three quarters of the population in this ci

37、ty are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(人口，強調人，復數)7. 名詞的功能 名詞在句中作主語, 賓語,介詞賓語,賓語補助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。 The bag is in the desk.作主語。 書包在桌子里邊。 I washed my clothes yesterday.作賓語。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. 作表語。 這是一本好書。 We elected him our monitor.作賓語補助語。 我們選他為我們的班長。 Mary lives with her parents.作介詞賓語. 瑪麗和她的父母

38、親住在一起。 He is a Party member.作定語. 他是一名黨員。 They study hard day and night.作（時間）狀語。 他們白天黑夜地學習。名詞專項練習1( ) 1 She was very happy. She_in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato

39、B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths . toothes( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 -Can we have some _

40、?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 7 On the table there are five_.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato參考答案：1.C 2.C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C2( ) 1 They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit

41、.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a參考答案：1.C 2. B 3.C 4. A3( ) 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of ora

42、nge B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 It really took him_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time(

43、 ) 4 I would like to have_.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 5 Can you give me _?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 7 John bought_for himself yeste

44、rday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes參考答案：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.A4( )1 -How many _ have you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D.

45、Germanies( ) 3 In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs( ) 4 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American參考答案：1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C5( ) 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some gl

46、asses D. glass( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room參考答案：1.D 2.A 3.A6( ) 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods(

47、 ) 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 3I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. workC. this works D. the works參考答案：1.A 2.A 3.D7( ) 1 Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the P

48、eople Park D. Peoples Park( ) 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 3 How many_were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples參考答案：1.A 2.D 3.C8( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. s

49、et B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV_.A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block( ) 3 There is a of wood _ left on the ground.A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair參考答案：1.B 2.B 3.B9( ) 1 There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher(

50、 ) 2 There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers( ) 3 These _ were sent to the villages to help the farmers. A. women doctor B. women doctorsC. woman doctors D. woman doctor參考答案：1.B 2.D 3.B10( ) 1 They write most of their_ in English.A. business le

51、tter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters( ) 2 We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watchs shop( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. Its a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop( ) 4 She br

52、oke a_while she was washing up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass( ) 5 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number參考答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A111. September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day D. Teac

53、hers Day( ) 2 -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, its under_.A. the teachers; my B. teachers; mine C. teachers; me D. the teachers; mine( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms參考答案：1.B 2.D 3.A12( ) 1 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and

54、 Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys( ) 2 This is my_dictionary.A. sister Mary B. sisters C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys( ) 3 He went to _ shop to buy a shirt.A. a tailorB. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors( ) 4 Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister參考答案：1.D 2.B 3.D 4.B13( ) 1 In a few_ time, those mountains will b