1、非謂語動詞在句中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。 非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式、 動名詞和分詞（分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞）不定式、動名詞和現在分詞都有時態和語態的變化不定式主動語態被動語態與謂語動詞的關系一般式To doTo be done動作發生在謂語動作之 后進行式To be doing與謂語動作同時發生完成式To have doneTo have bee n done動作發生在謂語動作之 前動名詞主動語態被動語態與謂語動詞的關系一般式Doi ngBeing done與謂語動作同時發生完成式Having doingHaving bee n done動作發生在謂語動作之

2、 前現在分詞主動語態被動語態與謂語動詞的關系一般式Doi ngBeing done與謂語動作同時發生完成式Having doneHaving bee n done動作發生在謂語動作之 前不定式一、 不定式的作用1、作主語 不定式作主語時，謂語用單數。往往用it作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動詞如look,即pear等也可用于此句型。（2

3、 ）當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It ist。的句型。試比較：It is to n egate my own idea to believe him.（錯）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對）（3）It is+adj. of/for sb. tod。sth.結構中，當不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構成系表結構時，用。f,否則用for.2、作賓語1）動詞+不定式。如：He man aged to escape from the fire. I find it hard to get along with him. （

4、it 作形式賓語） 注：下列動詞通常用不定式作賓語：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide,begi n, start, lear n, agree, choose, get 等（2）動詞+疑問詞+t。，“特殊疑問句+不定式”相當于名詞，作賓語。如:I don ' know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can ' decide whe n to go there.注意：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式短語放

5、在賓語補足語之后，用it作形式賓語。如：I find it n ecessary to lear n a foreig n Ian guage.3、作賓語補足語（1）動詞+賓語+不定式（to do）。女口：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you th ink so?（不帶 to 的不定式）注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補的動詞有：ask, tell, order ,wa nt ,get, would like, like, advise, i nvite, allow, help,wish,war n,

6、 expect, prefer, en courage（2）表見解、看法的動詞結構可為：動詞+賓語+ to be的不定式結構。如：We con sider Tom to be one of the best stude nts in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動語態）（3） There +不定式。如：We didn ' expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動詞需 用as 短語作補語， 像 regard, think, believe

7、, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。（2）在動詞 feel （一感），hear, listen to （二聽）,have, let, make （三讓）,notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺）等后面的補足語中，不定式不帶t。,但變為被動語態后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy w

8、as see n to fall off the tree.（3） help后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his thin gs.4、作定語不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關系、動狀關系、同位關系或動賓關系。 不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動賓關系）He is look ing for a room to live in.（動狀關系）He is the

9、first person to think of the idea.（主謂關系）He has got a chanee to go abroad.（同位關系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動。如：Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，則要保留不定時短語中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（我需要一直鋼筆寫字）I have a little baby to look after. （I must look

10、after the little baby ）（我有一個嬰兒要照看）作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因等，有時還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如in order to , so as to, soas to, suchas to,.enough to, too to 等。（1）做目的狀語，to, only to （僅僅為了）, in order to, so as to, so （such）.as to（如此 以便）如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。He came to the school to see his son.

11、（2）作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3）做原因狀語。如：We were very excited to hear the n ews.I'm glad to see you.（4）做條件狀語。如：To turn to the left, you could find a post office.5、作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，構成表語。如：The questi o

12、n is how to put it into practice.My questi on is whe n to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語時，對應的謂語動詞用單數。2.當助于是不定式時，表語不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。女口: To see is to believe.（眼見為實）6、獨立結構。如：To tell you the truth, I don ' agree with you.To make matters worse, it

13、 began to rain.二、不定式的時態和語態1、不定式的時態（1）現在時：有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you aga in.（2）完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：I'm sorry to have give n you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。如：He seems to be eat ing someth ing.（

14、4）完成進行時：表示動作從過去某個時間開始，一直延續到現在，并有可能持續下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的語態當不定式的邏輯主語是其動作的承受者時，就用被動式。如：He was see n to en ter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、 省t。的動詞不定式1、情態動詞（除ought夕卜，ought to）2、Would rather, had better.3、感官動詞 see, watch, look at

15、, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補，省略 to.注意：在被動語態中t。不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was see n to dance. The boss made them work the whole ni ght.They were made to work the whole ni ght.4、 使役動詞 let, have, make.5、由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個不定式， 第二個 to 可以省去。女口： He wants to move to France and

16、marry the girl.6、Help 可帶 to,也可不帶 t。，help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why -/Why not &But和except前是動詞do時，后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。試比較：He wants to do no thi ng but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be.如：He is supposed (to be

17、) ni ce.他應該是個好人。I usually go there by train.Why not by boat for a cha nge?A to try goingB tryi ng to goC to try and goD try goingPaul does nfthave to be made. He always works hard.A lear nB to lear nC lear nedD lear ning四、動詞不定式的否定式。女口： Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me whe

18、n I passed by.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter after drinking.A n ever to driveB to n ever driveC n ever driv ing D n ever driveThe boy wan ted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him .A not toB not to doC not do itD do not doThe patie nt was warned food before the operati on.A to e

19、at noB eati ng notC not to eatD not eat ing動名詞 (動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特征，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語)一、動名詞的作用1、作主語謂語用單數。It代替動名詞作主語，常用于如下結構：It' no good/use doing 如:Seeing is believ ing.Play ing with fire is dan gerous.It' no good wait ing here.2、作賓語I enjoy liste ning to music.He often practices playing the piano in

20、 the evening.He is fond of play ing basketball.He has give n up smoki ng.Would you mind turning dow n your radio a little, please?(1)只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞：admit, advise 建議，risk, appreciate , envy 嫉妒，avoid 避免，consider 考慮，delay 延遲，deny 否認，dislike 不喜歡，enjoy, escape 逃避，excuse 原諒、寬恕，finish 完成，forgive 原諒，understan

21、d 理解,give up 放棄，imagine 想象,keep 保持，mind 介意、在乎,miss 未達至ij, practise 訓練，put off 推遲，resist 抵抗，suggest 建議、暗示can ' help禁不住，can 'tsta nd無法忍受，devote to(to為介詞)致力于，look forward to期望、盼望，stick to堅持，be used to習慣于，objectto反對，be busy忙于，fee like想要 be surprised at對.感到驚訝be proud of以為驕傲succeed in在某方面成功be afra

22、id of 害怕 give up 放棄(2)只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：happen碰巧，offer主動提出，promise答應，agree同意，refuse拒絕,decide決定，determine 決定、決心， pretend 假裝,fail 未能夠，learn , wish 希望，hope, expect, afford 負擔得起。(3)接動名詞、不定式均可，意義相同的動詞：like, love, dislike, hate, begin, star, continue , prefer, can ftbear/e ndure無法忍受，cease停止下列詞接動名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的

23、動詞:forget, go on, mean / regret, remember, stop, try 等stop doing 停止做 forget doing 忘t己做過remember doing t己得 做過regret doing后悔做過try doing試著做go on doing繼續做(同一件事)mean doing意味 做 for ano ther hour.D to be waitingStop to do停下來去做Forget to do忘記要做Remember to do記得要做Regret to do遺憾要做Try tod。企圖做，盡力做Go on to do繼續做(另

24、一件事)Mean to do打算做In some parts of London, miss ing a bus meansA waiti ng B to waiti ng C wait答案：Abe worth也有類似用法。如:(5) Need, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義, The flowers n eed wateri ng/to be watered.The problem is worth discuss ing.3、作表語此時的動名詞可以和主語調換位置。如：My hobby is collect ing stamps.Her job i

25、s wash ing, clea ning and tak ing care of the child.4、作定語動名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room, a diving board, a reading room, a dining hallthere are a lot of swim ming pools in the city.注：(1)現在分詞作定語表動作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系，可改寫成一個定語從句。如果為單詞，放在 被修飾n之前，為短語，放在被修飾n之后。女口： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga

26、 develop ing country =a country which is develop ing(2)動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質，可改寫成一個for的短語，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關系。女口： a wash ing mach ine = a mash ine for wash inga swimming pool = a pool for swimming二、 動名詞的時態和語態動名詞的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常要用完成式，否則都用一般式。如:We are in terested in playi ng chess.He was praised for

27、having finished the work ahead of time.I'm sorry for not hav ing kept my promise.若主語是動名詞所表示的動作的對象，動名詞用被動語態。如：We must do somethi ng to preve nt water from being polluted.I remember havi ng bee n told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物動詞不及物動詞主動被動主動一般時doi ngbeing donedoi ng完成時

28、havi ng donehavi ng bee n donehav ing done分詞 (分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞。在句中作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。)現在分詞和過去分詞的區別：在語態上，現在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞表示被動意義；在時間上，現在分詞表示的動作往往正在進行或者與謂語動詞同 時發生，定的時間性。過去分詞表示的動作已經完成或沒有如：falling leaves正在下落的樹葉fallen leaves已經落在地上的樹葉一、分詞的作用 1、作定語(1)單個分詞作定語，分詞前置。如： The sleep ing boy is my son. The excited people

29、rushed into the buildi ng. A lost opport unity n ever retur ns. He is a retired worker.(2)分詞短語作定語，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個別分詞如give, left等作定語也后置。如：The girl sta nding un der the tree is my ni ece.The build ing built last year is our library.This is the questi on give n. There is nothing in teresti

30、 ng. (3)過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關系，相當于一個被動語態的定語從句。如：Most of the people in vited to the party were famous scie ntists The first textbook for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th century.A have written 答案： B to be written C being writte n D writte n DWhaf the Ian guage in Germa ny? A s

31、peak ingB spokenC be spoke n D to speak答案：B Prices of daily goods through a computer can be lower tha n store prices. A are boughtB boughtC bee n bought D buying.答案：B When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door Sorry to miss you; will call later. n A readB readsC to readD readi ng答案：D 解析

32、：reading 與 pinned to the door 一樣作 message 的后置定語， 相當于 which read, pinned 禾口 reading 的邏輯主語都是 message,它與pin是被動關系，用一 ed形式，與read是主動關系，用一 ing形式2、作狀語現在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結果等狀g receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didn ? receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given moreatt

33、e nti on, the trees could have grow n better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.（條件）Walk ing along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital （原因）.Though defeated,he did n 'lose heart.（讓步）He lay on the grass, looking into the sk

34、y.（伴隨）He came running to tell me the good news.（方式） someofficials, Napole on in spected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Bei ng followed 答案：BHaving bee nfollowedThere was a terrible noise the sudde n burst of light.A followed B followi ng C to be followed 答案：Bbe,ng followed, liquids can be cha ng

35、ed into gases.A Heati ng B To be heated C HeatedHeat答案：注意：（1）選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞，關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是由主句的主語發出，分詞就用現在 分詞，反之就用過去分詞。試比較：（Being） Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的過程中，我發現這本書很有用。（分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，如果不一致，就用獨立主格結構，即在分詞前加2）上它的邏輯主語。現在分詞的

36、完成式主要用于作狀語，一般不用作定語。When, the museum will be ope n to the public n ext year.A completed B completi ng C being completed D to be completed 答案：Asuch heavy polluti on already, it may now be too late to clea n up the river. A Having suffered B SufferingC To sufferD Suffered答案：A3、作表語現在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征，過去分詞

37、作表語多指主語所處的狀態。如：The film is touch ing.The glass is broke n.She looked tired with cook ing.He remained standing beside the table.一I'm very with my own cook in g. It looks nice and smells delicious.Mm, it does have a smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant 答案：D 4、作賓語補足語分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動詞或使役動詞后作賓語補足語。如：I smell somethi ng bur ning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my n ame called.I can ' make myself un derstood in En glish.I found my car miss ing.I ' have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The m