1、CHAPTER 5Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership2 CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership Language is how we reach out to make contact with our surroundings. Words can exercise some control over the present; words also use to form images of the future. We use words to

2、 persuade, to exchange ideas, to express views, to seek information, and to express feelings. Language is a set of symbols that a cultural group has agreed to use to create meaning. The symbols and their meaning are often arbitrary. When we study another language, we soon discover not only symbols a

3、nd sounds, but there are rules such as phonology, grammar, syntax, and intonation. Language have a major impact on the way individual perceives and conceptualized the world.3 CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership Argot helps establish groups as real and viable social entities

4、. Argot helps in developing a sense of self-defense by providing a code that helps the co-culture survive in a hostile environment. FYI = for your info. BRB = be right back OMG = oh my god LOL4 CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership Language is a reflection of culture, and cul

5、ture is a reflection of language. High and Low Context - Which countries use more dual meanings for a vocabulary? High and Low Power Distance - Which countries have more terminologies for hierarchies? Individualism & Collectivism - Which countries would encourage children to dont depend on other

6、s?5 CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership Interpersonal Interactions (with folks from other cultures) Be mindful Other culture may not share your perspective Speech rate Vocabulary Avoid difficult and rarely used words. Monitor nonverbal feedback (nonverbal response) Checking

7、 (use different ways to express your message if he/she has difficulty to understand your message)6 CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership Interpersonal and Translation (with folks from other cultures) Interpretation Consecutive translation & Simultaneous translation Transl

8、ation Interpretation (difficult to translate)CHAPTER 6 Nonverbal Communication: The message of Action, Space, Time, and Silence8 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Why its important: people use it to express attitudes, feelings, and emotions. Consciously and unconsciously, intentionally and uninten

9、tionally, people make important judgments and decisions concerning the internal states of others - states they often express without words. (body language, voice, etc.) Nonverbal communication is partially responsible for creating impressions. People will draw a mental picture of you based on your a

10、ppearance. (dress, accent, etc.) Nonverbal communication can be use as a way of direct communication.9 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environme

11、nt and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. The expressiveness of the individual (impression) appears to involve two radically different kinds of sign activity: The expression that he gives (traditional and narrow) & the impression that he gives off (wide range of action

12、s). Nonverbal Nonverbal communication is multidimensional activity that can be influenced by a host of factors.10 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication can be ambiguous because it can be contextual. Nonverbal communication is multidimensional activity that can be influenced by

13、a host of factors. These factors include cultural background, socioeconomic background, education, gender, age, personal preferences and idiosyncrasies. The contextual nature of nonverbal communication - different situations or environments produce different nonverbal messages.11 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverb

14、al Communication Two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and paralanguage). those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence). Appearance is important because it involve on

15、es body image and the satisfaction with it result from comparisons with an implicit cultural ideal and standard. Kinesics cues are those visible body shifts and movements that can sent messages about your attitude toward the other person, your emotional state, and your desire to control your environ

16、ment. While there is a biological component to facial expressions, culture plays a major role in what produces the facial expression, how the expression is displayed, and the meaning attached to the facial expression.12 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Two comprehensive categories: those that are

17、 primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and paralanguage). those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence). Appearance is important because it involve ones body image and the satisfaction with it result from compar

18、isons with an implicit cultural ideal and standard. Kinesics cues are those visible body shifts and movements that can sent messages about your attitude toward the other person, your emotional state, and your desire to control your environment. While there is a biological component to facial express

19、ions, culture plays a major role in what produces the facial expression, how the expression is displayed, and the meaning attached to the facial expression.13 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Eye contact in various cultures - p.214-p.218 Touch in various cultures - p.218-p.220 Paralanguage (sound

20、)Vocal characterizers (laughing, crying, yelling, moaning, whining, belching, yawning)Vocal qualifier (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone)Vocal segregates (“un-huh”, “shh”, “uh”, “oooh”, mmmh”)14 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Space and DistancePersonal Space in different culturesSea

21、ting Americans prefer talk someone behind them rather beside them; leaders seats stay away from the groupFurniture Arrangement Communicate something about culture15 CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal Communication Informal TimeHow late is late? Past, Present, and FuturePast-orientated culture British, Chinese “c

22、onsider the past and you will know the present”Present-orientated culture Filipinos and Latin Americans (living in the moment, casual, relax)Future-orientated culture Americans innovation and change Monochronic (M-time) sees time as lineal, segmented, and manageable. Example: Germany, Austria, Switz

23、erland, and America Polychronic (P-time) Classification interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. Time is less tangible. Example: Arabic, Asian, and Latin America. Silence Varies from culture to culture Eastern cultures values silence more than Western cultures.CHAPTER 7 Cultural Influences on Context: The Business Setting17 CHAPTER 7 - Cultural Influences on Context: The B