1、 1 單詞 Lesson 1 Gear 齒輪, 傳動裝置 Bearing 軸承 Cams 凸輪 Cams and followers 凸輪和從動件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力學 statics 靜力學，靜止狀態(tài) dynamics動力學，原動力，動力特性 constraint forces 約束力 applied forces 作用力 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 電,磁,重力 mating surface 嚙合表面,配合表面,接觸面 meshing 嚙合，咬合，鉤住 meshing teeth 嚙合齒 journal

2、 bearing 滑動軸承，向心滑動軸承 metal-to-metal contact 金屬 - 金屬接觸 Overheating 過熱 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，表面剝落，壓碎 Spall 削，割，剝落，脫皮 noise 噪音 rough motion運動不精確 inertia慣性 particle 質點 rigid body剛體 deformable可變形的，應變的 deformable Body 變形體 Scalar 數(shù)量的，標量的 Vectors矢量 Density密度 Mass質量 Displacement位移 Velocity速度 Acceleration加速度

3、Moment力矩，彎矩 Momentum動量，沖量 Lesson 2 Compressive壓縮的，有壓力的 Turning 車削 Rectilinear直線的 micrometer 千分尺又稱螺旋測微器 Power hacksaws 弓鋸床 Shaper牛頭刨床 Thread 螺紋 Work：功 muscular action肌肉動作 mechanical motion機械運動 stretch an object拉伸對象 tensile force：拉力 in tension：受拉 compressive force：壓力 torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩 shear

4、ing force ：剪切力 twist an object扭曲對象 Slide滑，脫落 Slip滑動，滑移 in compression受壓 turning of a part對一個零件進行車削加工 wedging action:楔入作用 chip ：切屑 centers of the lathe車床的頂尖 lathe dog車床夾頭 centrifugal force ：離心力 grinding wheel ：磨削砂輪 bonding agent ：粘合劑 abrasive particle：磨料顆粒 centrifuge-type machines離心式機械 Centrifuge離心機，

5、離心作用 Centrifugal force principles離心力原理 centripetal force ：向心力 rotary motion:回轉運動 rectilinear motion：直線運動 hand tool手工工具 power tool動力工具 feed：進給 shaping：采用牛頭刨床（shaper)進行刨削加工 power saw：弓鋸床，弓式鋸床 the screw of a micrometer 意為“千分尺中的螺桿” harmonic and intermittent motion ：諧和運動和間歇運動 simple harmonic motion ：簡諧運動

6、 return stroke：快速回程 shaper ram：刨床滑枕 Pulley滑輪 Screw螺絲釘 Belt帶 Link鏈 Lesson 3 2 Interactive互相作用的 Iterative重復的, 反復的, 迭代的 Pinpoint 精確地定位或確認 Equilibrium 平衡，均衡 Tractable 易于處理或操作的 Order of magnitude 數(shù)量級 Ideally理想的情況下 so as to為了 with any precision很少精確 idealize理想化 idealization 理想化 strength of materials材料力學 Dy

7、namics動力學 Approximations近似值 be inherent in為、所固有，是、的固有性質 Render提出，給予，描繪 degrading the result使結果降級 pertinent有關 prohibitive令人望而卻步 Influx流入，注入，涌進，匯集 Lesson 5 Sprocket鏈輪 snap ring 卡環(huán) Universal joints萬向聯(lián)軸器 Self-aligning bearing 調心軸承，球面軸承, 自位軸承 Dry ice干冰 Shot-peening噴丸硬化處理 Pin銷 Key鍵 Spline花鍵 Couplings聯(lián)軸器 n

8、ondriving wheel非驅動輪 idler gear空轉齒輪，換向齒輪 be subjected to承受 Fluctuate變動，波動，起伏 alternating bending stress交變彎曲應力 deflections撓度 lateral shaft deflection橫向軸的撓度 angular deflection角偏轉 non-self- aligning bearings非自調心軸承 Torsional deflection扭轉變形 critical speed臨界速度 Attachment of the hub轂的附件 Keyway鍵槽 Axial軸向 Cir

9、cumferential圓周方向 Positioning定位 Retaining固定 retaining ring定位環(huán) hub-to-shaft attachments輪轂與軸之間的連接 interference fit過盈配合 hub bore轂孔 bending moment彎矩 cold-rolling冷軋 relative slope相對傾斜 Journal軸頸 plain bearing 滑動軸承 Lesson 6 Clutch 離合器 Brake 制動器 Friction 摩擦 Chain 鏈，鏈條 Timing belt 同步帶 Belt drive 帶傳動 coefficie

10、nt of friction摩擦系數(shù) rayon人造纖維 timing belt同步帶 V-belt drive V帶傳動 Foregoing在前的，前述的 fatigue life疲勞壽命 power transmitted電力傳輸 rotatable shaft可以轉動的軸，從動軸 rotating shaft轉動軸，主動軸 input shaft輸入軸 output shaft輸出軸 unloaded state空載狀態(tài) Rotor轉子 rotational inertia轉動慣量 torque capacity 扭矩容量 kinetic and potential energy動能和勢

11、能 provision 規(guī)定 thermal capacity 熱容量 thermal stress熱應力 thermal distortion熱變形 rubbing velocity摩擦速度 Lining內襯，襯套 empirical value經(jīng)驗值 Chain drives鏈傳動 gear drives齒輪傳動 speed ratio速比 shaft separation distance軸間隔距離 arbitrary center distance任意的中心距 3 positive (no slip) drive強制(無滑動)傳動 synchronized motion同步運動 con

12、veyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery傳送帶系統(tǒng)，農用機械，紡織機械 chain loop鏈環(huán) 40-kW power ratings ：40千瓦的額定功率 Lesson 9 Ceramic bearing 陶瓷軸承 Silicon硅 Titanium 鈦 Adherence 粘附，附著 gas turbine engines 燃氣渦輪發(fā)動機 liquid lubricant液體潤滑劑 Exploit利用，發(fā)揮，使用 Tribological 摩擦學的 ceramic rolling bearing陶瓷滾動軸承 thermo-mecha

13、nical熱機械 Tool steel工具鋼 Aeroengine航空發(fā)動機 practical temperature limit 實際的溫度上限 virtual exclusion虛擬排斥 hot pressed 熱壓 hot isostatically pressed 熱等靜壓的 silicon nitride Si3N4 rolling contact fatigue滾動接觸疲勞 low fracture toughness低的斷裂韌性 coefficient of thermal expansion熱膨脹系數(shù) thermal conductivity導熱系數(shù) thermal diff

14、usivity熱擴散系數(shù)，溫度擴散率 oxidation resistance抗氧化性 Hertzian contact stresses 赫茲接觸應力 Solid lubricant固體潤滑劑 synthetic lubricant合成潤滑劑 unconventional lubricant非常規(guī)潤滑劑 boundary lubrication邊界潤滑 wear resistance耐磨性 tribo-chemical film摩擦化學膜 Shear剪切，切斷 heat stable熱穩(wěn)定 Imperative命令，絕對必要的，必不可少的 Lesson 14 Melting point熔點

15、Specific heat比熱 Specific gravity比重 Shrink fit 冷縮配合，收縮配合 thermal conductivity熱導率，導熱率 thermal expansion熱膨脹 corrosion resistance耐蝕性 reduce inertial force減小慣性力 Substitution 替換 recrystallization temperature再結晶溫度 Annealing退火 heat treating熱處理 hot working熱加工 minor 微小的 surface roughness 表面粗糙度 Metallurgical冶金

16、學的 Titanium鈦 thermal gradient熱梯度 relative expansion相對膨脹 glass-to-metal seals玻璃 - 金屬密封件 Shrink fit冷縮配合，收縮配合 Deterioration惡化，變質，退化 Degradation降解，老化，退化 petroleum 石油 elevated temperature高溫 Alkalis堿 oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain氧氣，濕氣，污染和酸雨 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic

17、 materials, 有色金屬，不銹鋼，和非金屬材料 cast iron鑄鐵 chromium鉻 protective film保護膜 Lesson 28 Basic size基本尺寸 Deviation偏差 Interchangeable互換性 Interchangeability互換性 Unilateral, bilateral, and limit forms.單邊的，雙邊的和極限形式 plus-or-minus加或減 theoretical dimension理論尺寸 basic dimension基本尺寸 Terminology術語 definition 定義 Tolerance公

18、差 Clearance fit間隙配合 Interference fit過盈配合 Transition fit過度配合 Selective assembly選擇裝配 4 by trial and error用試湊法 basic hole system基孔制 basic shaft system基軸制 International tolerance (IT) grade公差等級 Tolerance symbols公差符號 tolerance zone公差帶 uppercase letter大寫字母 lowercase letter小寫字母 surface texture表面紋理 surface

19、finish表面光潔度 roughness, waviness, lay and flaws.粗糙度，波紋度，加工紋理方向和缺陷 irregularities in the surface表面不平度 Cutoff中止，截止 Superimpose重疊，疊加 Waviness波度 Interval間隔 cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches裂紋，氣孔，檢查，劃痕 Lesson 43 Burr 毛刺 Saw 鋸 Hacksaw弓鋸 Plasma 等離子體 Sophistication復雜化，完善，采用先進技術 Simplicity簡單 Sophisticated

20、復雜的 durable耐用的，耐久的 alloy steel合金鋼 carbide碳化物 diamond金剛石 Harnessed駕馭，治理 tough強硬 Deburr去毛刺，去飛翅 Welding焊接 Impose利用，施加影響 nontraditional manufacturing processes非傳統(tǒng)制造工藝 drilling鉆孔 sawing鋸切 broaching拉床 electric motors電動馬達 Hydraulics液壓 gravity重力 electric arcs電弧 Harness利用 electrochemical 電化學 plasmas等離子體 jets

21、 of liquids and abrasives液體和磨料射流 magnetic field磁場 Explosive爆炸 electric spark電火花 high-frequency sound waves高頻聲波 beams of electron電子束 Reject排斥，抵制 in-process breakage過程中的破損 Aforementioned上述的，前面提到的 reliability 可靠性 vision systems, laser gages視覺系統(tǒng)，激光測量 Metallurgical冶金 Implementation履行 Lesson 62 Conceive 構

22、思 Tedious 單調乏味的 Optimum 最佳效果 Information Age信息時代 Metalworking金屬加工 come full circle回到原地，繞了一圈 interchangeability互換性 specialized functions特殊功能 integrated manufacturing system集成制造系統(tǒng) diversify多樣化 Reflex反射，映像，回復 flexibility靈活性 integration 集成 Superquality高質量 Superproductivity高生產率 Conflicting不一致的，沖突的 gettin

23、g the most out如何充分利用 quality assurance質量保證 materials handling材料處理 Schedule時間表，進度表，計劃表 shop floor車間 distributed intelligence分布式智能 microprocessors controlled machines微處理器控制的機器 Instantaneously瞬間，即時 tighter 更緊 producible可生產 Instantaneous瞬間 work-in-process在制零件 tedious乏味 not to mention更何況 5 Lure吸引，誘惑 cont

24、racted out.承包出去，訂合同把工作包出去 Lesson 64 Simulator 模擬裝置, 仿真裝置 Terrain 地區(qū), 地帶 Planar 平面的 marketable銷售 closed-loop process閉環(huán)過程 Factory automation工廠自動化 central data base中央數(shù)據(jù)庫 computer-aided design computer-aided manufacturing computer-aided product design計算機輔助產品設計 computer-aided analysis計算機輔助分析 computer-aid

25、ed drafting,計算機輔助繪圖 design sensitivity analysis設計敏感性分析 Optimization最佳化，優(yōu)化 model simulator模型模擬器 substitute替代 laboratory or field test實驗室或現(xiàn)場測試 manufacturability生產能力 on-line control在線控制 simulate模擬 Prototype原型 repetitive重復 electrical and electronic circuits電氣和電子電路 algorithm算法 finite-element 有限元 computat

26、ional technique計算技術 multi- body mechanical system多體機械系統(tǒng) formulating the equation制定公式 numerical method數(shù)值方法 special-purpose program專用程序 general- purpose program通用程序 rigidly structure剛性結構 flexibility靈活性 planar motion平面運動 four-bar linkage四連桿機構 spatial motion空間運動 rough terrain崎嶇的地形 Connectivity連通性，連接性 fo

27、rce element力單元 governing equation控制方程 coordinate協(xié)調 nonlinearity 非線性 Lesson 71 Industrial robot 工業(yè)機器人 Printed circuit boards印刷電路板 Shutdown停工，關閉 robot installation機器人安裝 single- purpose machines單一用途的機器 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)國際標準化組織（ISO） reprogrammable可重復編程 multipurpose man

28、ipulator多功能機械手 Robot Institute of America(RIA)美國機器人協(xié)會（RIA） Japan Industrial Robot Association(JIRA)日本工業(yè)機器人協(xié)會（JIRA） British Robot Association (BRA)英國機器人協(xié)會（BRA） reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator可重新編程的多功能機械手 multifunctional多功能 multifunctional多功能 end-effector末端執(zhí)行器 articulated arm 關節(jié)臂 articulate

29、d 關節(jié)式的，鉸鏈的 U. S. Atomic Energy Commission美國原子能委員會 Unsophisticated不復雜的 materials handling machine材料搬運機 General Motors Corporation通用汽車公司 die casting machine壓鑄機 die casting 壓力鑄造，壓鑄 Gripper手爪 degrees of freedom (DOF)自由度（DOF） Unimation萬能自動化公司 jointed-spherical robot關節(jié)式球面機器人 welding, painting焊裝，涂裝 inspect

30、ion檢查 fully automated production line全自動生產線 vehicle chassis汽車底盤 conveyor輸送帶 Assemble組裝 a sequence of一序列的 Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs)大規(guī)模生產的印刷電路板（PCB） pick-and-place robot拾取和放置機器人 surpassing 超越 reliability可靠性 inflation of wages通貨膨脹的工資 imperative勢在必行，必要的 Parting分離的，離別的 robot cells機器人單元

31、6 danger zone危險區(qū) marked off關閉標記 precaution預防措施 shutdown system 停車系統(tǒng) Setting位置，安裝，環(huán)境 翻譯 Lesson2 Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend

32、to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed. 對磨削用的砂輪來講離心力的影響要特別給以關注。即把磨料顆粒粘合在砂輪上的粘合劑它的粘合力必須大于使高速旋轉的砂輪分崩離析的離心力。因此，砂輪的轉速不能超過制造商給

33、定的安全表面速度限制。離心力隨轉速的增加而增大。 The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appl

34、iances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines. 離心力的這種原理用在離心型機器的設計中。一些離心分離機用于分離化學制品；還有的通過離心鑄造工藝分離金屬中的雜質。離心力作用也有普通的應用如干衣機、控制發(fā)動機轉速的裝置以及用于加速運動的機器。 Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous

35、application of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite

36、 to the centrifugal force. 向心力使物體沿著圓形軌道運動。這種現(xiàn)象的產生是由于將物體拉（軌道）中心的力的持續(xù)作用。換句話說，這種抵抗離心力的向內的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋轉運動的物體的向心力產生一個向心的加速度，這個向心力與離心力大小相等，方向相反。 Lesson3 Primarily, we will be discussing things which are in “equilibrium,” i.e., not accelerating. However, if we look closely enough, everything is accelerat

37、ing. We will consider many structural members to be “weightless”but they never are. We will deal with forces that act at a “point” but all forces act over an area. We will consider some parts to be “rigid”but all bodies will deform under load. 首先，我們討論的是處于“平衡”狀態(tài)即沒有加速的物體。然而任何東西都在加速，如果我們觀察足夠仔細的話。我們認為很多

38、結構件是“沒有重量”的但它們從來不是這樣；我們認為力的作用在一個“點”上，但所有力都作用在一個區(qū)域上；我們認為有些零件是“剛體的”但所有物體在負載下都會變形。 We will make many assumptions that clearly are false. But these assumptions should always render the problem easier, more tractable. You will discover that the goal is to make as many simplifying assumptions as possible

39、without seriously degrading the result. 我們都會作一些明顯是錯誤的假設。但這些假設常可能使問題簡化，更容易駕馭。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)目標是只要不使結果嚴重降級（歪曲），就盡可能多的做出簡化的假設。 Generally there is no clear method to determine how completely, or how precisely, to treat a problem: If our analysis is too simple, we may not get a pertinent answer; if our analysis is

40、too detailed, we may not be able to obtain any answer. It is usually preferable to start with a relatively simple analysis and then add more detail as required to obtain a practical solution. 通常沒有明確的方法去確定怎么完整（全面）或精確的去處理問題：如果我們的分析太簡單，（我們）可能不會得到一個中肯的答案；如果我們的分析太詳細，（我們）也許得不到任何答案。通常更好的是從相對簡單的分析開始，添加一些需要的

41、細節(jié)以獲得實用解。 7 During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized methods for solving problems that previously were beyond solution because the time required to solve them would have been prohibitive. At the same time the cost of computer capability and

42、use has decreased by orders of magnitude. 5 We are experiencing an influx of personal computers on campus, in the home, and in business. 在過去20年間，用以解決問題的計算機方法可用性得到了巨大的提升，過去不能解決是因為解決問題所需要的時間受到限制。同時計算機的性能成本和使用成本有成數(shù)量級的降低。我們在校園里、在家中，在商務場所都正在經(jīng)歷著一個“個人計算機”的浪潮。 Lesson5 1.Keep shafts as short as possible, wit

43、h bearings close to the applied loads. This reduces deflections and bending moments, and increase critical speeds. 2. Place necessary stress raisers away from highly stressed shaft regions if possible.9 Consider local surface strengthening processes (as shot-peening or cold-rolling).10 3.Use inexpen

44、sive steels for deflection-critical shafts, as all steels have essentially the same modulus. 4.When weight is critical , consider hollow shafts. 1.保持軸盡可能短，與軸承接近施加的載荷。這減少了變形和彎曲力矩，并增大臨界速度。 2.盡可能使必要的應力集中源遠離軸上承受較高應力的區(qū)域。考慮采用局部表面強化工藝（諸如噴丸強化和常溫滾壓） 3.使用廉價的鋼材用于偏轉臨界軸，因為所有的鋼具有基本相同的彈性模量。 4，當重量是至關重要時，考慮空心軸。 Less

45、on9 The importance of requiring a lubricating film cannot be over emphasized, even when using ceramic materials.7 Unlubricated silicon nitride or silicon carbide do not inherently have low friction, nor good wear resistance. These properties can be obtained with the aid of solid lubricants which are

46、 compatible with the materials.Silicon nitride, lubricated for example with graphite containing high temperature additive, can form a tribo-chemical film which reduces the coefficient of friction and, as a consequence, minimizes heat generation. The reduction in friction depends on the easier sheari

47、ng of the film compared with the base material. For bearing operation at ultra-high temperaturesabove 550solid lubricants which are more heat stable than graphite are being considered. It is imperative that the development of a complex tribological system such as a high temperature solid lubricated,

48、 ceramic bearing is conducted with full understanding of the individual tribological relationship of the various components. 潤滑膜的重要性怎么強調都不過分，即使采用陶瓷材料時也是這樣。無潤滑的氮化硅或碳化硅不固有低的摩擦，也沒有良好的耐磨性。這些性質可在固體潤滑劑的幫助獲得，這些性質與材料相兼容。以氮化硅的潤滑為例，用含有高溫添加劑的石墨，可形成摩擦化學膜從而降低摩擦系數(shù)，結果，減少熱量的產生。摩擦的減少取決于膜與基材相比誰更容易被切落。 對于工作在超高溫（高于550）

49、下的軸承來說比石墨有更好的熱穩(wěn)定性的固體潤滑劑正在被考慮。一個復雜的摩擦系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展是很有必要的，如高溫固體潤滑劑。陶瓷軸承被引入以充分理解各組成部件間的單獨摩擦關系。 8 Lesson14 Resistance to corrosion depends on the composition of the material and on the particular environment. Corrosive media may be chemicals (acids, alkalis'?lk?lis , and salts), the environment (oxygen, moi

50、sture, pollution, and acid rain), and water (fresh or salt water).5 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, generally have high corrosion resistance. Steels and cast irons usually have poor resistance and must be protected by various coatings and surface treatments. 抗腐蝕性取決于材料

51、的成分和特定的環(huán)境。腐蝕媒介可以是化學品（酸、堿和鹽），環(huán)境（氧、潮濕、污染和酸雨）和水（清水或鹽水）。有色金屬、不銹鋼和非金屬材料通常有高抗腐蝕性。鋼和鑄鐵通常抗腐蝕性差，必須有各種涂層和表面處理保護。 The usefulness of some level of oxidation ?ksi'dei?n is exhibited in the corrosion resistance of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. Aluminum develops a thin (a few atomic layers), strong,

52、 and adherent hard-oxide film (Al2O3) that better protects the surface from further environmental corrosion.Titanium develops a film of titanium tai'teinj?m oxide (TiO2). A similar phenomenon occurs in stainless steels, which (because of the chromium present in the alloy) develop a protective fi

53、lm on their surfaces. When the protective film is scratched and exposes the metal underneath, a new oxide film begins to form. 某些等級的氧化物的有用性表現(xiàn)在鋁、鈦和不銹鋼的抗腐蝕性上。鋁產生一層薄的（一些原子層）、牢固的附著氧化膜（AL2O3）以保護表面不進一步的腐蝕。鈦產生一層氧化鈦(TiO2）膜。不銹鋼也有相似的現(xiàn)象，（因為合金中有烙）表面產生一層保護膜，當保護膜擦損并露出金屬里層時，一層新的氧化膜又開始形成了。 Lesson28 Roughness: the f

54、inest of the irregularities in the surface caused by the manufacturing process used to smooth the surface. Roughness height is measured in micrometers (m ) or microinches (in ). Waviness: a widely spaced variation that exceeds the roughness width cutoff measured in inches or millimeters; roughness m

55、ay be regarded as a surface variation superimposed on a wavy surface. Lay: the direction of the surface pattern caused by the production method used. Flaws: defects occurring infrequently or at widely varying intervals on a surface, including cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches, and the like; the

56、effect of flaws is usually omitted in roughness height measurements. 粗糙度：由用來使工件表面光滑的加工工藝所造成的最細微的表面不平度。表面粗糙度的高度采用微米或微英寸作為測量的單位。 波度：是超過粗糙度界限的大間隔偏差，采用英寸或毫米測量。可將粗糙度看做疊加在波度表面上的表面不平度。 加工紋理方向：由所采用的加工方法所產生的表面刀痕圖案的方向。 缺陷：不經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)或者在很大區(qū)間內才會出現(xiàn)的表面瑕疵，包括裂紋、氣孔、微細裂紋、劃痕等。缺陷的影響通常在粗糙度的高度測量中被忽略。 Lesson 62 People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork- not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees them to do what