1、How to Learn Grammar WellPresented by Lu XinHow to Learn Grammar Well How to Learn Grammar Well Typical grammatical problems we often meetSelf-introduction Luxin Amy : luxinbeiwaionlineSeveral questions: Which is correct: Mary runs faster than I or Mary runs faster than me ? How can we explain why i

2、ts odd when learners say : I am boring today? How do we explain the problem in “ lady go supermarket meet friend”? The greater part of this worlds troubles are due to questions of grammar.” -Michel de Montaigne What is grammar? Grammar : the rules by which words change their forms and are combined i

3、nto sentences, or the study or use of these rules: -Longman Dictionary 語法的漢語定義： 也叫“文法”。語言的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律。包括詞法和句法。語法是人類思維長期抽象化的工作成果,是思維的巨大成就的標(biāo)志。一種語言的語法具有一定的民族特點(diǎn)和相當(dāng)?shù)姆€(wěn)定性。語言的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律語法是思維的巨大成就的標(biāo)志語法具有民族特點(diǎn)和穩(wěn)定性 You can learn a language as a child. Then you will learn all the grammar “by heart” and you will not even thin

4、k about it as grammar. This is the normal way you learn your first language. When you get older and want to learn a new language, you use another centre in your brains. You learn by: ? Listening and slowly understand, phrase by phrase ? More and more you learn more phrases, useful in everyday life I

5、f you learn English in this way, congratulations! You can master the language! But not English, but the “pigeon language” (pidgin language) But if you really want to learn to use a foreign language, you have to Learn an amount of words so you can make yourself understood Learn the grammar of the lan

6、guage, so you can use it, feel comfortable and make you really understood.The importance of grammar Learning the grammar by heart makes you understand the real language and will make you feel that you are safe and secure when you use a foreign language. You will feel safe that you use the right expr

7、essions and also feel that you use the wording that is used and common where natives speak this language. A language consists of much more than words, it also consists of grammar, i.e. rules of how to use the words. The importance of grammar How you combine these words and how you use them is essent

8、ial for the practical use of a language. The better you learn grammar, the better you will understand the real “soul” of a language and can avoid speaking a bad language. Only by learning this (by heart) you can say that you speak and read another language. Therefore it is very important to learn th

9、e grammar of a new language you learn, in order not to be regarded as a “l(fā)ess knowing person”.How to Learn Grammar Well 1 在課堂上認(rèn)真聽老師講的語法規(guī)則，以及其名稱和特點(diǎn)，記住它的典型例句 “學(xué)習(xí)語法時(shí)，例句不必都是貓?zhí)方械模瑧?yīng)該有真實(shí)內(nèi)容的，或包含知識(shí)和智慧的例句。” -劉潤清 E,g, The cat is chasing the dogs. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：nothing comes from nothing 定語從句：He that travels far knows

10、 much. 賓語從句：I forget what I was taught, I only remember what I have learned. 動(dòng)詞不定式：To err is human; to forgive is devine 2通過課本學(xué)習(xí) 英語自考系列 新概念第二冊） 3 一本語法書 張道真語法 薄冰語法 劍橋英語語法 a. 通讀 b. 查詢 你想弄懂什么語法項(xiàng)目，就直接去看那一章。4 在閱讀中發(fā)現(xiàn)、識(shí)別、理解語法。“與其多讀語法書，不如多讀文章。” -呂叔湘 e.g1. Whether an organism is a plant of an animal sometime

11、s taxes the brain of a biologist. 主語從句 主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 e.g2. It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air It+ 謂語+that (whether)引導(dǎo)的從句 先譯從句，再譯主句，再主句前加譯“這”。 e.g3. Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a healthy c

12、ondition of body 比較級(jí) e.g4. Were there no gravity, there would be no air around earth. 虛擬： 如果If 從句謂語含有had, were, should,則可省略 if，并常將 had, were, should 提至主語前，用此倒裝表虛擬。5要做一定量的相關(guān)練習(xí) 6注意漢英語法的差異性 Number of nouns e.g.One book, two books 一本書,兩本書 們: 人們,同志們,朋友們 X 猴子們,書們 X 三個(gè)人們 7學(xué)習(xí)英語語法象學(xué)習(xí)母語一樣，不要鉆牛角尖previous quest

13、ions: Which is correct: Mary runs faster than I or Mary runs faster than me ? How can we explain why its odd when learners say : I am boring today? How do we explain the problem in “ lady go supermarket meet friend”? II The problems we often meet in grammar learning 1.時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的使用，主要看時(shí)間狀語和上下文。每種時(shí)態(tài)都有相應(yīng)的

14、時(shí)間狀語。 e.g.1 often，usually，sometimese.g.2 last week，yesterday，in 2000 e.g.3 tomorrow，next yeare.g.4 already，yet，for, sincee.g.5 主從關(guān)系 看看主句和從句的關(guān)系，根據(jù)主句可以確定從句的動(dòng)詞形式，根據(jù)從句也可以確定主句的動(dòng)詞形式。 時(shí)間、條件兩種從句，使用時(shí)要特殊記：主句是一般將來時(shí)態(tài)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。e.g.Ill phone you back as soon as I get home e.g.Youll fail if you dont work harder

15、其它一般都遵循時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則。 含賓語從句的句子，主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句可以用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)注：賓語從句講的是事實(shí)或普遍真理，總是用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)）；主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句也要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。 e.g. He says he will go to Shanghai someday. He said he would go to Shanghai someday.Other tips about learning tense 1 應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確掌握該時(shí)態(tài)的用法。即在什么情況下可以使用這種時(shí)態(tài) A.表示現(xiàn)在通常指說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g. They are playing basketball.B

16、.表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)期內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。e.g. Im working with Tom for the summer. 2要牢記時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式。主要包括以下幾點(diǎn)：A.由助動(dòng)詞be的現(xiàn)在式 （am, is, are）doing。B.本時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞是be的現(xiàn)在式am ,is ,are，而不是was, were,更不是do, did, will等。C.牢記本時(shí)態(tài)所用的動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)律 e.g. work-working, close-closing, sit-sitting How can we avoid making mistakes? Practice makes perfe

17、ct! 2 主謂一致 謂語動(dòng)詞隨著主語人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化，這就是所謂的主謂一致。 Whats wrong with the sentence? 1、People likes swimming in summer. 2、What are on the two plates? 3、The singer and dancer are going to the party. 4、Not only Mary but also her sister enjoy listening to the radio. 5、This kind of apple taste good. 6、Physics were

18、taught by Mr. Wang last term. 7、His family is all healthy. 8、Half of the money are yours. 9、Mr. White together with some Japanese friends, have visited our school. 10、Either of the answers are right. 11、The number of the students in our class are over fifty. 12、The boys and girls each has their own

19、books. 13、There are some fish and chicken on the table. 14、This pair of trousers are too short for me. 15、Between the two buildings stand a hospital. 16、Two weeks are quite short time for us finish the work. 3 終止性動(dòng)詞問題 英語的動(dòng)詞有延續(xù)性和終止性之分。有一些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)而有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作則是短暫的。這類動(dòng)詞被稱為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或終止性動(dòng)詞(如：close, open等)

20、Which one is correct? She has caught a bad cold for a week. She has had a bad cold for a week. 若需要表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間時(shí)，可以用下列兩種形式： 1 用It is(或has been)since句型； 2 用副詞ago把句子改為一般過去時(shí)。The American musician has arrived here for about a month.It is(或has been)about a month since the American musician arrived here.The Am

21、erican musician arrived here about month ago. 除了改變句型結(jié)構(gòu)外，還可對動(dòng)詞作相應(yīng)變化。其中多數(shù)終止性動(dòng)詞可用be來表示延續(xù)，有些可用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來代替。 My sister had joined the Party for over six years. My sister has been a Party member for over six years. How long have you borrowed the book? How long have you kept the book? 常用的替換詞有：come be here,

22、leave be away, die dead, begin be on, open be open, become be ,buy ,have, borrow keep, eat have, join be in, get up be up, get ready be ready, get to know know, make friends be friends, go to bed sleep, catch a cold have a cold等。 Notice 1、在否定句中，終止性動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性的否定狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。I havent heard from

23、 my brother for many years. The rain hasnt stopped since three minutes ago. 2、終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果這種概念的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在，不跟表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，但可用already, yet, before, just, ever, now, today等時(shí)間狀語。I have already posted the photos.Have you seen the film before?4 反意疑問句問題 反意疑問句由兩部分構(gòu)成，前一部分是陳述句，后一部分是

24、簡短的問句。在運(yùn)用反意疑問句時(shí)，往往在簡短問句這部分容易出錯(cuò) 1、陳述句部分的主語是名詞時(shí)，簡短問句的主語用人稱代詞來代替。 e.g. The teacher had a long talk with you, didnt he? 2、主語若是指示代詞this或that時(shí)，簡單問句的主語用it，指示代詞若是these或those時(shí)，簡單問句的主語用they。 e.g. This is a useful book, isnt it? e.g. Those arent desks, are they? 3、陳述句部分主謂是I am時(shí)，簡單問句用arent I。 e.g. I am older th

25、an you, arent I? 4、第一部分陳述句是there be句型時(shí)，提問部分須保留there。 e.g. There are some apples in the basket, arent there? 5、否定意義的詞時(shí)，簡單問句部分用肯定形式。 e.g. Theres nothing wrong with it, is there? e.g. Few people went to the exhibition, did they? 6、陳述句中若有通過加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成否定意義的詞，仍作肯定句處理，因此簡短問句一般仍用否定形式。 e.g. The cloth is useless

26、, isnt it? e.g. Kate dislikes the book, doesnt she? 7、陳述句部分的主語是everyone、everybody、someone、somebody、anyone、anybody、no one、nobody及none等，簡短問句部分的主語一般用they。 e.g. Nobody can work it out, can they? e.g. of the students went there,did they? everything、nothing、something、anything等總是用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 e.g. Everything has

27、gone wrong today, hasnt it? e.g. Nothing was right, was it? 8、當(dāng)陳述句中有had better時(shí)，簡短問句一般用shouldnt或hadnt. e.g. Youd better do it by yourself, shouldt you?/hadnt you? 9、若第一部分是祈使句，在它后面的疑問尾句一般為will you或wont you的婉轉(zhuǎn)表示請求、懇求之意，并沒有反問之意。Will you 多表示懇求，wont you多表示提醒對方注意。但是，祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)后面，只能用will you。如： e.g. Look at the picture, will you/ wont you? 10、以Lets開始的祈使句中，反意疑問句部分用shall we 或shant we,但是Let us (me, him) ,問句則用will you或wont you。 e.g. Lets go for