1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯譯文學生姓名： 院 （系）： 專業班級： 指導教師： 完成日期： 年 月 日 要 求1、外文翻譯是畢業設計（論文）的主要內容之一，必須學生獨立完成。2、外文翻譯譯文內容應與學生的專業或畢業設計（論文）內容相關，不得少于15000印刷符號。3.外文翻譯譯文用A4紙打印。文章標題用3號宋體，章節標題用4號宋體，正文用小4號宋體，20磅行距；頁邊距上、下、左、右均為2.5cm，左側裝訂，裝訂線0.5cm。按中文翻譯在上，外文原文在下的順序裝訂。4、年月日等的填寫，用阿拉伯數字書寫，要符合關于出版物上數字用法的試行規定，如“2005年2月26日”。

2、5、所有簽名必須手寫，不得打印。文獻名稱在混凝土的修復過程中的腐蝕抑制劑和其他保護系統：真正的理解或者誤解文獻名稱Corrosion inhibitors and other protective systems in concrete repair: concepts or misconcepts作者：R.Dhanaraj起止頁碼：168-172出版日期（期刊號）：ISBN 7-5608-2492-7出版單位：Dept. of Civil Engg. Crescent Engg. College, India.外文翻譯譯文：在混凝土的修復過程中的腐蝕抑制劑和其他保護系統： 真正的理解或者誤解

3、在最近的一段時間內，在世界的很多地方，早期鋼筋的腐蝕而對混凝土結構產生的早期惡化和損壞，已經成為混凝土結構方面的主要問題。加速這個惡化過程的一個主要因素是混凝土結構所存在的環境和氣候狀況。惡劣的環境與低質量的混凝土加上有或無缺陷的設計和建設慣例，這都使結構惡化的過程變得具有交互性，累積得非常迅速，進而形成一種惡性的發展，而且很難被停止。很多混凝土結構耐久性差的性能正引起結構產生裂縫.而在補救工作的支出，則使物主和社會所不能承擔，并且他們也不希望看到悲劇重演。這篇文章僅提出一些對鋼筋腐蝕和保護選擇的初步認識，而對混凝土和混凝土修理的抑制混合物腐蝕的影響則進行了詳細討論。與抑制劑在修理效力有關的復

4、雜論文已經發表，其中主要對基于電化學活動在新結構和修復結構方面之間差別進行了分析。隨著盲目的對需要修理的混凝土使用那些適用于新建筑的保護方法，文章斷定："修復混凝土"的生意將會越來越好。一種對新的和需要修理的混凝土之間的電化學差別的更廣泛理解認為對修理的結構使用有效的鋼筋保護是必要的。1.序言這是一個不幸的事實。全世界范圍內,大量混凝土結構都處在惡化/ 危險狀態的階段。同時，必須承認的是，很多被修理的混凝土結構在幾年后，一修再修。被修理混凝土結構的保持性能的長久表現則最大限度的取決于它們的設計，建設，維護和使用。與建筑在修理的幾年之后出現裂縫相比，幾乎沒有問題能加劇公眾與政

5、府之間的沖突，并且導致他們對我們提供的建筑物用途的功能感到不滿意。然而與預期相反，不管是惡劣的環境狀況還是適合的環境狀態,在混凝土修理過程中,腐蝕的問題已經變得非常普遍.因而，混凝土修理業正面臨一項主要的挑戰： 怎樣制止全世界物質基礎設施的腐壞。它是如此重要，對當今的混凝土修復，我們要迫切檢查腐蝕和腐蝕保護措施的發行，且探索在不久的將來它有可能改進的地方， 即：如何使現在的修理能耐用到將來。一種用于修理結構的,對導致過早腐蝕過程的基本理解仍然沒有涉及混凝土的修理單元。而它不僅應用于修復結構鋼筋銹蝕的過程和混凝土的惡化腐蝕過程， 而且也被應用于多種被提議的溶液腐蝕保護技術，材料和系統。他們應用實

6、際的歷史非常悠久，但它們在許多案例中的表現是可疑的。在混凝土修復過程中的鋼筋腐蝕和保護的范圍內，這篇文章提出了一些隨機想法。本文圍繞修理過程中鋼的腐蝕的基本過程，闡明了與電化學性質相反的原理，講述了這些過程怎樣導致合成修理系統的最后失敗的道理。為了延長混凝土結構的使用壽命,文章也敘述了我們能或者不能成功解決這幾個問題的方法。終究，我們必須從繁忙的工作表中周期性地抽身出來，回顧一下,我們在哪里和我們可能將要去哪里。當然，在這篇文章里，有一些想法可能會引起其它人同意或者不同意的意見。但是只有當想法得到爭論時，才可能取得進步，并且這也是本篇文章的目的。在這里提供關于腐蝕和保護問題各方面的重要評論是不

7、可能的.那些問題相對于本篇中的某個的重要討論來說太廣泛，而且各種各樣的結構過于復雜。關于混凝土中鋼筋腐蝕和保護的一般問題,許多作者已經詳細闡述過，在這里就不再敖述了。研究已經實質上改進了我們對水泥材料的認識， 碳酸飽和引起腐蝕式的混凝土消耗，氯化物引起腐蝕的理論：硫酸鹽侵蝕，堿類聚合反應，嚴寒等等。但是，由于在混凝土的修補過程中鋼筋的嚴重腐蝕和惡劣自然環境中的修復和修復失敗，使得修補工業發展的如此緩慢，這或許可歸因于下列綜合因素：混凝土修補是一種非常復雜的系統。它要暴露在外部環境和內部的環境，并受到環境間的相互作用。目前，提出腐蝕問題的基本原理指導還未發表。在復雜的修理環境中，鈍化的裝置和鋼鐵

8、的腐蝕不被人了解。整個區域中，現在關于修理中鋼筋的附加保護問題得到了大家的廣泛關注。預埋入水泥中的鋼筋的腐蝕是種極其復雜的現象，這種現象的形成涉及到環境學，冶金學，分界面和連續統一體等因素。此領域中的大多數學術研究，對于工人來說沒有足夠專業知識來處理，已經由國家工程高校組織力量集中解決。得到支持的行業和政府代表展現了對于解決問題的決心。真正的過程不是以學者在倉促時間內的工作做為基礎。項目的啟動，必須需要科學的可執行計劃和充足的資金做為基礎。一個烏托邦夢想存在，是因為問題可能被藉由使用高性能的材料，防腐劑，保護材料等等或者安全帶和懸掛系統等措施來解決。這使得在工地上許多工人忽略了混凝土技術的基本

9、要素和其他基本水泥材料。要設計耐用修理的知識在馬瑟 1的著作"完全精煉說明"里已經敘述， 但是這種使用此知識的方式是第一次。一些在修理領域內的研究已經涉及到修理材料和他們與現有實體有關的空間行為特性的改進。但是只要電化學的兼容性的問題也考慮解決，這些活動將產生在修理耐久性方面的改進。惡化混凝土的去除和它的修理材料的替代品，即使與最好的一種一起替換，也可能由于宏單元的形成而加速鋼筋腐蝕。這篇文章的主題致力于解決若干令人困惑的議題，并且試圖從混凝土修理過程中的過早腐蝕問題建立關于鋼筋保護的事實，特別是提出關于防腐材料的問題。我們怎樣能期望被修理的混凝土結構是耐用的呢？如果測驗方

10、法，腐蝕保護方法的設計和說明都不可靠，難道依賴在修理系統里的電化學類似于那在"新建筑"里發生的不適當的假定嗎？修理工作和新建筑有著重要的不同，不同因素經常導致新的修理混凝土結構方面的鋼筋腐蝕。因此，在保護方法上有所體現。為修理結構中鋼筋的附加保護，而批評已存在的方法和材料，或者徹底討論一個保護系統的優點或者過失不是本論文的意圖。作者沒有表達明確意見，或者至少對修理結構的保護鋼筋的正確或錯誤方法表示合理客觀的意見。非常抱歉的是，并不如此。問題太復雜，因為現有的知識不能夠提供一劑萬能方法來解決現有的問題。由于鋼筋鋼過早的腐蝕而產生修理失敗的結果和可能性，不一定是一種單個的過分簡

11、化的解決辦法，這可能適合于新近建造的結構。在修理領域內，我們的成功可能取決于我們解決爭論的能力。把感覺和廢話區別開。無論我們做什么，無用的言論總是很多。在這個領域，由于缺乏適當的教育，目前許多專業詞語被錯誤定義。不適當的教育和研究在任何領域都將要花大力氣來改正誤解。作者意識到當一些論點成為爭論的關鍵時，那些論點將很難讓人達成共識。而且這種情況，遠遠多過一根頭發。或許，我們將從誤解中來剝離真正的理解。2.腐蝕問題：（1）用于被修理混凝土結構嵌入鋼筋的腐蝕和它的保護是一個非常復雜的現象。 很多修理失敗可能歸因于缺乏對自然和電化學活動在修理系統內結果的完整理解。因此，預言一個保護系統的性能和一棟修理

12、結構的使用年限是不太準確的。 (2) 在聲稱多種特性的市場上有許多腐蝕保護處理方法。他們保護鋼筋防止腐蝕的行為沒有處理好，并且沒有可靠的標準測驗方法評價他們所表現的性能。 適量的研究要求為不同系統的評估作準備。需要知道結構負擔這種保護有多久，修理結構的保護就有多好。為了給技術人員建立自信，科學家應該為預知措施和預測的壽命提供可信的基點。 (3) 過度期望或者修理系統的糟糕表現以及暴露狀況，特別在實驗室中的內部測試，經常產生使人誤解的結果。如果過去評價這些保護系統的測驗方法，既不反映出修理結構中腐蝕的機制，也不刺激在一個真正修理的結構里而導致鋼筋腐蝕的物理化學效應。我們怎能期望花費在修理的鋼筋附

13、加保護上錢沒被浪費？目前使用過的一些測驗方法以后的研究范圍也相當狹窄。 (4) 各種不同的保護方法的調查員都在說他們方法的效力總是比在高質量混凝土中還好。可以斷定高質量新混凝土和高質量的修理是埋入鋼筋防止腐蝕的最好保護系統 - 這是混凝土技術的基礎。 保護措施可以另外采取，但不是做為使用基礎的正確代用品。 (5) 這篇文章的中心主題考慮的不是作者在幾個問題上意見的正確或者錯誤； 那是不相關的。它的意思是提出的問題不是無法解釋的秘密，只是我們仍然在探索里的一個證明，簡稱研究階段。畢竟本杰明·富蘭克林說過，"做永遠比說好"！AbstractIn recent time

14、s in many parts of the world, reinforcement corrosion has become the main factor in early, premature deterioration, and sometimes failure, of concrete structures. One of the major factors contributing to this deterioration process is the environmental and climatic conditions to which a concrete stru

15、cture is exposed. When the severity of environment is compounded with poor quality concrete and/or defective design and construction practices, the process of deterioration becomes interactive, cumulative and very rapid, and a cancerous growth that cannot be easily stopped. The poor durability perfo

16、rmance of many concrete structures is causing disruption and expenditure on remedial works which owners and society cannot afford and do not wish to see repeated. A glimpse of reinforcement corrosion and some of the protection options is presented in this paper. The effect of corrosion inhibiting ad

17、mixtures in concrete and concrete repair is discussed in detail. The complex issue related to the effectiveness of inhibitors in repairs is addressed, based on analysis of the differences between electrochemical activities in new and repaired structures. The paper concludes that as long as one conti

18、nues to blindly use protection methods applicable for newly constructed structures for concrete repairs, the business of "repairing the repairs" will be on the rise. A broader understanding of the electrochemical differences between new and repaired concrete is necessary for effective prot

19、ection of reinforcement in repaired structures.2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Alkalinity; Corrosion protection; Durability; Inhibitors; Reinforcement1. IntroductionIt is an unfortunate fact that very large amounts of existing concrete structures worldwide are in a state of eteriora

20、tion/distress. At the same time, it must also be recognized that many repaired concrete structures are severely deteriorated only a few years after being repaired. The performance of repaired concrete structures remains a matter of utmost concern to all those involved with their design, construction

21、, maintenance and use. Few problems aggravate the public and lead to their dissatisfaction with our ability to provide for the structures use than the disruption of its use a few years after repairs. Contrary to the expectations, the problem of corrosion in concrete repairs has become widespread not

22、 only with respect to severe environmental conditions but also with respect to moderate environmental condition.The concrete repair industry is thus facing a major challenge: How to halt the decay of the worlds physical infrastructure. It is therefore important that we critically examine the issue o

23、f corrosion and corrosion protection in todays concrete repair and explore how it can be improved in the near future, i.e.: how to make todays repairs durable for tomorrow. A basic understanding of the processes leading to premature corrosion in repaired structures still eludes the concrete repair c

24、ommunity. This applies not only to the processes of corrosion of reinforcement in repaired structures and deterioration/ distress of concrete, but also to a variety of the proposed solutionscorrosion protection techniques, materials and systems. They have a highly empirical history of use, and their

25、 performance in many cases is questionable.This paper offers some random thoughts in the area of reinforcement corrosion and protection in concrete repair. It encompasses the elucidation of the basic processes of corrosion of steel in repair, electrochemical incompatibility, and how these processes

26、may lead to eventual failure of the composite repair system. The paper is also about how we can, or cannot, successfully address these problems with the aim of prolonging lifetime of existing concrete structures. After all, we must pause periodically from our busy schedules to review where we are an

27、d where we might be going. Of course, there are some thoughts in this paper which may lead others to agree or disagree. But it is only when ideas receive a forum that progress can be made, and that is the goal of this paper.It is not possible here to provide a critical review of numerous aspects of

28、corrosion and corrosion protection, the problems are too extensive and various mechanisms too complicated for a critical discussion in a single paper. General aspects of steel corrosion in concrete and its protection have been treated by a number of authors and will not be addressed here.Research ha

29、s substantially improved our knowledge of cementitious materials, the fundamentals of concrete deterioration from carbonation-induced corrosion, chloride-induced corrosion, sulphate attack, alkaliaggregate reaction, frost, etc. However, in view of the serious and insidious nature of the corrosion of

30、 steel in concrete repair and repair failures, it is surprising that progress in the repair industry has been so slow, which is probably attributable to some combination of the following: the exterior and interior environments and their interaction. problems does not exist. The mechanism of passivat

31、ion and corrosion of steel in a complex repair environment is poorly understood. The whole area concerning “additional protection” of reinforcement in repair is currently highly speculative. is an extremely complex phenomenon involving environmental, metallurgical, interfacial, and continuum conside

32、rations. Most of the research in this area is being done by the civil engineering departments of universities where few workers have adequate knowledge of the subject. in support of research leading to a resolution to problems. Real progress cannot be made on the basis of "graduate students wor

33、king for limited periods". It is necessary to initiate programs which include a balanced practical approach and are adequately funded. by using "high performance" materials, corrosion inhibitors, protective coatings, etc., or belt and suspender systems. This caused many workers in the

34、 field to ignore the basics in the technology of concrete and other cement-based materials.ficant knowledge to design durable repairs already exists in a relatively “quite refined state”, as stated by Mather 1. But the manner in which this knowledge is used is primitive.Several research studies in t

35、he repair field have been concerned with the improvement of properties of repair materials and their dimensional behaviour relative to the existing substrate. But these activities will lead to improvements in repair durability only if the issues of electrochemical compatibility are also addressed. R

36、emoval of deteriorated concrete and its replacement with a repair material, even the best one, may result in accelerated rebar corrosion due to macrocell formation.The subject of this paper is also devoted to several confusing issues and attempts to establish the facts concerning the protection of r

37、einforcement from premature corrosion in concrete repair, particularly that offered by corrosion inhibitors.How can we expect repaired concrete structures to be durable if the testing methods, design and specification of corrosion protection methods, are relying on an inadequate assumption that elec

38、trochemistry in a repair system is similar to that occurring in "new construction?" There are significant differences between new construction and repair jobs; there are often different factors leading to corrosion of reinforcement in new an repaired concrete structures and, therefore, in

39、the methods of protection.It is not the intent of this paper to criticize existing methods and materials for additional protection of reinforcement in repairs, or to discuss in depth the merits or demerits of one protection system against another. The author can offer no panacea, or at least express

40、 a reasonably objective view of the right and wrong way to protect reinforcement in repaired structures. Much to our regret, this is not so. The problem is too complex because the existing knowledge is not sufficient to offer a panacea.The consequence and probability of repair failure due to the pre

41、mature corrosion of the reinforcing steel is not necessarily a single simplistic solution as may be appropriate for newly constructed structures. Our success in the repair field may depend on our ability to resolve the controversies, to differentiate sense from nonsense. The nonsense will be abundan

42、t, no matter what we do: this field, due to the lack of proper education, is presently well positioned to import a lot of misconceptions; any field where education and research are inadequate is going to have great trouble getting rid of the prevailing misconceptions.The author realizes that some st

43、atements will not be shared by many since it hits at the crux of the controversy. But in this case, much more than a hair, perhaps, divides concepts from misconcepts.2. A glimpse of corrosion problemAccording to published data, steel reinforcement in concrete and in concrete-like materials is, in ge

44、neral, well protected from corrosion by the alkaline nature of the cementitious matrix surrounding it. In general, this is true, it is protected, and it is not supposed to corrode. But such concrete "in general" may only exist as "labcrete", in a small specimen. In the real world

45、, reinforcing and prestressing steels are subject to corrosion due to carbonation and chloride ion attack.Steel reinforcement in concrete does not corrode because the surface of the steel in the alkaline environment is passivated; steel in concrete corrodes when its surface is depassivated during th

46、e manufacturing of the structure, or becomes active during service. Corrosion is the electrochemical reaction, and the important factor affecting a corrosion cell is the difference in potentials of the metal. The driving force for current and corrosion is the potential development. Since the structu

47、re of steel and the contact layer of concrete are both heterogenous, the requirement for potential difference between the separate portions of the metal surface (the electrochemical inhomogeneity) is always satisfied.Concrete is a permeable material, where aggressive agents diffuse (micropermeabilit

48、y) through it and reach the reinforcing steel, causing its depassivation and corrosion, when water and oxygen are available. Corrosion by this mode however, is a relatively lengthy process. Concrete is a brittle material and always contains microcracks. When these microcracks combine in a network wi

49、th macrocracks, the prevailing transport mechanism is not diffusion, it is the permeation of water and aggressive agents via water through the cracks to the reinforcement (macropermeability). Why enter through the closed door, when an open door is nearby?High permeability of concrete and other cemen

50、tbased materials affected by cracking is truly responsible for the lack of durability. For corrosion to occur, it is necessary that both the passivating .lm on the steel is destroyed and that there exists a differential electrochemical potential within the steelconcrete system.The natural protection

51、 of steel by the high alkalinity of cement matrix is disturbed due to the following reasons: chemical reaction between the products of hydration of cement and carbon dioxide which diffuses from the atmosphere (carbonation). Carbonation by diffusion is a very lengthy process: approximately 1 mm of co

52、ncrete cover carbonates in a year. Cracks in the concrete, on the other hand, allow carbon dioxide easy permeation through the concrete cover, and carbonation occurs rapidly. level. Chloride ions may penetrate into the concrete due to one of three processes: diffusion due to a concentration gradient

53、, absorption from salt solutions form, and/or by flow of the solution through the cracks.The differential electrochemical potential may develop due to the dissimilarities in the chemical environment of steel, such as the result of nonuniformed carbonation, the variation in the rate of penetration of

54、 chlorides, moisture, oxygen, etc. Reinforcing steel in the variety of a crack starts to corrode from a localized depassivation of steel because of the weakened steel-cement-matrix contact and disturbed steel passivating film. Steel depassivates from reduced alkalinity at the surface of the reinforc

55、ement, or from accumulation of aggressive ions, chlorides, in particular.Acid gasses and aggressive ions penetrate the cracked material much easier than they do in crack-free concrete. The active coefficient of carbon dioxide diffusion (penetration) in a concrete crack 0.20 mm (0.008 in.) wide is ab

56、out three orders of magnitude higher than in average quality crack-free concrete. The same holds true for the transport of aggressive ions, the rate of substance transfer by capillary suction is even greater. According to previous data reinforcement in a crack wider than 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) initially

57、 corrodes more rapidly than the unprotected steel, both in the air and with the cyclic wetting and drying 2. A high initial rate of steel corrosion in the cracked concrete versus the unprotected steel, apart from the effect of microcells, can be accounted for by a much longer preservation of moistur

58、e on the steel surface in the crack than on the open steel surface. Chlorides also penetrate faster through cracks towards the reinforcement. Cracks often have a high chloride concentration at the root of the crack near the reinforcing steel. As soon as corrosion starts, the rate of corrosion is con

59、trolled by the conductivity of the concrete, the difference in potential or voltage between the anodic and cathodic areas, and the rate atwhich oxygen reaches the cathode. The width and the direction of cracks are not of critical importance, but the amount of cracks per unit of area is critical.Repairs are more prone to