1、基本句型 一：S V (主+謂)主語：是一個句子的主題，是句子所述說的主體，動作的發(fā)出者。主語一般在句首。可以作主語的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動詞不定式，動名詞，從句等。謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，一般在主語之后。此句型的共同特點是謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，沒有賓語。但是加介詞有須有賓語。S(主語)+Vi(謂語)1. The sun is shining.2. The moon rose.3. Who cares?基本句型 二： S V O (主+謂+賓)此句型共同特點：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思

2、完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后。賓語在句中充當及物動詞的承受者，常由名詞或相當于名詞的詞擔任，置于及物動詞或介詞之后.S(主)+Vt(謂)+O(賓)1. Who knows the answer?2. He has refused to help them.3. He enjoys reading.4. They ate what was left over.基本句型 三： S V P (主+系+表)連系動詞: 不能獨立做謂語，必須跟表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。系動詞無被動形式。表語: 表述主語的身份，狀態(tài)或特征，常由名詞或形容詞等擔任，置于聯(lián)系動詞之后。(1) 表示特征或狀態(tài)： be

3、, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel, turn out, prove等。1) It sounds a good idea.2) This food tastes good.3) The door remained closed.(2) 表示持續(xù)： keep, remain, stay, lie, stand等。1) I hope you will keep fit.2) We can remain friends.3) Please stay seated.(3) 表示變化： become, go, get, grow, turn,

4、fall, come, run等。1) He went mad.2) His hair turned grey.3) I fell ill.基本句型 四： S +V +o+ O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)英語中有些動詞需要有兩個同等的賓語，即直接賓語與間接賓語。直接賓語一般指動作的承受者，間接賓語指動作所指向的人或物(多指人)。前面的是間賓，后面的是直賓。S(主) Vt(謂) O(間賓) O(直賓)1. She ordered herself a new dress.2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.3. He brought you a dic

5、tionary.4. I showed him my pictures.若要先說出直接賓語(事物)，后說間接賓語(人)，則要借助于介詞to或for, 如：He brings cookies to me every day. = He brings me cookies every day.She made a beautiful dress for me. =She made me a beautiful dress.常跟雙賓語的動詞:借助to的動詞：ask, bring, give, lend, hand, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, return, se

6、nd, show, teach, tell, write等。借助for的動詞：buy, call, cook, choose, find, get, make, order, pay, sing, save等。基本句型 五： S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補)此句型的特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整，賓語補足語用來說明賓語的行為、特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。賓語和賓補一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。S(主) V(謂) O(賓) C(賓補)1. They appointed him manager.2. They painted the

7、 door green.3. They found the house deserted.4. What makes him think so?5. We saw him going out.6. He asked me to come back soon.但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(modifier)而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞，也可以是各種類型的短語(主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語)。我們稱之為：定語、狀語一、 定語定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。定語

8、通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞時，如：something、nothing，或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。1. 形容詞作定語：The little boy needs a blue pen. 小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。2. 數(shù)詞作定語相當于形容詞：Two boys need two pens. 兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。3. 代詞或名詞所有格作定語：His name is Tom. 他的名字是湯姆。4. 介詞短語作定語：The boy in blue is Tom. 穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯

9、姆。5. 名詞作定語：There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。6. 副詞作定語：The best boy here is Tom. 這里最棒的男孩是Tom。7. 不定式作定語：Will you attend the meeting to be held tomorrow?8. 分詞(短語)作定語：The pen bought by her is made in China. 她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。9. 定語從句：There are five boys who will play the game. 參加游戲的男孩有五個

10、。二、狀語狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，表示方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強調(diào)時放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞通常位于被修飾的詞之前;表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前;一些表示不確定時間(如often)或程度(如almost)的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義，應注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成”男孩喊教室里的女孩”(此時in

11、 the classroom為girl的定語)，也可以理解為“男孩在教室里喊女孩”，最好寫作In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.副詞(短語)作狀語：The boy needs a pen very much. 男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語)The boy really needs a pen. 男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語)The boy needs a pen now. =Now, the boy needs a pen. =The boy, now, needs a pen.(時間狀語)介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,

12、 the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點狀語)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天,教室里沒有學生.(時間狀語)分詞(短語)作狀語：He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài))Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. (因為)受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。(原因狀語)不定式作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語)

13、To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.名詞作狀語：Come this way! 走這條路!(方向狀語)狀語從句：時間(when)、地點(where)、原因(because)、結(jié)果(suchthat)、目的(in order that)、比較(asas)、讓步(although)、條件(if)、方式(as 按照)三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并對前者加以說明的成分。We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學生)We all

14、are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們)四、插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe等。The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 這個故事還遠沒結(jié)束.五、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。 否則應有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。錯句：Studying hard, your score will go up.正確：Studying hard, you will make your score go up.解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯

15、主語就是句子的主語，即your score 。顯然study的主語應是人，而不是your score分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有時可省略being, having beenGame (being) over, he went home.He stands there, book (being) in hand.獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with, without引導，作狀語或定語。With+名詞/代詞+分詞/不定式/形容詞/介詞短語/副詞/名詞。With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon. 無事可做，他很快就睡著了。The teacher came in, with glasses

16、on his nose. 老師進來了，戴著一付眼鏡。句子成分練習題(一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 I

17、 don't like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. mee

18、ting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A.

19、We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How ma

20、ny new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave sc

21、hool. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定語 They use Mr, Mrs with

22、the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to d