1、Medical English Translation Chapter Three Chapter Three Features of Medical English3.1 Medical terminology3.2 More nominalization3.3 More long and complicated sentences3.4 Extensive usage of the passive voices3.5 Lack of the change of tenses3.6 Formula in structure of article3.1 Medical terminologyl

2、Formation of medical terminologyprefix+ root+ suffix in Latin and Greek gastritis 胃炎（希臘語(yǔ)后綴胃炎（希臘語(yǔ)后綴 -itis= inflammation 炎癥）炎癥） gastrectomy 胃切除術(shù)（希臘語(yǔ)后綴胃切除術(shù)（希臘語(yǔ)后綴 ectomy= surgical excision 切除術(shù)）切除術(shù)） gastropathy 胃病（希臘語(yǔ)后綴胃病（希臘語(yǔ)后綴 pathy= disease 病）病） epigastric 上腹部的（希臘語(yǔ)前綴上腹部的（希臘語(yǔ)前綴 epi-= on 在在上）上）3.1 Medica

3、l terminologylAmphibious words In such cases, heart murmur is often present. 這類病例常出現(xiàn)心臟這類病例常出現(xiàn)心臟雜音雜音。 Lymph nodes are enlarged but are not tender. 淋巴結(jié)腫大，但無(wú)淋巴結(jié)腫大，但無(wú)觸痛觸痛。Exercises: 翻譯下列句子，注意兩棲詞匯的譯法。翻譯下列句子，注意兩棲詞匯的譯法。1. Its a solution of salt and water. 這是一種鹽和水的溶液。2. Water can be resolved into oxygen and

4、 hydrogen. 水可以分解為氧和氫。3. As more muscles are involved, rigidity becomes increased and generalized. 當(dāng)累及更多肌肉時(shí)，強(qiáng)直加劇并發(fā)展為全身性。4. Dressing should be inspected daily for evidence of bleeding. 應(yīng)每天檢查敷料看是否有出血的跡象。5. The patient with hepatitis was discharged yesterday. 那位肝炎病人于昨日出院。3.2 More nominalizationl Relapse

5、 following initial improvement is a common signal of this event. 病情開始好轉(zhuǎn)后又接著復(fù)發(fā)，是這種情況病情開始好轉(zhuǎn)后又接著復(fù)發(fā)，是這種情況的常見信號(hào)。的常見信號(hào)。l Some patients fail to develop hepatitis following exposure to hepatitis B virus. 有些病人在接觸乙型肝炎病毒后并未發(fā)生有些病人在接觸乙型肝炎病毒后并未發(fā)生肝炎。肝炎。 3.2 More nominalizationl Although the production of transgeni

6、c strains of animals carrying foreign genes is now a relatively routine technique in many laboratories, it is unlikely that such methods will be extended to human embryos, both for moral and technical reasons.3.2 More nominalization 盡管目前在許多實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，培養(yǎng)這種盡管目前在許多實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，培養(yǎng)這種攜帶異體基因的動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)基因株是一種攜帶異體基因的動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)基因株是一種比較常

7、規(guī)的技術(shù)，但由于倫理及技術(shù)比較常規(guī)的技術(shù)，但由于倫理及技術(shù)方面的原因，這些方法不大可能擴(kuò)展方面的原因，這些方法不大可能擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用于人體胚胎上。應(yīng)用于人體胚胎上。 3.3 More long and complicated sentencesl Some bacteria produce bodies, called spores that are much more resistant to high temperatures, drying, and cold than the bacteria and serve to produce new organisms when material

8、containing them again is placed in surroundings favorable to bacteria growths.3.3 More long and complicated sentences 某些細(xì)菌能產(chǎn)生稱為芽孢的小體。這某些細(xì)菌能產(chǎn)生稱為芽孢的小體。這些小體對(duì)高溫，干燥和寒冷比細(xì)菌具些小體對(duì)高溫，干燥和寒冷比細(xì)菌具有更強(qiáng)的抵抗力。當(dāng)含有芽孢的物質(zhì)有更強(qiáng)的抵抗力。當(dāng)含有芽孢的物質(zhì)重新置于有利于細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境中時(shí)重新置于有利于細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境中時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的細(xì)菌。，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的細(xì)菌。 3.4 Extensive usage of the passiv

9、e voicesl Rigid personal precautions should be taken by attendants. 護(hù)理人員應(yīng)采取嚴(yán)格的個(gè)人預(yù)防措施。護(hù)理人員應(yīng)采取嚴(yán)格的個(gè)人預(yù)防措施。l Thrombophlebitis may be produced by multiple intravenous injections of vancomycin. 經(jīng)常靜脈注射萬(wàn)古霉素，可以產(chǎn)生血栓性靜脈經(jīng)常靜脈注射萬(wàn)古霉素，可以產(chǎn)生血栓性靜脈炎。炎。 3.5 Lack of the change of tenseslMaterials and MethodslResultslDiscu

10、ssion Urine is formed in kidneys. 尿在腎內(nèi)形成。 Now the patients wounds have healed and the skin has grown well all over her body. 現(xiàn)在病人的傷口已經(jīng)愈合，全身新的表皮已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)好。3.6 Formula in structure of articlelTitlelAbstractlIntroductionlMaterials and MethodslResultslDiscussionlAcknowledgementslReferences翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)方面的

11、翻譯而言，譯文應(yīng)該至少達(dá)到兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):忠實(shí)和通順。 （1）忠實(shí)，指譯文必須忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容，在內(nèi)容上不應(yīng)增添刪減;也要忠實(shí)于原文的風(fēng)格、語(yǔ)氣等。但要往意，盲目追求與原文表面結(jié)構(gòu)的一致并不是忠實(shí)。 例一: A woman with child came to see her doctor. 【誤譯】一位帶著孩子的婦女來(lái)看病。 【應(yīng)譯】一位孕婦來(lái)看病。 例二:The complaints of the patients did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease. 【誤譯】病人的主訴沒有回答此病的適當(dāng)表現(xiàn)。 【應(yīng)譯】病人的主訴

12、不符合此病應(yīng)有的表現(xiàn)。（2）通順，指譯文語(yǔ)言必須合乎漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)范，用詞造句應(yīng)符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。避免文理不通、逐詞死譯、晦澀難懂等現(xiàn)象，在忠實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上達(dá)到通順。例一: Illness prevented him from going there.【誤譯】疾病妨礙他去那里。【應(yīng)譯】他因病未去那里。例二：The medicine will make you feel better.【誤譯】此藥會(huì)使你感到好些。【應(yīng)譯】你服此藥后會(huì)感到好些。翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Exercises: 修改譯文修改譯文1) The amount of sleep required depends upon age of t

13、he individual.【誤譯】睡眠的需要量取決于一個(gè)人的年齡。【推薦譯文】所需的睡眠量取決于一個(gè)人的年齡。2) The sound heard in the heart is due to the closing of the vales.【誤譯】心臟里聽到的聲音是由于瓣膜的關(guān)閉。【推薦譯文】心音是瓣膜關(guān)閉所產(chǎn)生的。3) Through this membrane materials are allowed to pass into the protoplasm.【誤譯】通過這層膜，物質(zhì)被允許進(jìn)入原生質(zhì)。【推薦譯文】物質(zhì)可以通過這層膜進(jìn)入原生質(zhì)。4) Half an hour passe

14、d before the patient came to.【誤譯】在患者蘇醒之前，半小時(shí)過去了。【推薦譯文】半小時(shí)后，患者才蘇醒過來(lái)。5) Two screening test are in common use.【誤譯】?jī)煞N篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)在常用。【推薦譯文】通常采用兩種篩選方法。6) It is reported that in the world today there are about 55 million people who have tuberculosis.【誤譯】它被報(bào)道，目前世界上大約有5,500萬(wàn)人患結(jié)核病。【推薦譯文】據(jù)報(bào)道，目前世界上大約有5,500萬(wàn)人患肺結(jié)核。7) Th

15、ough blood is fluid, it must be classed as a tissue.【誤譯】雖然血液是液體，但必須作為一種組織來(lái)分類。【推薦譯文】雖然血液是液體，但必須視為一種組織。8) Prevention is better than cure.【誤譯】預(yù)防比治療好。【推薦譯文】預(yù)防勝于治療。9)The drug is well tolerated.【誤譯】此藥被良好耐受。【推薦譯文】病人對(duì)該藥耐受良好。10)There are wide gaps in the ability of antibiotics to master contagious disease.【誤

16、譯】存在廣大的缺點(diǎn)于抗生素控制傳染病方面。【推薦譯文】使用抗生素控制傳染病尚存在許多缺點(diǎn)。Homework: 翻譯下列句子翻譯下列句子1.When this kind of antibiotics is used, it should be given in large doses.2.Pulse pressure varies and is dependent upon the following factors. 3.After pregnancy, there is destruction of some smooth muscle cells, reduction in size of

17、 others. 4.Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity.5.Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low. 6. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job.7. About 45 percent of carcinoma develops i

18、n the lower third of the esophagus. 8. The skill of the surgeon leaves nothing to be desired. 9. Cancer of the uterus involves the body of an organ in about 1 in 7 cases. 10. Appendicitis is most common in the second and third decades of life. 答案：答案：1.When this kind of antibiotics is used, it should be given in large doses.使用這種抗生素時(shí)，應(yīng)給予大劑量。2. Pulse pressure varies and is dependent upon the following factors. 脈搏的變化取決于下列因素。3. After pregnancy, there is destruction of some smooth muscle cells, reduction in size of others.妊娠后，某些平滑肌細(xì)胞被破壞，還有一些體積減小。答案：答案：4. Heat is constantly produced by th