1、2013年12月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀難點(diǎn)解析之定語(yǔ)從句一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念定語(yǔ)從句就是修飾主句里的名詞或代詞的從句，本質(zhì)上相當(dāng)于“形容詞”。二、定語(yǔ)從句的類(lèi)型定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。大多數(shù)定語(yǔ)從句都對(duì)所修飾的名詞或代詞加以限制，去掉該從句后先行詞將意義不全或失去意義。而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的作用在于補(bǔ)充，翻譯是常常另起一個(gè)句子，與主句構(gòu)成并列句。例如：Thats the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture

2、, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.三、定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1. 同位語(yǔ)從句的形式與定語(yǔ)從句相似，它們之間都有先行詞，但與先行詞的關(guān)系有所不同：同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞同位或等同，定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞則是修飾關(guān)系。2. 在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞要代替先行詞在從句中作適當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑憾徽Z(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞則只起引導(dǎo)作用，沒(méi)有代替前面名詞在從句中作句子成分的作用。試比較以下兩個(gè)句子：The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.(同位語(yǔ)從句)Th

3、e fact that you are talking about is important.(定語(yǔ)從句)閱讀真題難句薈萃1. Most designers with existing labels are finding there arent comparable fabrics that you can jus replace what youre doing and what your customers are used to.(09.6 Passage 1)分析：主干：Most designers are findingfinding 后是省略連詞that的賓語(yǔ)從句。該從句時(shí)the

4、re be 句型，其主語(yǔ)comparable fabrics后有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句直到句末。該定語(yǔ)從句的衛(wèi)浴動(dòng)詞replace帶了兩個(gè)由and鏈接的并列的髕骨從句，都用what引導(dǎo)。譯文：大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有品牌設(shè)計(jì)師都發(fā)現(xiàn)，找不到滿意的有機(jī)布料來(lái)取代現(xiàn)在使用的、顧客已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了的布料。Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (09.6 Pa

5、ssage 2)主干：Todd Park, a local detective, said.said 之后的內(nèi)容是個(gè)省略引導(dǎo)詞that的賓語(yǔ)從句。whose skeleton.是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾an.woman。譯文：當(dāng)?shù)氐囊幻麄商絋odd Park說(shuō)，這個(gè)方法幫他了解到有關(guān)一位身份不明的女性死者的更多信息，其尸骨是在打掩護(hù)附近被發(fā)現(xiàn)的。1、Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year. (08.12 Pas

6、sage 1)主干：Gullotta saw a man.who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾a.man。本句是肯定陳述句，卻用了doing anything而不是doing something,語(yǔ)義上有所強(qiáng)調(diào)。譯文：兩個(gè)月以前格洛塔為一位50歲的男士看病，這名男士吸煙可歐已有一年，但期間他沒(méi)有采取任何措施，以至于延誤了治療。2、The digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like.

7、(08.6 Passage 2)主干：The crumbs make it easy to reconstruce.you leave everywhere 是定語(yǔ)從句，省略了關(guān)系代詞that，修飾crumbs; make it easy for.to do.結(jié)構(gòu)中，it 是形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是不定式 to reconstruct.。easy是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，for引導(dǎo)出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)strangers。句末who, where和what引導(dǎo)的三個(gè)名詞性從句都是reconstruct的賓語(yǔ)。譯文：你處處留下的“數(shù)字面包碎屑”很容易讓陌生人推想出你是誰(shuí)，你在哪里，你對(duì)什么感興趣。3、Privacy

8、 economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (優(yōu)惠券).主干：Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests.Privacy economist 和 Alessandro Acquisti 是同位語(yǔ)。te

9、sts后的that從句作tests的定語(yǔ)，該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞reveal帶有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句people will surrender.。譯文：隱私經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Alessandro Acquisti 進(jìn)行了一系列的測(cè)試，這些測(cè)試表明人們會(huì)透露像社保卡號(hào)這樣的個(gè)人信息，就只是為了能拿到微不足道的便宜50美分的優(yōu)惠券。4.There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it's like to work in a field dominated by men. (07.6 Passage

10、1)主干：There was a time本句是個(gè)存在句，主語(yǔ)a time由when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾。“about+what”引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，作stories的后置定語(yǔ)在該賓語(yǔ)從句中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，后面的不定式短語(yǔ)to work.是真正的主語(yǔ)。dominated.作a field的后置定語(yǔ)。譯文：我生活中有那么一段時(shí)間人們老是問(wèn)我，供職于一個(gè)男性占主導(dǎo)地位的領(lǐng)域感覺(jué)如何。5.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbo

11、w calls "free writing." (07.6 Passage 2)主干：The practice.is what.定語(yǔ)從句that can.修飾主語(yǔ)The practice,從句中的介詞短語(yǔ) past your.habits作賓語(yǔ)you的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，as you write引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句修飾trying to edite。what引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句中用了“call+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)，what是賓語(yǔ)，free writing是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。譯文：這種可以幫助你克服在寫(xiě)作的同時(shí)就試圖編輯的壞習(xí)慣的做法便是Elbow所稱(chēng)作的“自由式”寫(xiě)作。1、Two months ago Gu

12、llotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year. (08.12 Passage 1)主干：Gullotta saw a man.who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾a.man。本句是肯定陳述句，卻用了doing anything而不是doing something,語(yǔ)義上有所強(qiáng)調(diào)。譯文：兩個(gè)月以前格洛塔為一位50歲的男士看病，這名男士吸煙可歐已有一年，但期間他沒(méi)有采取任何措施，以至于延誤了治療。2、The digital bread crumbs (碎屑

13、) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. (08.6 Passage 2)主干：The crumbs make it easy to reconstruce.you leave everywhere 是定語(yǔ)從句，省略了關(guān)系代詞that，修飾crumbs; make it easy for.to do.結(jié)構(gòu)中，it 是形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是不定式 to reconstruct.。easy是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，for引導(dǎo)出不定式的

14、邏輯主語(yǔ)strangers。句末who, where和what引導(dǎo)的三個(gè)名詞性從句都是reconstruct的賓語(yǔ)。譯文：你處處留下的“數(shù)字面包碎屑”很容易讓陌生人推想出你是誰(shuí)，你在哪里，你對(duì)什么感興趣。3、Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-of

15、f coupon (優(yōu)惠券).主干：Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests.Privacy economist 和 Alessandro Acquisti 是同位語(yǔ)。tests后的that從句作tests的定語(yǔ)，該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞reveal帶有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句people will surrender.。譯文：隱私經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Alessandro Acquisti 進(jìn)行了一系列的測(cè)試，這些測(cè)試表明人們會(huì)透露像社保卡號(hào)這樣的個(gè)人信息，就只是為了能拿到微不足道的便宜50美分的優(yōu)惠券。4.There was a time in my life when p

16、eople asked constantly for stories about what it's like to work in a field dominated by men. (07.6 Passage 1)主干：There was a time本句是個(gè)存在句，主語(yǔ)a time由when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾。“about+what”引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，作stories的后置定語(yǔ)在該賓語(yǔ)從句中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，后面的不定式短語(yǔ)to work.是真正的主語(yǔ)。dominated.作a field的后置定語(yǔ)。譯文：我生活中有那么一段時(shí)間人們老是問(wèn)我，供職于一個(gè)男性占主導(dǎo)地位的領(lǐng)

17、域感覺(jué)如何。5.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls "free writing." (07.6 Passage 2)主干：The practice.is what.定語(yǔ)從句that can.修飾主語(yǔ)The practice,從句中的介詞短語(yǔ) past your.habits作賓語(yǔ)you的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，as you write引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句修飾trying to edite。what引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句

18、中用了“call+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)，what是賓語(yǔ)，free writing是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。譯文：這種可以幫助你克服在寫(xiě)作的同時(shí)就試圖編輯的壞習(xí)慣的做法便是Elbow所稱(chēng)作的“自由式”寫(xiě)作。1.As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits

19、, smoking, and failure to exercise. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：the focus has been shifting句首As引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，As指代主句所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作seen的賓語(yǔ)。主句中破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是短語(yǔ)介詞in terms of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，表示“從.方面來(lái)說(shuō)”，changing與前面的shifting構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義再現(xiàn)。譯文：正如我們所看到的一樣，我們社會(huì)醫(yī)療的重心正在從治療疾病轉(zhuǎn)到預(yù)防疾病上來(lái)-特別是要改變我們?cè)S多不健康的行為，比如說(shuō)不良的飲食習(xí)慣、抽煙、忽視鍛煉。2.The field of medicine has

20、 not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：The field has not distinguished (between.and.)主句的謂語(yǔ)用了distinguished between.and.的結(jié)構(gòu)，and連接的兩個(gè)someone都用了who引導(dǎo)

21、的定語(yǔ)從句予以修飾。譯文：傳統(tǒng)上，醫(yī)學(xué)并沒(méi)有區(qū)分一個(gè)僅僅是“沒(méi)有生病”的人和一個(gè)健康狀況很好并且注意自己身體特殊需要的人。這兩種類(lèi)型都被稱(chēng)作“健康”。3.Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few bee

22、rs at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.(06.12 Passage 2)主干：Imagine a person.主干部分很簡(jiǎn)短，關(guān)鍵是a person后面有5個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，使句式變得復(fù)雜了。這5個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的從句都有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)：含兩個(gè)由but 連接的謂語(yǔ)，前后的描述形成鮮明的對(duì)比。這樣的排比句式，加強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)氣，給讀者留下深刻印象。譯文

23、：想象這么一個(gè)人：他體重適中，但是并沒(méi)有吃到非常有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物;他自我感覺(jué)還行，但只是偶爾鍛煉一下;他每天都去上班，但卻不是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀員工;他大多數(shù)晚上在家里喝一點(diǎn)啤酒，但卻并不醉酒駕車(chē);他沒(méi)有胸痛的感覺(jué)，血液指數(shù)也正常，但卻嗜睡，并且經(jīng)常感到疲倦。4.In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain a

24、nd improve their health. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：some health specialists have begun to apply.主句部分，不定式to apply.用作begun的賓語(yǔ)。apply.to.表示“把.應(yīng)用于.”，句中表示“把well和wellness這樣的詞只用來(lái)指那些人”。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾those。譯文：然而，近些年來(lái)，一些健康專(zhuān)家開(kāi)始把“健康”和“健康狀況良好”這樣的字眼只使用到那些積極努力去保持并改善自身健康狀況的人身上。5.And by focusing attention on healthy ways of l

25、iving, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：the concept.can have a (beneficial impact)句首by引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)表示“方法、手段”。have a (beneficial impact) on.“對(duì).有有益的影響”。in which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾the ways。譯文：通過(guò)關(guān)注健康的生活方式，“健康”的歷年就能對(duì)人們面

26、對(duì)日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)的方法產(chǎn)生有利的影響。1.As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：the focus has bee

27、n shifting句首As引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，As指代主句所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作seen的賓語(yǔ)。主句中破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是短語(yǔ)介詞in terms of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，表示“從.方面來(lái)說(shuō)”，changing與前面的shifting構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義再現(xiàn)。譯文：正如我們所看到的一樣，我們社會(huì)醫(yī)療的重心正在從治療疾病轉(zhuǎn)到預(yù)防疾病上來(lái)-特別是要改變我們?cè)S多不健康的行為，比如說(shuō)不良的飲食習(xí)慣、抽煙、忽視鍛煉。2.The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not

28、ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：The field has not distinguished (between.and.)主句的謂語(yǔ)用了distinguished between.and.的結(jié)構(gòu)，and連接的兩個(gè)someone都用了who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句予以修飾。譯文：傳統(tǒng)上，醫(yī)學(xué)并沒(méi)有區(qū)分一個(gè)僅僅是“沒(méi)有生病”的人和一個(gè)健康狀況很好并且注意自己身體特殊需要的人。這兩種類(lèi)型都被稱(chēng)作“健康

29、”。3.Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no che

30、st pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.(06.12 Passage 2)主干：Imagine a person.主干部分很簡(jiǎn)短，關(guān)鍵是a person后面有5個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，使句式變得復(fù)雜了。這5個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的從句都有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)：含兩個(gè)由but 連接的謂語(yǔ)，前后的描述形成鮮明的對(duì)比。這樣的排比句式，加強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)氣，給讀者留下深刻印象。譯文：想象這么一個(gè)人：他體重適中，但是并沒(méi)有吃到非常有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物;他自我感覺(jué)還行，但只是偶爾鍛煉一下;他每天都去上班，但卻不是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀員工;他大多數(shù)晚

31、上在家里喝一點(diǎn)啤酒，但卻并不醉酒駕車(chē);他沒(méi)有胸痛的感覺(jué)，血液指數(shù)也正常，但卻嗜睡，并且經(jīng)常感到疲倦。4.In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：some health specialists have

32、 begun to apply.主句部分，不定式to apply.用作begun的賓語(yǔ)。apply.to.表示“把.應(yīng)用于.”，句中表示“把well和wellness這樣的詞只用來(lái)指那些人”。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾those。譯文：然而，近些年來(lái)，一些健康專(zhuān)家開(kāi)始把“健康”和“健康狀況良好”這樣的字眼只使用到那些積極努力去保持并改善自身健康狀況的人身上。5.And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways i

33、n which people face the challenges of daily life. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：the concept.can have a (beneficial impact)句首by引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)表示“方法、手段”。have a (beneficial impact) on.“對(duì).有有益的影響”。in which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾the ways。譯文：通過(guò)關(guān)注健康的生活方式，“健康”的歷年就能對(duì)人們面對(duì)日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)的方法產(chǎn)生有利的影響。1.In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison

34、Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen (監(jiān)督) “a major strengthening of Yale's financial position.” (09.12 Passage 2)主干：the university stressed that.when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞stressed, “劍橋任命Alison的時(shí)候公開(kāi)強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō).”。

35、有人認(rèn)為when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾2003，不妥，因?yàn)椤叭蚊笔撬查g動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，而In 2003是延續(xù)性時(shí)間。that引導(dǎo)的從句作stressed的賓語(yǔ)。oversee常用人或項(xiàng)目作其賓語(yǔ)，表示“監(jiān)督、監(jiān)管”，句中用a major strengthening作其賓語(yǔ)。譯文：2003年，當(dāng)劍橋大學(xué)任命耶魯大學(xué)另一名前教務(wù)長(zhǎng)艾莉森.理查德為副校長(zhǎng)時(shí)，就公開(kāi)強(qiáng)調(diào)艾莉森在耶魯任職期間成功地使“耶魯?shù)呢?cái)力大大增強(qiáng)”。2.For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it want

36、ed a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university's budget. (09.12 Passage 2)主干：it wanted a leader.when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。familiar with.是形容詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在中心詞a leader后面;a major source是the state government的同位語(yǔ)。譯文：例如，科羅拉大學(xué)校董事會(huì)招募新校長(zhǎng)時(shí)，他們想要和州政府熟識(shí)的人，因?yàn)橹菡窃撔Ｖ饕慕?jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源。3.Like most consumer

37、s, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she's on the hunt for "cute stuff that isn't too expensive." (09. 6 Passage 1)主干：she finds little time (to shop) and.she' on the hunt (for).本句較短，卻同時(shí)包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)和主從復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。連詞and連接兩個(gè)并列的分句。第二個(gè)分句帶有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。譯文：和大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者一樣，她平時(shí)很少有時(shí)間逛街購(gòu)

38、物，即便是她有空去逛的時(shí)候，也只是淘一淘“物美價(jià)廉的東西”。4.They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, "Geez, if it could happen to him,."(08.12 Passage 1)主干：They only come inwhen引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，而且引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的從句：a friend drops dead.以及they think.。引號(hào)中的是直接引語(yǔ)，作think的賓語(yǔ)。本句在理解上的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)是，they think究竟是與th

39、ey come in并列還是與a friend drops dead并列。從語(yǔ)言形式上看，兩種理解都可以;但從語(yǔ)義邏輯上看，應(yīng)該是“他們只有在想到.的時(shí)候才來(lái)”，把they think歸到時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中更合理。譯文：只有當(dāng)一位朋友在高爾夫球場(chǎng)猝死時(shí)，他們才來(lái)看醫(yī)生。他們會(huì)想到：“哎呀，如果這樣的事能發(fā)生在他身上，.”5.Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相對(duì)于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly figh

40、t fiercely on my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干：I would fight.when 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。本句理解上的難點(diǎn)不在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而在語(yǔ)言本身所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。was pushed into.表明作者不是主動(dòng)參與這類(lèi)爭(zhēng)論的。an argument on.“在.方面的爭(zhēng)論”。on my behalf “代表我自己，為我自己。”譯文：有時(shí)候，當(dāng)我與別人爭(zhēng)論左腦與右腦的問(wèn)題，或者是先天天賦與后天培育的問(wèn)題時(shí)，我會(huì)馬上站在我的立場(chǎng)以及所有女性同胞的立場(chǎng)上給予狠狠的反駁遙。1.As the words begin to fl

41、ow, the ideas will come out from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干：the ideas will come out and let themselves be captured.句首的as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。主句部分是復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，有兩個(gè)由and 連接的并列謂語(yǔ)。譯文：隨著話語(yǔ)開(kāi)始流淌，思想也會(huì)逐漸明朗化，使自己呈現(xiàn)在你的筆記本或者屏幕上。2.While she awaits the outcome, the

42、government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerrys. (06.6 Passage 2)分析主干：the government has granted her permission and she has returned to.While 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。本句主句是由and 連接兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的并列句，兩個(gè)分句都用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，與狀語(yǔ)從句的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)對(duì)照來(lái)看，表明主句中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在await 期間完成。grant 后面接了雙賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)

43、是her，直接賓語(yǔ)是permission。譯文：在她等待結(jié)果出來(lái)期間，政府給予她在美國(guó)的工作許可，她已經(jīng)返回到她在Ben & Jerry 冰激凌連鎖店的工作崗位。3.Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用) my daughters experience. (07.12 Passage 2)分析主干：I had to accept the fa

44、ct.Because 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。該從句用了know little about.結(jié)構(gòu)，about 有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。that 引導(dǎo)的從句是即farm animals 和angels，中間用or 連接，兩個(gè)名詞分別都有定語(yǔ)從句加以修飾。主句部分fact 帶有that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句。譯文：因?yàn)槲覍?duì)會(huì)使用工具的家畜和上一年級(jí)的天使一無(wú)所知，所以我得承認(rèn)這樣的事實(shí)：我在借用我女兒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。4.The I SO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “e

45、nvironmentally friendly”and “non-polluting”cannot be verified. (05.6 Passage 2)分析主干院The standards ban claims本句只含一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)構(gòu)上較為簡(jiǎn)單。值得注意的是，句中的名詞詞組大多含有修飾成分，如：The ISO labeling standards, claims on product packaging, terms such as.。譯文ISO 標(biāo)識(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)禁止在商品的包裝上出現(xiàn)模糊的或會(huì)引起誤導(dǎo)的產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明，因?yàn)槲覀儫o(wú)法證明類(lèi)似“環(huán)保”、“無(wú)污染”等這樣的字樣。5.While the

46、 kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, distance learning usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (課程大綱), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. (07.12 Passage 1)分析主干：distance learning signifies

47、a course句首While 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，有讓步、對(duì)比之意。in which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾a course，該從句本身是and 連接兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個(gè)分句分別講到有關(guān)老師和學(xué)生的情況。post. on Websites 結(jié)構(gòu)中，post 含有3 個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。譯文：雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程提供的教學(xué)形式會(huì)各不相同，但遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)通常都表現(xiàn)為這樣一種課程：教師將課程大綱、閱讀作業(yè)及課程進(jìn)度安排在網(wǎng)站上公布，學(xué)生通過(guò)電子郵件提交作業(yè)。1.Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and

48、 networks to support collaborative software, most distance learning courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded ( 升級(jí)) systems. (07.12 Passage 1)分析主干：courses can run (on.)Although 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。investment in.表示“在.方面的投資”。不定式to support. 是賓語(yǔ)investment 的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，“項(xiàng)目需要投資來(lái)支持相關(guān)軟件”(因?yàn)?support 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是programs 而是i

49、nvestment，所以該不定式應(yīng)該是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，而非目的狀語(yǔ))。譯文：雖然一些規(guī)模更大的課程需要斥資增加新的服務(wù)器、擴(kuò)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)支持配套的軟件，但大部分遠(yuǎn)程教育課程可以在現(xiàn)有的或稍加升級(jí)的系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行。2.While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the products they buy. (05.6 Passa

50、ge 2)分析主干：it is clear that.句首的While 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，“盡管”.。it is clear.中，it 是形式主語(yǔ)，省略連接詞that 的從句there is.才是句子的真正主語(yǔ)。in ensuring.是there be 句型的狀語(yǔ)成分，“在確保.方面”。ensuring 后面接的是省略that 的賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：雖然有許多好而有用的聲明，但是，很明顯，要確保購(gòu)買(mǎi)者完全知曉所購(gòu)產(chǎn)品對(duì)環(huán)境的影響還需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。3.While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot wor

51、k in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干：they cannot work.While 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，“盡管.”。從句中的employ 表示“采用”，不定式to get.作目的狀語(yǔ)。work in parallel“并行不悖地起作用”。no matter how 也引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“無(wú)論多么.”。譯文“盡管要完成定稿這兩種思維都不可或缺，可是它們卻不能并行著參與寫(xiě)作過(guò)程-無(wú)論我們多么認(rèn)為原本如此。4.Even people who have a physical d

52、isease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well,"in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干:people may be "well"主句的主語(yǔ)people 有一個(gè)who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾。if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的they can 是省略形式的定語(yǔ)從句(相當(dāng)于t

53、hey can maintain)，修飾health。譯文：在這種新的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”，如果他們?cè)诿鎸?duì)身體缺陷時(shí)盡力去達(dá)到可能的最好健康狀況的話。5.Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the page as the deadline draws near. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干：you will believe that. and y

54、ou will end up staring.本句主句是and 連接兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的并列句。前一個(gè)分句中，that 引導(dǎo)的從句作believe 的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句中又包含一個(gè)由than 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。后一個(gè)分句中，謂語(yǔ)部分是end up doing 結(jié)構(gòu)，staring.作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。譯文：你很有可能會(huì)以為這樣加工整理素材會(huì)讓你時(shí)間不夠用，結(jié)果是最后隨著交稿日期的逐漸臨近，你將只是盯著稿件發(fā)呆。1.Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to w

55、ork with sustainable fabrics for the first time. (09.6 Passage 1)分析主干：the show inspired designers本句是簡(jiǎn)單句。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)Organized by.在句中作狀語(yǔ)，用以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的背景信息。謂語(yǔ)部分用了inspire sb. to do 結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式短語(yǔ)to work with.是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。譯文：這次時(shí)裝秀由總部位于紐約的非盈利組織Earth Pledge 主辦，激發(fā)了許多頂尖設(shè)計(jì)師第一次使用不破壞生態(tài)平衡的布料設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)裝。2.This week Wal-Mart is set to announ

56、ce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (過(guò)渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (09.6 Passage 1)分析主干：Wal-Mart is set to announce a (major) initiative: it will buy (transitional)cotton.1.本句冒號(hào)后的

57、內(nèi)容是對(duì)前文initiative 的詳細(xì)闡述，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。2.冒號(hào)前的分句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了be set to do 結(jié)構(gòu)，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)aimed to.是initiatives 的后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。3.冒號(hào)后的分句中，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，其中helping to.是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞buy 的狀語(yǔ)，表示目的。譯文：本周沃爾瑪超市準(zhǔn)備出臺(tái)一項(xiàng)重大舉措，目的在于幫助棉農(nóng)種植有機(jī)棉：沃爾瑪將以更高的價(jià)格收購(gòu)過(guò)渡型的棉花，以此幫助擴(kuò)大一種重要有機(jī)原材料的供應(yīng)。3.Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters