1、a1Drama 熊夢蘊a2DramaDrama Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action which is derived from to do. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes(預先假定) collaborative（合作的） modes of p

2、roduction and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception a3History of Western dramaHistory of Western drama Classical Athenian dramaWestern drama originates in cla

3、ssical Greece. The theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play(【古希臘】森林之神滑稽短歌劇, 薩堤羅斯滑稽劇). Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrat

4、ing the god Dionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂歡慶祝大自然權力和豐饒之神） . a4Satyr play Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of tragicomedy, similar in spirit to burlesque(諷刺作品). They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality, pranks, sight gags, and

5、general merriment.Satyric drama was one of the three varieties of Athenian drama, the other two being tragedy and comedy. It can be traced back to Pratinas of Phlius, circa 500 BC. Papposilenus playing the crotals, theatrical type of the satyr play a5 Roman dramaRoman dramaFollowing the expansion of

6、 the Roman Republic (50927 BCE) into Greek between 270240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. From the later years of the republic and the Roman Empire (27 BCE-476 CE), theatre spread west across Europe, around the Mediterranean and reached England; Roman theatre was more varied, extensive and sophis

7、ticated than that of any culture before it.While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, the year 240 BCE marks the beginning of regular Roman drama. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE. Me

8、dievalMedievalIn the Middle Ages, drama in the vernacular(本地語言) languages of Europe may have emerged from religious enactments of the liturgy(禮拜儀式). Mystery plays were presented on the porch of the cathedrals or by strolling players on feast days. a6 Elizabethan and JacobeanElizabethan and JacobeanO

9、ne of the great flowerings of drama in England occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of these plays were written in verse, particularly iambic pentameter(抑揚格五步音). In addition to Shakespeare, such authors as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton were prominent playwrights during this period.

10、As in the medieval period, historical plays celebrated the lives of past kings, enhancing the image of the Tudor monarchy. Authors of this period drew some of their storylines from Greek mythology and Roman mythology or from the plays of eminent Roman playwrights . Modern and postmodernModern and po

11、stmodernThe pivotal and innovative contributions of the 19th-century Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen and the 20th-century German theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht dominate modern drama; each inspired a tradition of imitators, which include many of the greatest playwrights of the modern era. a7Dra

12、matic structureDramatic structure Dramatic structure is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film. Many scholars have analyzed dramatic structure, beginning with Aristotle in his Poetics. Exposition or Introduction The exposition provides the background information needed to properly u

13、nderstand the story, such as the problem in the beginning of the story. Rising action The basic internal conflict is complicated by the introduction of related secondary conflicts, including various obstacles that frustrate the protagonists attempt to reach his goal. Climax The third act is the clim

14、ax, or turning point, which marks a change, for the better or the worse, in the protagonists affairs. If the story is a comedy, things will have gone badly for the protagonists firstly; and then things will begin to go well for them. If the story is a tragedy, things wil go from good to bad for the

15、protagonists. Simply put, this is where the most dramatic part.a8 Falling action Summary: The falling action is that part of the story in which the main part has finished and youre heading to the conclusion. Dnouement The dnouement serves as the conclusion of the story. The comedy ends with a dnouem

16、ent in which the protagonist is better off than at the storys outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe in which the protagonist is worse off than at the beginning of the narrative. More modern works may have no dnouement, because of a quick or surprise ending. a9Classification of dramaClassificat

17、ion of drama The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic （通稱）division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses（繆斯，司文藝、音樂、美術的女神）, Thalia（賽利爾，喜劇的女神） and Melpomene（黑爾波墨涅，司悲劇之繆斯）. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene

18、was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). a10TragedyTragedy is a form of art based on human suffering that offers its audience pleasure. Tragedy refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilisation. the mast

19、erpieces of the art of dramaThe masterpieces of Tragedies:The classical Athenian tragedies:Aeschylus （埃斯庫羅斯） : The Persians波斯人 Seven against Thebes七將攻拜忒The Suppliants 乞援者The Oresteia 俄瑞斯忒亞Agamemnon阿迦門農 The Libation Bearers奠酒人The Eumenides復仇女神 Prometheus Bound普羅米修斯Sophocles （索福克里斯） ： Oedipus the King

20、,俄狄浦斯王Antigone安提戈涅Euripides （歐里庇底斯） ：medea美狄亞 The Trojan Women特洛伊婦女a11The early modern tragedies : In the English language, the most famous and most successful tragedies are those of William Shakespeare and his Elizabethan contemporaries. Shakespeares tragedies include: Antony and Cleopatra安東尼與克莉奧佩克

21、拉Coriolanus科里奧蘭納斯 Hamlet哈姆雷特Julius Caesar朱利葉斯凱撒King Lear李爾王 Macbeth麥克白 Othello奧賽羅Romeo and Juliet羅密歐與朱麗葉 Timon of Athens雅典的泰門Titus Andronicus泰特斯安特洛尼克斯 The modern tragedies: Christopher Marlowe: The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusTamburlaineJohn Webster :The Duchess of MalfiThe White Devila12Comed

22、y Comedy as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse or work generally intended to amuse by creating laughter.Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬): Comedy started from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a comic playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies ,such asThe Frogs , 11 of which survive and are still being performed. Comedies usually al