1、語法串講語法串講動詞的時態與語態動詞的時態與語態崔華嫻崔華嫻動詞時態動詞時態 表示動作或狀態發生或存在的時間和方式。綜述綜述 一般一般 進行進行 完成完成 完成進行完成進行 現在現在am, is , are, do, does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing將來將來 will/shall do will/shall be doing will/shall have done will/shall have been doing 過去過去was, were, did, v-ed was/were doing had doneha

2、d been doing 過去過去將來將來 would/should do would/should be doing would/should have done would/should have been doing 一般體 一般體表示單純事件或一般動作、抽象事物的發生。一般時態有四種： a.一般現在時，用動詞原形，但第三人稱單數后要加-s或-es。 b. 一般過去時，動詞用過去式。 c. 一般將來時，用shall或will加動詞原形。 d. 一般過去將來時，用should 或would加動詞 原形。1. 一般現在時一般現在時 一般現在時通常用于表示現在時間的動作或狀態。 1) 一般現在

3、時可以用來表示客觀事實；經常或習慣性的動作、能力，常和時間狀語always, usually, sometimes, often等詞連用。 China has the largest population in the world. I never drive in winter. He always goes to work by car. 2) 表示過去或將來發生的動作或存在的狀態。 What wind blows you here? The delegation arrives in Hangzhou this morning. 將于今天上午到達杭州。1. 一般現在時一般現在時一般現在時

4、表將來1）下列動詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時間或條件句中。 When B

5、ill comes, ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.2. 一般過去時 一般過去時表示過去某時間內發生的動作或存在的狀態，或過去經常性的動作。 1) 表示過去某個時間發生的動作。 Mary gave

6、birth to a girl last month. How did you like their performance? 2) 表示過去習慣性的動作。一般句中帶有頻度的時間狀語或含有頻度意義的詞匯，還可借助助動詞used to或would表示。 When he was at college, he wrote home once a week. We used to do much reading in the evenings, but now we dont. 3) 過去時在虛擬條件從句中表示與現在事實相反，或表示將來動作或狀態的主觀設想。 If I were deaf, I wou

7、ldnt hear them quarrel. It is time we began our class. 3. 一般將來時一般將來時泛指將來要發生或可能要發生的動作或情況。 1) will / shall + 動詞原形，泛指將來 Will you be busy tonight? 2) be + 不定式結構，表示受人主觀控制的將來時間的動作，包括計劃、安排、命令、吩咐、禁止、不許等。 The Queen is to visit China next week. You are not to go out alone. 3) be about to不定式結構表示“就要”、“剛要發生”的動作。

8、 The press conference is about to start. 4) be going to 計劃 安排 I am going to have dinner with Tom.5) be doing He is leaving this afternoon.3. 一般將來時be to和be going tobe to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afterno

9、on. (主觀安排)4. 一般過去將來時 一般過去將來時指說話人從過去某一時間開始，表示將要發生，或可能要發生的動作或存在的狀態。1) 過去將來時用于主句是一般過去時的賓語從句中。 He said that he was going to try again. 2)表示過去習慣性的動作，不論什么人稱都用 “would”。 Every evening he would go out for a walk with his grandfather. 每天晚上他都和爺爺出去散步。進行體 進行體表示動作的進行過程，它強調動作的未完成。1. 現在進行時 1）表示在現在時間范圍內正在進行的動作。 A ma

10、n is standing by the window. 2) 表示現階段中正在進行的動作，可與today, now, this year等連用。 He is a novelist. He is writing a historical novel now. 3) 用進行時表示一個在最近按計劃安排要進行的動作，動詞僅限于下列動詞：come, arrive, wear, work, begin, see, go等。 Im seeing the doctor today. The train is arriving. 4) 狀態感覺動詞，如: love, like, expect, know, h

11、ate, want等不表示延續性動作，一般不用進行時態，若用該時態，表示動作接近完成或詞義已發生轉換。 He is expecting (= waiting for) his girlfriend. 他在等他的女朋友。2. 過去進行時 表示過去某個時刻或階段內正在進行的動作，其特點與現在進行時相似。 1) 通過過去某一特定的時間，或通過上下文來表示過去某時正在進行的動作。 This time last year I was living in Shenyang. 2) 用于對故事情節背景的描述 It was a dark night and a strong wind was blowing.

12、 3) 過去進行時和一般過去時的區別：前者表示動作正在進行，后者表示一個完成的動作。 They were becoming quite grown-up now. 他們正在長大成人。 They became quite grown-up. 他們已長大成人。3. 將來進行時 表示將來某個或某段時間內正在進行的動作，由will / shall be加現在分詞構成。 1) 表示將來時間的動作 Ill be taking my holidays with my wife soon. The apple trees will be bearing fruit this autumn. 2) 表示離現在較

13、近的將來時間內，一定會發生的事情、或有計劃、預計、勢必發生的事情。 Come on. Well be having a class-meeting in a minute. 4. 過去將來進行時 表示從過去某時看將來某一時間正在發生或預計要發生的動作，與過去時間狀語連用，有時狀語也可以省略。 I didnt expect that you would all be waiting here. 我沒有想到你們會都在這兒等著。完成體 表示動作或狀態完成或未完成的情況。1. 現在完成時 形式為：“have (has) + 過去分詞”。1）現在完成時表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響（已完成）。表示說

14、話的時候這個動作已經結束，只是對現在造成的影響，可以不用時間狀語，可以和一些表示不定時間的狀語already, yet, ever, never, just, recently等詞連用。 I have decided against seeing him again. He has just come back. 2）現在完成時的“已完成”用法與瞬間動作的動詞連用時，不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。 他已回來三周了。不能說：He has come back for three weeks. 可以說：He came back three weeks ago. 或：He has been back

15、for three weeks.1. 現在完成時3）現在完成時的持續性用法（即未完成）指動作或狀態從過去某時開始繼續到現在，可能繼續下去，也可能剛剛結束，常和for, since連用。 I have worked here since I graduated. He has lived in the city for about twenty years. 4）在until now, till now, up to now, up to the present, so far, in (during) the past (last, recent) few (several, two) mon

16、ths (days)等結構中也常用現在完成時表示動作的持續。 Up to now, I have finished two-thirds of the work. We have seen each other three times in the past three weeks. 1. 現在完成時 5）“This is (it is) the first (second, ) time that ” 句型中，常用現在完成時。但是，在“It was the second ( ) time that ” 句型中，用過去完成時。 This is the second time that I ha

17、ve seen the film. That was the third time that I had visited the place. 2. 過去完成時表示過去某時或某動作之前已經完成的動作或情況。1）“已完成” 用法表示一個動作或狀態在過去某一時間或動作之前剛剛完成或結束，也可能是早已完成或結束。 I had just got home when it rained. The plane had already taken off when we arrived at the airport. 2）“未完成”用法表示一個動作或狀態在過去某時之前已開始，一直延續到這一過去時間，且仍有繼

18、續下去的可能性。 By the end of last year, he had taught for thirty years. He perhaps had made some friends by then. 3）表示一個動作先于另一個過去動作。 The child realized that he had lost his way. 3. 將來完成時 將來完成時表示將來某時刻之前或某一行為發生之前所完成的動作，常和by或by the time等結構連用，其形式為：“will/shall + have + 過去分詞”。 Ill have arrived there by noon. I

19、shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 表示到將來某時刻為止動作的持續時，也可用將來完成時。 Ill have lived in the city for twenty years by next month. Ill have done the work for three months by Friday. 完成進行體 完成體與進行體的結合，用于現在/過去/將來時間。 現在完成進行時 過去完成進行時 將來完成進行時1.現在完成進行時現在完成進行時指一個動作從過去某時開始，一直延續到說話時還在繼續或剛剛結束。

20、常與表示一段時間的狀語for two years, these few weeks, since early morning等連用。其形式為：“have/has been + 現在分詞”構成。 I have been teaching English for twenty years. Shes just been waving goodbye to me. 2.過去完成進行時表示動作從過去某時開始，一直持續到過去另一時間，那時這個動作可能剛完成，也可能正在進行。The teacher asked what he had been talking about. When I came back

21、, she told me she had beencooking supper. 3.將來完成進行時表示動作、行為一直持續到將來某一時間，并可能繼續進行，其形式為：“will/shall have been + 現在分詞”構成。By next summer, the couple will have been teaching in this school for 30 years. I shall have been reading for two hours by the time you come back. 小結小結一般體一般體 1. 一般現在時一般現在時 2. 一般過去時一般過去時

22、 3. 一般將來時一般將來時 4. 一般過去將來時一般過去將來時進行體進行體 1. 現在進行時現在進行時 2. 過去進行時過去進行時 3. 將來進行時將來進行時 4. 過去將來進行時過去將來進行時完成體完成體 1. 現在完成時現在完成時 2. 過去完成時過去完成時 3. 將來完成時將來完成時完成進行體完成進行體 現在完成進行時現在完成進行時 過去完成進行時過去完成進行時 將來完成進行時將來完成進行時動詞的語態動詞的語態 語態是表示主、謂語之間關系的一種動詞形式，分為主動語態（active voice）和被動語態(passive voice)兩種。一、一、被動語態的種類1英語中只有及物動詞才有被

23、動結構。其形式為：助動詞be + 及物動詞（或短語）的過去分詞。I am not so easily deceived. （現在時）The window was broken by a naughty boy.（過去時）You will be allowed to borrow five books at a time.（現在將來時）He said that the bridge would be built next year.（過去將來時）The injured player was being carried off the field.（過去進行時）The question is be

24、ing discussed at the meeting.（現在進行時）The food has been cooked.（現在完成時）一、一、被動語態的種類2有些短語動詞相當于及物動詞，所以可用于被動結構。例如： bring up教育 be brought up give up放棄 be given up look into調查 be looked into make up編造 be made up look down on輕視 be looked down on put up with容忍 be put up withMany interesting experiments are car

25、ried out in our laboratory. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed the exam. 一、一、被動語態的種類3帶雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時，通常將間接賓語提前作主語。如果主動結構中的直接賓語變為被動結構中的主語，這時在間接賓語前要加介詞to（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。 The teacher gave him a dictionary. He was given a dictionary. A dictionary was given to him. My mothe

26、r bought me a shirt. I was bought a shirt by my mother. A shirt was bought for me by my mother.一、一、被動語態的種類 4含有情態動詞的被動語態的構成形式為： 情態動詞 + be + 過去分詞. These books can be found in the library. 這些書可以在圖書館找到。二、被動語態的基本用法 通常情況下，我們多用主動語態，但有時由于不知道動作的執行者，或出于禮貌，或為了強調等原因，要用被動語態。1. 不知道或沒必要指出動作的執行者時。 The project will

27、be finished next year. 2當強調或側重動作的承受者時。 His new car was stolen. 3由于出于婉轉、禮貌等不愿說出動作的執行者時。 He was considered to be a computer genius. 4. 有些動詞習慣上常用被動結構。 The professor was born in 1937. It is said that the man is a writer.（=The man is said to be a writer.）三、主動語態表示被動的情況 1. 某些系動詞構成的系表結構，可用主動語態表示被動意義。 The fl

28、ower smells sweet. 2. 某些動詞后加副詞表示被動意義。常用的這類動詞有wash, clean, cook, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive, lock, shut,等，常用的副詞有easily, well, quickly, smoothly等。 This jacket washes easily. This type of television set sells well. 三、主動語態表示被動的情況 3. want, deserve, need, require及worth等動詞后面動名詞的主

29、動語態表示被動意義。在這些動詞后，既可接動名詞，也可接不定式，接動名詞要求用主動語態表示被動意義，接不定式要用被動結構。 The novel is worth reading. Your hair wants cutting. The children require looking after. (=The children require to be looked after.) The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning.三、主動語態表示被動的情況 4. 當不定式與它

30、修飾的詞之間有動賓關系，并且與句子的主語在意思上有主謂關系時，雖然表示的意思為被動，但卻用主動形式。 We have many problems to solve. 5. 特殊結構： make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽見/理解自己)， have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。 Yesterday I had my car repaired. Without a microphone, he couldnt make him heard by everyone.四、被動形式表示主動意義 be graduated (from), be prepared

31、(for), get marriedHe is graduated from a famous university. 注意：表示同某人結婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl.五、被動語態與系表結構的區別1被動語態中的過去分詞是動詞，表示動作；系表結構中的分詞相當于形容詞，表示狀態。如果是形容詞，后面不能用by短語。 She was not badly injured but she couldnt speak. （系表） She was injured

32、 by a wild horse. （被動）2. 如果過去分詞被very，too所修飾，為系表結構；如果過去分詞被much, so much所修飾，為被動結構。 I am very surprised at your words. He was much agitated by the news. 激動。3. 過去分詞是表示心理、感情等詞時通常為系表結構。 She is determined to become a ballet dancer. 決心 4. 過去分詞與介詞搭配，并且后面有介詞賓語時，常為系表結構。 The boy was scared out of his wits. 那男孩嚇

33、得不知所措。六、六、使用被動語態應注意的問題 使役動詞make, have及感官動詞see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to等在主動語態中，后面跟不定式作賓補省去to，但變成被動語態時，要加上to。 I saw the girl cross the street. The girl was seen to cross the street. 七、不用被動語態的情況 1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態：比較： (錯) The price has been risen. (對) The price has risen. (錯) The acciden

34、t was happened last week. (對) The accident happened last week.(錯) The price has raised. (對) The price has been raised.(錯) Please seat. (對) Please be seated.七、不用被動語態的情況 2) 系動詞無被動語態：feel, smell, sound, taste, It sounds good. 3) 帶同源賓語的及物動詞等，不能用于被動語態。如：dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night

35、. She lives a simple life. 4) 當賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態。 (對) She likes to swim. (錯) To swim is liked by her.1. Directions: In this exercise, there are 10 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. If you go to the western suburb

36、s of the city, you _ a lot of new buildings. A. will see B. have seen C. see D. are going to see 2. She showed him the photo she _ the day before. A. has taken B. took C. was taking D. had taken 3. They will go to work in the countryside when they _ school next year. A. will leave B. will have leave

37、 C. are leaving D. leave ADD4. She told us she had met you in London last year. _ you _her since then ? A. Hadmet B. Didsee C. Wouldmeet D. Haveseen 5. I _along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. A. walked B. had walked C. was walking D. would walk 6. It is said th

38、at he _ sent to Australia to improve his English A.would be B.was to be C.has been D. had been7. By this time next year, we _all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. will have turned C. have turned D. have been turning DCCB8. Thousands of people took part in the work when the Three Gorges pro

39、ject (三峽工程) _. A. would be built B. was building C. was being built D. had been built 9. This sick man _to a hospital right away. A. must be sent B. will send C. ought be sent D. must send10. Do you know when the Chinese Communist Party _? A. is found B. found C. has been founded D. was founded CAD2

40、. Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one underlined part which is incorrectly used. Please put it right in a proper form. 1. We usually spent_ ten minutes doing fast-reading exercises in class. 2. We hoped you will provide_ us with some information needed in our research. 3. The

41、 medical team has left for_ the mountainous area next month. spend would provideis leaving for/will leave for 4. You will be able to write good papers when you mastered some writing skills.5. He saw at a glance that something unusual is happening _in the class. 6. It was reported that the boy has se

42、en a UFO flying over the area.had seenhave masteredhad happenedwas happening/7. She was not at all surprising at the news. 8. I dont know when the football match will be taken place. 9.The teacher explained to the students that the movement of the earth around the sun has caused seasons.surprised will take place causes 時態、語態 歷年真題2003年年4. She _ English since she was a child.learning B. had learned C. is learning D. has bee